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Chemistry, Matter, and Life 2 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Elements • Define matter, element, and atom. • Use chemical symbols to identify elements. Structure of Atoms • Illustrate the structure of an atom with a simple diagram showing the protons, neutrons, and electrons. • Distinguish between the atomic number and mass number of an element. • Describe the electron arrangement that makes an atom most stable. Isotopes • Distinguish between isotopes and other atoms. • Describe a radioactive isotope. Chemical Bonds • Describe the difference between ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds. Chemical Reactions • Describe and write chemical equations for four types of chemical reactions and identify the reactants and products in each. • Discuss five factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions. Mixtures, Solutions, and Suspensions • Distinguish between mixtures, solutions, and suspensions. Electrolytes, Acids, Bases, and Buffers • Differentiate between acids and bases and discuss how they relate to pH and buffers. Organic Compounds • Describe the five major groups of organic compounds that are important to the human body. Compounds and Molecules • Describe the relationship between atoms, molecules, and compounds and interpret molecular formulas for compounds. KEY TERMS Acid (AS-id) Substance that ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions; a proton donor; a substance with a pH less than 7.0 Atom (AT-tum) Smallest unit of a chemical element that retains the properties of that element Base (BASE)Substance that ionizes in water to release hydroxyl (OH − ) ions or other ions that combine with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor; a substance with a pH greater than 7.0; alkaline Buffer (BUFF-fur) Substance that prevents, or reduces, changes in pH when either an acid or a base is added Carbohydrate (kar-boh-HYE-drayt) Organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the hydrogen and oxygen present in a 2:1 ratio; sugar, starch, cellulose Compound (KAHM-pownd) Substance formed from two or more elements joined by chemical bonds in a definite, or fixed, ratio; smallest unit of a compound is a molecule Covalent bond (koe-VAY-lent BOND) Chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons Element (EL-eh-ment) Simplest form of matter that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means Inorganic Compound (in-or-GAN-ik KAHMpownd) Chemical components that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen. Ionic bond (eye-ON-ik BOND) Chemical bond that is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another Isotope (EYE-so-tohp) Atoms of a given element that have different numbers of neutrons and consequently different atomic weights Lipid (LIP-id) Class of organic compounds that includes oils, fats, and related substances Molecule (MAHL-eh-kyool) Particle composed of two or more atoms that are chemically bound together; smallest unit of a compound Organic Compound (or-GAN-ik KAHM-pownd) Chemical components that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded together. Protein (PRO-teen) Organic compound that contains nitrogen and consists of chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds Radioactive isotope (ray-dee-oh-ACK-tiv EYE-sotohp) Isotope with an unstable atomic nucleus that decomposes, releasing energy or atomic particles Solute (SOL-yoot) Substance that is dissolved in a solution Solvent (SOL-vent) Fluid in which substances dissolve 21
22 Chapter 2 Chemistry, Matter, and Life Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition of matter and the changes that may occur in that composition. Matter can be defined as anything that has mass and takes up space. For all practical purposes, mass is the same as weight, and thus these terms will be used interchangeably in this book. Technically, however, this is not correct. The mass of something remains the same throughout the universe. Weight varies with gravitational pull. An object that weighs 10 pounds on earth weighs less in space because there is less gravitational pull; however, its mass is the same wherever it is. Matter includes the solids, liquids, and gases that are in our bodies and in the environment around us. Because our bodies are composed of matter, an understanding of chemistry or the composition of matter is important to understanding human body structure and function. Elements All matter, living and nonliving, is composed of elements. An element is the simplest form of matter; it cannot be broken down into a simpler form by ordinary chemical means. Examples of elements include gold, silver, oxygen, and hydrogen. There are about 90 naturally occurring elements and another 16 that are man-made in the laboratory. Of the 90 elements that occur naturally, only 21 are needed by living organisms. Four of the elements—carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N)—make up a little over 95% of the human body by weight. Table 2-1 lists the elements that are essential for human life. You will notice from the table that of the 21 elements listed, 10 are found in trace amounts. Even though they are present in minute amounts, they are essential for maintaining good health. This is why you eat your vegetables! Instead of writing out the complete name of an element, scientists use a shorthand method or chemical symbol to identify an element. The chemical symbol is usually the first one or two letters of either the English or Latin name of the element. The chemical symbol for hydrogen is H, carbon is C, oxygen is O, Cl is chlorine, and Na is sodium (from natrium, the Latin word for “sodium”). The symbols for the elements in the human body are given in Table 2-1. Table 2-1 Elements Essential for Human Life Element Symbol Atomic Number Approximate Percent of Human Body by Weight Importance Oxygen O 8 65.0 Required for cellular metabolism; component of water; present in most organic compounds Carbon C 6 18.5 Component of all organic compounds Hydrogen H 1 9.5 Present in most organic compounds; component of water Nitrogen N 7 3.3 Component of all proteins, phospholipids, and nucleic acids Calcium Ca 20 1.5 Component of bones and teeth; important in muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, and blood clotting Phosphorus P 15 1.0 Component of phospholipids, nucleic acids, and adenosine triphosphate; important in energy transfer Potassium K 19 0.4 Principal cation inside cells; important in muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction Sulfur S 16 0.3 Component of most proteins Sodium Na 11 0.2 Principal cation in fluid outside cells; important in muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction Chlorine Cl 17 0.2 Principal anion in fluid outside cells; important in fluid balance Magnesium Mg 12 0.1 Part of many important enzymes; necessary for bones and teeth Fluorine F 9 Trace Aids in development of teeth and bones Chromium Cr 24 Trace Aids in carbohydrate metabolism Manganese Mg 25 Trace Necessary for carbohydrate metabolism and bone formation Iron Fe 26 Trace Component of hemoglobin; part of many enzymes Cobalt Co 27 Trace Component of vitamin B 12 Copper Cu 29 Trace Necessary to maintain blood chemistry Zinc Zn 30 Trace Necessary for growth, healing, and overall health Selenium Se 34 Trace Aids vitamin E action and fat metabolism Molybdenum Mo 42 Trace Component of enzymes necessary for metabolism Iodine I 53 Trace Component of thyroid hormones
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Muscular System 7 CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
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424 Chapter 19 Reproductive System
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