08.10.2016 Views

Foundations of Data Science

2dLYwbK

2dLYwbK

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.

Gaussian and related integrals<br />

To verify<br />

∞∫<br />

−∞<br />

∫<br />

∫<br />

∫ ∞<br />

−∞<br />

∫ ∞<br />

0<br />

∫ ∞<br />

0<br />

∫ ∞<br />

0<br />

∫ ∞<br />

−∞<br />

xe ax2 dx = 1<br />

2a eax2<br />

1<br />

dx = 1 a 2 +x 2 a tan−1 x thus a<br />

e − a2 x 2<br />

2 dx =<br />

√<br />

2π<br />

a<br />

x 2 e −ax2 dx = 1<br />

4a√ π<br />

a<br />

thus<br />

∫∞<br />

−∞<br />

a<br />

√<br />

2π<br />

1<br />

a 2 +x 2 dx = π a<br />

∫<br />

∞<br />

−∞<br />

e − a2 x 2<br />

2 dx = 1<br />

x 2n e − x2<br />

a 2 dx = √ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2n − 1)<br />

π a 2n−1 = √ π (2n)! ( a 2n+1<br />

2 n+1 n! 2)<br />

x 2n+1 e − x2<br />

a 2 dx = n!<br />

2 a2n+2<br />

e −x2 dx = √ π<br />

e −x2 dx = √ π, consider<br />

( ∞ ∫<br />

−∞<br />

e −x2 dx) 2<br />

=<br />

∞∫<br />

∞∫<br />

−∞ −∞<br />

r cos θ and y = r sin θ. The Jacobian <strong>of</strong> this transformation <strong>of</strong> variables is<br />

∣ ∂x ∂x<br />

∣∣∣<br />

J (r, θ) =<br />

∂r ∂θ<br />

∣ ∣ = cos θ − r sin θ<br />

sin θ r cos θ ∣ = r<br />

Thus,<br />

∂y<br />

∂r<br />

∂y<br />

∂θ<br />

e −(x2 +y 2 ) dxdy. Let x =<br />

⎛<br />

⎝<br />

∫ ∞<br />

⎞<br />

2<br />

e −x2 dx⎠<br />

=<br />

∫ ∞<br />

∫ ∞<br />

∫∞<br />

e −(x2 +y 2 ) dxdy =<br />

∫ 2π<br />

e −r2 J (r, θ) drdθ<br />

−∞<br />

−∞ −∞<br />

∫ ∞ ∫ 2π<br />

= e −r2 rdr dθ<br />

0<br />

0<br />

0<br />

= −2π<br />

0<br />

[ ] ∞<br />

e −r2<br />

2<br />

0<br />

= π<br />

∞∫<br />

Thus, e −x2 dx = √ π.<br />

−∞<br />

379

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!