615611 Electronics Workshop 2 Manual - Thames & Kosmos

The Components
Electronics Workshop 2 consists of many electronic components
along with this 172-page instruction manual containing
over 300 experiments . The component list begins on
this page and continues through page 10, with photos, part
numbers, circuit diagram symbols, and assembly symbols .
Some of the plastic parts, buttons, etc ., may be found on or
in the consoles .
Upper console sections 1 and 2 are each assembled with a lower console section, a hinge pin,
and two caps (Assembly Image 1) .
A
K
operate EP both consoles independently .
Ta
A
R
LED
K
C
G H I
The contact clips are for grabbing components, wires, and the modules . They provide a mechani-
E
C
V
+
the dial’s marker +
C lines up with the first scale marker on the console when the potentiometer is
A
turned all the way to the left (Assembly Image 5) .
AMP
–
E
D
Ge
A C
Speaker terminal wires
connected to contact clips M and N
AMP
E
–
M N
TF
E C
A
D E F
V
+
Potentiometer terminal wires connected
to contact clips D, E, and F
The additional caps are for connecting the upper and lower console sections when you want to
Stick this second dial onto the shaft of the 100-kilohm potentiometer after attaching it, once
again in such a way that the dial’s marker lines up with the first scale marker on the console
when the potentiometer is turned all the way to the left (Assembly Image 5) . A
DSi
A K
Potentiometer terminal wires connected
to contact clips G, H, and I
We recommend working through the experiment manual
step by step from the beginning . That will allow you to get
to know all of the lab components and carry out all the
experiments successfully .
Please pay attention to the safety advice on the inside
front page! We wish you lots of success and many enjoyable
hours with the Thames & Kosmos Electronics Workshop 2
kit!
The caps serve as hinges on the outside and for connecting the upper and lower console sections
. The dial is fastened with the long screw from bag 1 onto the variable capacitor shaft . To
do that, first turn the variable capacitor all the way to the left, set the dial onto the variable
capacitor with its marker pointing to the left, and then screw it on (Assembly Image 5) .
The hinge pin connects console 1 to console 2 .
After attaching the 10-kilohm potentiometer, stick the dial onto its shaft in such a way that
cal hold and, at the same time, create an electrical connection for the components . Insert the
B T
contact clips into the rectangular recesses of the experiment console until you hear them click
(Assembly Images 2 and 3) .
SP
P
K
C
E
D
Si
TF
Assembly and
Experiment panel
Upper console,
section 1
070 207
Upper console,
section 2
070 307
Lower console
2 pieces
070 407
Component tree 1
With 2 caps and knob
for double variable
capacitor
004 012
Component tree – 2
7
8
LED 3
A K
6
9
5
10
Contact clips
A K
IR-LED
B C
p
n
p
E E
With 2 caps and knob
for potentiometer 324
004 032
IN
PCO
+
+
+
HS
Component tree 3
4
11
–
3
12
2
13
Bag with 102 pieces
771 860
–
Bag with 33 pieces
000 612
+
X
With hinge pin
and knob for
potentiometer
004 022
OUT
PLL
VCO
NTC
–
G H I
VCI
R
1
14
3

K L
R
R
M N
M N
R
Photo R
Assembly CDS CDS
Circuit diagram symbol
Speaker terminal wires
SP
9-volt battery A Kclip
connected to contact clips M and N
Speaker terminal wires
SP
C
2 pieces
C
042 106
CDS
C
C
connected to contact clips M and N
TF
E TF C
K KA
A
E M N C
9
C
V
+ C –
TF
TF
E
A
A
A
R
C
C
K A
C
DGe
K
B C
DGe
p
K
n
p
E E
Short C wire
bridges
EP
4 bags
EP
with 10 pieces B each C
n
000 DGe282
p
n
K
EB B
CE
C
p
n p
p n
p
E
E
E
E
Long wire bridges
Insert one battery R clip in a compartment under console 1, thread its terminal wires E through and
insert them into contact clip 404 (red positive terminal) and contact clip 804 V (black negative
+
terminal) . Place the second battery clip in console 2 and connect it to contact clips +
C
Speaker terminal wires
110 (positive)
V SP
+
A
and 810 (negative) (Assembly Images connected 9 to 12) to contact . Finally, clips mount M and Neach
clip on a AMP 9-volt + + battery, – and
C
–
it’s ready to go .
A K
E MA
AMP
U – C
V
A
TF
E
C
D E F
B
TF
A D
ED E FC
P
Ge
E
D
E
P
K Ge
Potentiometer terminal wires connected
to contact clips D, E, and F
K
Potentiometer terminal wires connected
V
+
to contact clips D, E, and F
O +
R
C
A AMP C 10 kΩ
–
P
E
EP
C
B
C
K A
EP A
NTC D E F
B B E
D
AP
The short wire Ge bridges have to be bent to a size of 15 mm (Assembly Images 13 and E
DSi
14); E they create
an electrical connection between the Aindividual R contact K clips .
A D
K
Potentiometer terminal R wires connected
R
Ta
DSi
Si R
to Acontact clips D, E, Kand
F
NTC D
C
Ta
K Si
LED 1
EP
A
B
+
K C C
A LED 1 K
4 bags
with A LED 2K
B
10 pieces each B
C
C
n
p n
p
000 292
n
A LED 2 K
n
E
E
E
E
A K
B C
B C
EWire sections
E
(about LED 1 300 mm) NTC
E E
A A B KC
3 bundles
LED A B2C with 4 pieces each
000 A 151 K
Double variable capacitor
connected to clips A, B, and C
Double Bvariable Ccapacitor
connected to clips A, B, and C
EP
A
E
10 mF
C
B
C
B
LED
C
NTC NTC
C
K LED
C
E E E
A
K
The long wire C bridges have to be bent to a size DSi G of H I30
mm (Assembly Images 13 and 14); PHT they cre-
A K
D
ate an electrical connection C
Ta
between the individual contact clips .
C
G H I
Si
B T
C
+
B
K +
B T
Potentiometer terminal wires connected
C
E
C
A
E
to contact clips G, H, and I
Potentiometer terminal wires connected
E
100 nF
A C
to contact clips G, H, and I
+ –
A LED C
A
DGe
S T
K
A
DGe K
A K
D
Ge
B
Ge
For some experiments, C the ready-to-bend wire Gbridges H I won’t be enough . Sometimes, you will
220 kΩ
K
B
need longer pieces of wire . You will also need them to lengthen the terminal connection K for the
B T
LEDs, when you want to install them in the console (Assembly Image DGe18)
.
A K
E E
Potentiometer terminal wires connected
E
to contact clips G, H, and I
Bag 1 with small pieces
EP
000 A B 148 C
A C
EP
EP
D Ge
A K
er terminal wires
ontact clips K and L
LED 3
K
6
61
1
6
1
4
+
+
+
Ta
Ta
Ta
2
2
Pushbutton
Double variable capacitor
connected to clips A, B, and C
2 pieces
2
Screws
PWM Uin
D0 Din
PWM D1 Beep Uin
D0 Din
D1 D2 Beep Start
D2 D3 Start Reset
D3 D4 Reset +5V
D4 D5 +5V GND
D5 GND GND +9V
GND +9V
–
–
–
4 43 3
4 3
100 nF
10 µF
220 kΩ
3 pieces for the variable
capacitor +
A
–
LED
HS
1
1
The pushbutton serves to create a temporary conductive connection between two points in a
circuit . You can use it to close an electrical circuit and, for example, switch on an LED for as long
as the button is pushed K L . After you release it, the connection is broken again . In the diagrams,
K L
the pushbutton is labeled “Ta .”
1
6
6
6
2
2
2
D Ge
A K
Galvanometer A K
Galvanometer terminal terminal wires wires
connected connected to contact to contact clips clips K and K and L L
A K
IR-LED
A C
Variable capacitor terminal wires
connected to contact clips A, B, and C
plastic pieces have to be removed from that location in the console (Assembly Image 4) . The best
E
The variable capacitor is secured to B console 1 with the two short screws . First, though, the two
Double
Double
variable
variable
capacitor
capacitor
LED LED 3 3
A
B
connected
connected
to
to A
clips
clips
A,
A,
B,
B,
and
and
C
V
way is to wiggle them A Aback K Kand
forth until they break off . Be sure to save these parts, because
+
they will be needed later for the phototransistor, LED LED infrared transmitting diode A AMP and optical fiber
A A K K
K
–
K
EP
IR-LED
EP
IR-LED
E
capacitor (Assembly Image 5) .
EP EP
6
1
B
DGe
A K
LED 3
A B C
2
4
4
4
3
3
3
4 3
K L
Galvanometer terminal wires
connected to contact clips K and L
1
6
2
4
3
E –
AMP AMP
AMP
E
–
E
–
Ta Ta
LED 1
LED 1
A HS K
LED 2
LED 2
LED
LED
A
+ A
A +
K
M N
A B AC B C
K
A A C C
B C
C
B C
C
– –
Speaker Variable terminal Variable wires capacitor capacitor terminal terminal wires
LED
BSPwires T
connected to connected contact connected clips to contact M to and contact clips N clips A, B, A, Band B, and C C T
KE
E
EP
E E
E
C E EP
B B
A B C
AHSB HS C
E
TF
C
A C
TFC
experiments (Assembly Images 19 to 29) . The long screw is for attaching the dial to the variable
66
11
100 nF
10 µF
100 nF 100 nF
220 kΩ
10 µF
220 kΩ 220 kΩ
+
+
–
A
A
10 µF
A
22
–
E
V
V
+
+
V
+
44 33
–
AMP
Variable capacitor terminal wires Ta
Ta
connected to contact DGe
clips A, B, and C
DGe
A A K K
A
A
6
1
6
1
D E F
6
1
V
+
A B C
2
2
Potentiometer terminal wires
2
4 3
4 3
11
66
4 3
22
1
1
P
6
6
1
2
6
2
A C
44
B
D GeD
Ge
A
2
33
AK
4
4
K
3
3
4
3
+ 9V + 9V
+ 9V
A
K
+
10 m
K
+
100 n
10 m
7 8
220
c
ck
E E
OUT 1OUT
1
E
OUT 1
7 7 8 8
100 n
220
Po
Po
Sp
connecte
DSi
A
Sp
connecte conn
AMP
Poten
connected Po
Po
AMP
PoteP
connecte conn

The connection pins are used to connect the two consoles to one another . To do that, insert the
pins into the dovetail-shaped guides along the joint between the two consoles (Assembly Image
1) .
The loudspeaker and the galvanometer are each mounted in console 2 with one screw and one
eyelet (Assembly Image 7) .
The galvanometer works with a rotating mounted coil, so it is a moving coil galvanometer . The
C C
more current that flows through the coil, the farther the needle moves . When HS it is all C HSC
the way to
the right, 100 µA is flowing through the coil! The galvanometer is very sensitive . Please do not
connect it directly to a battery, or it could be destroyed!
M N
The speaker uses a coil and a membrane to convert TF
D
C
TF electrical signals into mechanical vibrations,
R C
Ge
R
Ge
TF
or sound waves, which you can hear .
TF
EP
A
R
E C
Speaker
Speaker
terminal
terminal
wires
wires
connected
connected
to
to
contact
contact
clips
clips
M
M
and
and
N
N
K K
SP E
SP E
+
C
C
EP TFEP
TF
E
E
C
C
V C
+
C
+
A AMP A AMP EP EP
–
E
E
E
TF
TF
A
D E F
The earphone converts electrical signals into audible F sounds with the help of a coil and a
metallic membrane D
V
+ . In that process, the membrane is more less strongly or more V P or less quickly
Ge +
Ge
+ Ta Ta
attracted by the C
+
C coil depending on the signal, just like with an electromagnet . Whenever A AMP we
A
produce sounds K or listen to the radio, Potentiometer we will terminal be using wires connected the earphone . AMP –
–
to contact clips D, E, and F
E
E
LED LED 1 1
A A
A
A
K
K
D
D
Ge
Ge
LED
B C
p
n
p
Photo E E E E
Assembly Circuit diagram symbol
B C
n
p
n
E E
B C
p
n
p
B C
n
p
n
E E
A K A K
IR-LED IR-LED
Speaker terminal wires
connected to contact clips M and N
AMP
E
–
R
A M N
C CK
+
+
A
Ta
Ta
A DA E KF
D E FK
A
DSi
K
E E E E
V
+
A A K K
Potentiometer
Potentiometer
terminal
terminal
wires
wires
connected
connected
to
to
contact
contact
clips D, E, and F
B Bclips C D, CE,
and F
–
DGe DGe M N
A A K K
E
AMP
AMP
–
E
–
K L
R
Galvanometer Galvanometer terminal wires terminal wires
connected to connected contact clips to contact K and Lclips
K and L
LED 3
–
LED LED 2 2
A BA CB
C
SP
+
R R
Bag 2 with small parts
001 006
Connection pins
4 pieces
Screws
2 pieces
Eyelets
2 pieces
Galvanometer
001 010
– Variable capacitor Variable terminal capacitor wiresterminal
wires
B
connected to connected contact clips to A, contact B, and clips C A, B, and C
+ +
LED C
A A
C
D
C
P
P LED LED
K K
C C
B
A
B
K
D
Si
E
T
E
T
The 10-kilohm potentiometer is an adjustable resistor . You can use a slider on a track made of
Ta
resistant material to select any desired level of resistance between 0 and 10 kilohms . The 10-ki-
EP
lohm potentiometer EP has “10 k” printed on it .
A
A
DSi
A
DSi
A
K
K
V
V
+
+
K L
LED 3
A K
220 kΩ
A
K
NTC
+
–
LED
A A C C
A
A
220 kΩ
A
K
D
NTC
6
1
DGe DGe
A A K
K
A B C
2
EP
4 3
6 1
B
A B C
Speaker
001 EP003
D ED FE
F
+
+ HS HS
X
Potentiometer X terminal terminal wires wires connected
LED to contact to 3 –
3
contact – clips clips D, E, D, and E, and F F
A K
Earphone
042 056
Speaker Speaker terminal terminal wires wires B
connected to contact to contact clips clips M and M and N N
1
2
5
6
7
A K
IR-LED
B C
p
LED p
LED
3
3 n
p
n
p
A
AE K
E K DSi E DSi
A A
A
A
K
K
IR-LED
IR-LED
B C
B 324 C
p
Potentiometer n p
1
K K
1
2
3
4
14 14
13 13
12 12
11 11
10 10
9
8
IN
PCO
+
+
A C A C
M NM
N
+ HS
X
EP –
AMP
10 kilohms
001 004
OUT
PLL
VCO
E
AMP
–
+
TF TF
E E C C
E
–
p n
p
E E
E E
–
A
A
–
VCI
G HG IH
I
R
5
V
V
Potentiometer terminal terminal wires wires connected
to contact to contact clips clips G, H, G, and H, and I I
+
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
324 324
+
14
14
13
13
12
12
11
11
10
10
9
9
8
8
IN
IN
PCO
PCO
E
6
C
E
4 3
+
+
2
B
B
A
OUT
OUT
PLL
PLL
VCO
VCO
E
D Ge
1
C
E
K
6
4
–
32
VCI
VCI
–
EP
R
R
A
D Ge
10 mF
100 nF
220 kΩ
K
Spe
connected
4
3
AMP
Potent
connected

6
1
6
C
A K
LED 2
A K
Potentiometer 2
B C
DGe
A K
100 kilohms
E E
001 011
A B C
EP
Double variable capacitor
connected to clips A, B, and C
6
1
+
Double variable
capacitor
Ta
2
000 143
LED 1
A K
LED 2
A K
B C
Light-emitting diodes
1 x red
000 145
1 x green
002 198
2
–
1 x yellow
001 013
Contact sleeves
2 sets
with 6 pieces each
000 612
Infrared emitters
001 012
4 3
E E
A B C
Double variable capacitor
connected to clips A, B, and C
4 3
+
C
LED
K
A C
D
B
Ge
T
K E
A C
The 100-kilohm potentiometer is an adjustable resistor . You can use a slider on a track made
B C
C
of resistant material to select any desired level B of resistance C
C
between 0 and 100 kilohms . The
EP
C
100-kilohm potentiometer has “100 k” printed on it .
B + T
1
6
2
B
Ta
4
3
B C
p
n
A
p
E E
G H I
D E F
LED 1
LED 1
Potentiometer Aterminal C K
Potentiometer A terminal K wires
wires
connected
connected
to
to
contact
contact LED clips C
clips 2 G,
D,
H,
E,
and
and
I
F
LED 2
A K
A K
The double variable LED capacitor is made of two capacitors with capacities of about 80 and 150 picofarads,
formed K by pushing several mutually insulated metal plates into each other . A variable
EP
capacitor is used for adjusting resonant circuits, so it can be used, for example, to set the reception
frequency C
GEP EP
H I
of a radio . The double variable capacitor has three terminals, one per capacitor
B C
EP
plus a common terminal n . Terminal wires O, G, and A of the variable capacitor NTC are connected to
B T p
n
B C
the lower edge of the panel with contact clips A, B, and C (Assembly Images 5 to 7) .
E
A C
B
B C
When current flows through a light-emitting diode, it emits a red, green, or yellow light de-
B C
C
pending on its semiconductor material .
B T
Careful! Never connect directly to a battery . The E light-emitting E diode will immediately B T burn out!
Always operate with a limiting resistor of at least 470 ohms .
E
E E
The light-emitting diodes have two poles, and they only let current flow in one direction E . So you
A B C
A C
have to pay attention to their polarity – the end with the short terminal is the cathode (-), and
A B
the one with the long terminal is the anode (+) .
The abbreviation for light-emitting diode is LED .
C
A C
1
6
2
4
3
+
K A
–
R
Ta
Ta
R
AMP
R
Photo Assembly Circuit diagram symbol
E E
t
t
B C
p
n
p
E E
n
p
n
E E
AMP
E
–
Ta Ta
The contact sleeves serve to connect the extension wires Kto L the LED terminals + when they are
A B C
installed in the left of the console next to the variable capacitor . Simply insert one + LED terminal
and one extension wire together into Galvanometer a contact sleeve; terminal wires the contact sleeve – becomes Variable narrower capacitor on terminal wires
the inside and clamps the two connections connected together to contact Galvanometer clips . Then, K and terminal bend L wires the wire downward connected – and to the contact Variable clips capacitor A, B, and t
LED with lengthened terminals is ready (Assembly connected Image to contact 19) . clips K and L
connected to contact c
Proceed similarly with the infrared emitter (IR-LED) and the phototransistor, which are then
inserted into the holder with LED written on it from console 1 and 2 (Assembly Image 19) .
These emitters (IR-LEDs) work just like the light-emitting diodes, except they emit invisible infrared
light instead of light you can see . Infrared emitters like this are built into in all remote controls .
Careful! Never connect directly to a battery . The infrared emitter will immediately burn out!
Always operate with a limiting resistor of at least 470 ohms .
This kind of diode also has two poles, and only lets current flow in one direction . So you have to
pay attention again to their polarity – the end with the short terminal is the cathode (-), and the
one with the long terminal is the anode (+) .
A
V
+
A
DSi A B C
A B C K
DGe
A K
DGe
Double A variable capacitor K
Double variable capacitor
connected to clips A, B, and C
connected to clips A, B, and C
6 6
1 1
C
E E
E E
2 2
4 4 3 3
Potentiometer terminal wires connected
to contact clips G, H, and I
6
1
+
R
Ta
Ta
LED 1
LED 1
A K
A K
LED 2
LED 2
A K
A K
Double variable capacitor
connected Double variable to clips capacitor A, B, and C
connected to clips A, B, and C
6
1
+
2
2
K L
–
–
LED 3
A K
A K
IR-LED
4
4
3
3
LED 3
A K
A K
IR-LED
K
220 kΩ
1 1
1
100 nF
10 µF
6
6
1
A
K
6
6
A
LED
V
E
P A
LED
C
LED
C
K
B
+ C
T
A
E C
E
2 2
2
2
HS
100 nF
10 µF
A
A D
A
Si
C
C
A
K
D
D
Ge
B Ge
KB
K
220 kΩ
Ta
Ta
A
A
4
4
LED
KLED
K
C
A
NTC
B
B
LED
K
4
3
3
4
HS
3
3
6
1
2
EP
4 3
+ 9V
DGe
A K
A B C
6
1
A
B
B
+ 9V
Pot
Pot
E
OUT 1
2
EP
c
co
Po
Pot
E
Po
Pot
DGe
1

V
R
T
nd and N N
The phototransistor + + is a sensitive light sensor . It DGe
DGe has just two terminals, the emitter + + (abbrevi-
C
ated “E”) and C
A K
the collector (“C”) . The basic control takes place with light rather than A D
AMP A AMP electrical
–
Ge
current . When light falls on the transparent housing, the phototransistor becomes – conductive
E E
between the collector and the emitter . When installing it, you have to pay attention K to its direction
. The collector A A C is identified by a flattened section on the edge of the housing and by a
D DE EFF shorter terminal wire . In the diagrams, the phototransistor is labeled “TF” .
DD
P P
Ge Ge
EP
EP EP
K K
Optical fiber can conduct light without letting it Cescape
C out to the sides . You can even use it to
C C
guide light around a corner . Optical fibers play an important role in telecommunications . Simi-
LED 1
A A
A
larly to fiber optic cable, you can use optical fibers DSi DSi to achieve a large bandwidth and transmit a
AA A K KK
DD
lot of channels at one time . A lot of experiments can be performed with optical fiber together
Ta Ta
Si Si
with the infrared emitter and phototransistor . LED The LED 2 optical fiber is sometimes labeled LED “LWL .”
A A
LED LED
K K
C C
C C
SP SP
C C
Potentiometer terminal wires connected
ent in duplicate E E . There is just one of each
to
Double of the
to contact
variable other
contact clips G,
capacitor two terminals, B (= base) and C (= collec-
G, H, H, and and I I
B HS HS
tor) . You can think of the transistor as an connected adjustable to clips A, resistor, B, and C
TF TF
with the resistance between the
collector A Aand emitter C C terminals being controllable EP EP by the base terminal . In a certain sense, then,
the base terminal E Eis
like a dial that you turn to LED LED 3adjust
3 the resistance . Of course, EP you EP A A don’t actually
turn it with your A hand, but with electrical current!
DSi
A A K K
A K V VB
B
D
LED
+
A K
LED
+ Si
A K
A A
IR-LED IR-LED
K K
AMP
– – K
+
C C
LED 1
B B C C
E E
324
Ta Ta
–
p p
A K
n n
p p
B B T T
pnp pnp LED 2
E E LED LED 1 1E
E
A A
P P
E E
A K
A A K K
OP
A
DSi
A K
D
Si
K
+
324
– OP
onnected nected
F
onnected nected
d I
1
6
2
R R
C
+ 5V + 5V D1 D1
C
Photo Speaker Assembly terminal wires Circuit diagram SP SP symbol
connected D2 to to contact D2 clips M and and NN
4
3
AMP
AMP
E
E
–
–
E E CC
Potentiometer terminal wires connected
to to contact clips D, D, E, E, and and F
R R
F
Ta
This is a field effect Si Si transistor with two control terminals (dual gate) . You can use it for some
interesting applications, from sensor dimmer through 555 DRAM 555
– – + +
computer memory cell .
TF C CTF
A
A
V
V
+
+
X XDGe
DGe
A A K K
G GH HII A – B – C
Potentiometer terminal wires connected
V V
C C
E E
K K
K
+ +
C C
C
The transistor module has an NPN transistor soldered onto the small plate with four terminal
BB T T
K K
connections . Terminal E (= emitter) of the transistor, which itself has just three terminals, is pres-
6
1
+
A C K KC
B C
E + +
E
2
–
4 3
1
6
EP
A
+
TF TF
C
Ta
B T
+ A+
A
E
x HS x HS
D D
– –
A Ge C CGe
4024 LED LED 2 2 4024
+ +
The R PNP transistor R works Rjust
like the R NPN transistor, 324 324except
with reversed polarity OP OP.
+
C
C
–
A A
KC
K
D D
1
4
1
1 2
5
2
2 3
6
3
3 4
7
4
4 5
5
5 6
6
6 7
7
7
14
11
14
14 13
10
13
13 12
9
12
12 11
8
11
11 10
10
10 9
9
9 8
8
8
IN
IN
PCO
PCO
+
+
– –
OUT
OUT
VCO
VCO
G GH HI I
+ 9V
+ 9V
E
E OUT 1
COUT
1
C
E
E OUT 2
COUT
2
C
IN 1
IN 1 2
IN 32
IN 43
IN 4
0V
0V
– 9V
– 9V
2
+
PCO + IN
PCO IN
P P
4
Solar Solar
B B
MM
IN IN
3
VCO OUT
VCO OUT
PLL
R PLLVCI
R – VCI
–
NTC NTC
there are two ways of adjusting the resonant circuit frequency, with the coil or with NTC NTC the variable
HS HS
PLL
PLL
The L module consists of a coil with two windings and several terminals, or so-called taps . It represents
the counterpart to the capacitor, together with which it creates a resonant circuit that
can be set to a certain frequency .
The effect of the coil can be strengthened or weakened by turning an adjustable iron core with
a screwdriver . When the core is screwed in, the frequency of the resonant circuit is lower . So
capacitor .
+
C
–
GND
+
C
C
GNDD3
Dig
C
7
8
6
9
K1
OUT
555
6
6
1
1
+
+
5
10
– +
CTRL R
–
–
+
+
K2 DIS
–
K2 DIS
555
K1 OUT
D3
Dig
Ta
Ta
–
A A K K
B B C C
G2D A AB BCC 2
2
–
4
1
5
2
6
3
7
4
11
14
10
13
9
12
8
11
–
–
VCI
VCI
R
R
4 3
4 3
3
12
3
G2D E E E E
G1
S MOSFET
G1
MOSFET
+
C
Double variable capacitor
connected to to clips clips A, A, B, B, and and C C
+ +
G H I
G H I
K1 OUT
CTRL R –
–
R
2
P
CLK
1
4024 +
1
1
R R
LED LED
K K
– –
14
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
14
Q7
– Q1
7
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
–
7
6
14
5
4
13
3
12
S
2
13
G2
G1
1
14
1
9
3
12
11
D
S
2
R
4
K1 OUT
+
–
CTRL R
555
K2 DIS
– +
C C
E E
D
B B
G2
T T
G1
E E
S
6
6
5
P
A A C C
K2
DIS
2
2
555
CLK
1
4024 +
6
9
12
11
CTRL
R
+
4
4
3
3
Ta
B C
Phototransistor
002 159
Optical fiber
324 324
000 676
+ 9V
+ 9V
– –
Potentiometer terminal wires connected
D DE EFF to contact clips G, H, and I
G GHHII Dual gate MOSFET
E
(n-channel)
042 956
LED LED 3 3
AA KK
D E F
AA KK
IR-LED
B B C C
Potentiometer terminal wires connected
p p
to contact n clips n D, E, and F
p p
E E E E
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
14
14
13
13
12
12
11
11
10
10
9
9
8
8
IN
IN
PCO
PCO
+
+
+ +
E
E OUT 1
COUT
1
C
E
E OUT 2
COUT
2
C
+ + HS HS
X X TF
TF
– – E C
OUT
OUT
PLL
PLL
VCO
VCO
NPN transistor
module
2 pieces
043 006
Ta
AMP
E
–
E
E
+
+
1–IN
1–IN
NTC NTC
A
–
–
G H I
VCI
VCI
R
R
IN 2
IN 2
IN 3
IN 3
IN 4
IN 4
0V
0V
– 9V
– 9V
7
V
+
Speaker DSi
DSi terminal wires
connected A to to contact clips K Kclips
M M and and N N
PNP transistor
module LED 1
A
A K
2 pieces
LED 2
043 066
A K
B C
E E
L module
000 144
AMP
AMP
–
–
M MN N
TF TF
E E C C
A
A
V
V
+
+
Potentiometer terminal wires wires connected
to to contact clips clips D, D, E, E, and and F F
Ta
DSi DSi
A A K K
A
LED
K
C
B T B T
G GH HI I
Potentiometer terminal wires wires connected
to to contact clips clips G, G, H, H, and and I I
Ta
LED
K
C
E

+
C C
DSi
A K
TF TF
C C D
Si
TF TF
E E C C
Photo K
Assembly Circuit diagram E E symbol
LED 1
324
Amplifier module AMP
A K
C C
with IC TBA 820 M
043 036
DGe DGe
A A K K
Timer module
EP EP
V V
+ +
+ + LED 2
C C
A A AMP AMP A K
– –
4024
E E
4024
B C
R
A A
R
D ED FE
F
The amplifier Dmodule
D can amplify small signals enough to power an 8-ohm speaker P P . It has E a simi- E
Ge Ge
lar construction to an operational amplifier, so G it has many potential uses .
2 D
K K
Potentiometer terminal terminal wires wires connected
to contact to contact clips clips D, E, D, and E, and F F
C
S
C
G1
EP EP
with IC 155
001 014
C
+
C
A A
555
DSi DSi
K K
A A
D D
Ta Ta
G H I
Si Si
MOSFET
+
– OP
+
DSi
A K
D
Si
K
324
SP
C
TF
E
V
+
A AMP
–
4024
4024
R
R
G D
2 D
G2
C
G1
S
C
G1
S
E
P
C
+
C
555
F
G H I
MOSFET
+
– OP
M N
+ –
+ –
M
M
U V
rminal wires
U
SP
V
ntact clips M and N
C
TF
TF
C
E
O
R
O
R
10 kΩ
10 kΩ
P
V P
+
A AMP
–
D0
D0
+ 5V
+ D1 5V
D1
D2
D2
GND GND D3
D3
D
Dig
Dig
G2
G1
S
E
E F
NTC
P
NTC
r terminal wires
tact clips D, E, and F
A
M N
V +
A A K K
C E
C E
Speaker LED LED 2 2
Speaker terminal terminal wires wires
connected connected to contact to contact clips clips M and M and N N
8
Ta
Ta
M N
LED LED 1 1M
N
Quadruple operational
amplifier
IC 324
001 016
rminal wires
ntact clips M and N
IC 4024
001 C 017
PHT
IC A Abase K K PHT
module
6
1
+
+
B B C C
TF TF
E E
E E
E
C C
E
001 015
+ –
+ –
S A BA CBT
SC T
Double Double variable variable capacitor
connected to clips to clips A, B, A, and B, and C C
6
1
AMP
E
E
AMP
–
–
7-place counter
C
TF
TFG
H
G
I
H I TF
C
E
E
M N
M N
Potentiometer Potentiometer terminal terminal wires wires connected connected
V to contact to contact clips clips G, H, G, and H, and I
V
I
+
+
Speaker A AMP terminal wires
Speaker terminal wires A
connected – Humidity AMP
to contact sensor clips M and N
connected to contact – clips M and N
E
E
A
E F
043 186
AMP AMP
2
E
E
–
–
–
2
–
A
A
D E
D
F
E F
4 3
TF
TF
E PC
E C
A A
4 3
Potentiometer Potentiometer terminal terminal wires wires connected connected
to contact to contact clips clips D, E, D, and E, and F F
SP
V +
P
r terminal wires
d tact F clips D, E, and F
D E F
D E F
V
V
+
+
DSi DSi
A A K K
SP
V V
+
+
+
The timer module is equipped with the infinitely useful IC 555 timer P . You can easily P use the vari-
K K
ous control terminals and outputs to create timing switches with short and long response times,
but with a little A A wiring skill you can also create + sound synthesizers, blinkers, and a lot more .
+ HS HS
+ +
The IC base V V can accommodate the quadruple operational amplifier, IC 324, or the 7-place coun-
+
A
+
A K
LED
K
LED
ter, IC 4024 . This Alets
the ICs achieve contact with IR-LED the contact clips via the connector pins . To
A
IR-LED
K
AMP
K
switch out AMP the – ICs – and to straighten their 14 connector pins, you will be using certain C elements
B C
on the experiment E E B B
B
C
C
console (Assembly Images 31 to 35) .
1
6
–
1
6
The operational amplifier A (op-amp) is an ideal all-purpose amplifier . Depending on the external
A
wiring, it can DSiamplify
the differential voltage at the two inputs and can reproduce complex functions
. These A kinds of K D
amplifiers used D
A
to be used for computer circuits, or computer operations
A Si
Si
in analog computers – hence the name “operational amplifier .” The IC 324 contains four such
D
operational amplifiers D K
+
.
K
+
LED 1
Si Si
324
324
DSi
A K
2
G2D The IC 4024 integrated circuit contains a 7-place digital counter with seven outputs Q1 through
Q7 . So the counter can display, in the binary system, 2 to the seventh G2 = 2 · 2 · 2 G2·
2 · 2 · 2 · 2 = 128
C
+
+
number combinations, C
+
or the numbers 0 to 127 . HS
HS
G1
S
G1 +
+
R
C
–
SP
SP
C
CC
E
TF
TF
The humidity sensor consists of conductor paths A K
V
pushed into each other like the teeth of two
V
combs . It will act + like a simple sort of sensor button A in response K
LED
+
A to a moist finger . You can make
A
IR-LED
K
LED
K
it more sensitive AMP by A
IR-LED
placing a drop of saltwater solution on it and then drying it off K
AMP
. Then, with
–
C
the right electronic – circuit, it will react even if you B just C breathe on it .
C
E
LED LED
SP SP
K K
B B T TF T TF
2
A A C C
2
+
C C
C
E E
E
P
K
+
4
P
K
P
R
4
3
–
3
–
+
R
C
C
7
7
8
X
Potentiometer terminal terminal wires wires connected
to contact to LED contact LED 3 clips 3 clips G, H, G, and H, and I I
A A K K
+
G1
X
–
NTC–
NTC
MOSFET
G H I
LED 3
LED 3
A K
G HG I H I
p
n
p
p
n
p
E
E
E
E
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
324 324
14
14
13
13
12
12
11
11
10
10
9
9
8
8
IN
PCO
6
9
IN
+
PCO
5
10
X
+
–
OUT
4
11
VCO
VCO
–
+
+
+ +
4024
– –
–
G H
G
I
H I
+ 9V
+ 9V
E
OUT 1
E
C
OUT 1
C
E
OUT 2
E
C
OUT 2
C
IN 1
IN IN 12
IN IN 23
IN IN 34
IN 4
0V
0V
– 9V
– 9V
–
OUT
PLL
PLL
14
9
13
8
12
–
B C
p n p
E E
E E
5
1
6
2
7
3
10 V
14
9 V
13
8
12
11
E
10
E
9
8
7
8
7
R
8
K1
OUT
C
C
R
2
3
–
7
4
5+
1
6+
2
7A
3
A
4
–
AMP 5
–
AMP 6
555
6
9
6
9
K1
OUT
555
K2
DIS
5
10
5
10
K2
DIS
4
11
4
11
G D
555
– +
CTRL R –
K2 DIS
555
K1 OUT
VCI
–
R
VCI
R
10
5
1
6
2
7
3
10
14
9
13
8
12
5
1
6
2
7
3
10
14
9
13
8
12
– +
CTRL R –
K2 DIS
555
K1 OUT
4
11
11
4
11
G H I
3
12
K1
OUT
–
2
13
2
1
14
– +
K2 DIS
CTRL R –
CLK
1
1
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
12
11
9 14
6
13
5
4
12
3
CTRL R
K1 OUT
–
–
– OP
P
K2
DIS
555
555
–
CTRL
R
4024 +
+
14
7
–
3
K1
2
OUT
–
R
x HS x HS
– –
A
P
A
x HS
x HS
–
A
P
HS HS
B B T T
pnp pnp
E E
+ +
OP OP
– –
+
PCO+
IN
PCO IN
VCO OUT
VCOPLL
OUT
RPLLVCI
–
R VCI
–
CTRL
R
+
– – + +
Solar Solar
OP
P
K2
DIS
M M
NTC NTC
555
CLK
1
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
4
5
6
9
12
11
14
Q1
12
CLK Q2
1
11
Q3
9
Q4
6
Q5
5
R Q6
2
4
Q7
– 3
7
14
Q1
12
CLK Q2
1
11
Q3
1 9 14
Q4
6
2 Q5 13 5
R Q6
2
4
3 12
Q7
– 3
7
4 11
4024
G1
MOSFET
555
3
12
S
2
13
1
14
+
D
S
K1
OUT
–
K2
DIS
555
CTRL
R
4024 +
D
S
CTRL
HS
HS
IN IN
R
B T
B Tpnp
pnp
E
+
+
14
Ta
A K
LED 2
A K
B C
E E
+ 9V
A
A
E
B
+ 9V
E
A
A
E
B
LED
LED
Ta
7 8
LED
LED

D2
D2
D3
D3
GND
C
p
n
p
E
GND
Digit
Digit
PWM Uin
D0 Din
D1 Beep
D2 Start
D3 Reset
100 nF
220 kΩ
100 nF
220 kΩ
“Electronics Workshop Galvanometer 2” manual terminal wires
connected to + contact clips K and L
10 µF
K
10 µF
A
6
1
10 µF
220 kΩ
100 nF
10 µF
220 kΩ
2
C E
64
13
Variable capacitor terminal wires
6
2
1
6
1
2
2
64
4 3
3
C E C
B
A
E
220 kΩ
1
6
2
Variable A capacitor C DGe terminal wires
A K
connected to contact clips A, B, and C
D Ge
TF B
E A CK
B
AMP
K
E
–
4
A
3
Resistors
K A
+ –
M
U V
S
+
+
T
–
O
10 mF
U
P
M
R
10 kΩ
UV
10 pieces
various values
C E
C
C
n
p
n
E
A K
These are for setting levels of current and resistance . The unit of electrical resistance is the ohm
B
(abbreviation for Greek omega = Ω) . By prefixing CDS“kilo”
for thousand or “mega” for million, you
can get shorthand ways of writing large resistance NTC values C.
For example, you can get E1
kΩ = 1
kilohm = 1,000 ohms . The resistance value is indicated on the resistor in the form of a color . Most
+
have three colored rings CDS and an additional fourth ring, B which indicates the resistor’s Kprecision
A or K
tolerance as a percent . On the back of this manual, A K you will find a diagram of the entire color
E
10 mF
code . The abbreviation for resistor is the letter “R .” If several resistors are connected in a circuit,
A
O
9 V
NTC
P
100 nF + –
OR
10 kΩ
P
10
their symbols will include a number, such as R1, KR2,
AR3,
etc .
A K
220 C kΩ E
A
K A
CDS
C
B
C
B
C
A K
+
M N
+
+ NTC
PHT –
Capacitors M
U V
NTC
NTC
A
DGe
K
K
B
A
E
E
D Ge
A K
E
10 mF
10 mF
2 x 6,8 nF
100 Speaker nF terminal wires
SP
connected to contact clips M and N
C
A K+
–
E C
K L
A B C
A C
C
C
A capacitor stores an electrical + charge and decouples circuit components, since it won’t let TFan
electrical current pass through it . Its unit of measure is the farad, abbreviated B
B “F .” In practice, a
E C
220 kΩ
nometer terminal farad wires is much too large, – and in most cases a millionth, billionth, or even trillionth of a farad is
NTC Variable NTCcapacitor
terminal wires
ed to contact enough clips K and for L our purposes . These very small units are designated E microfarad B E
connected to contact clips A, B, and C
(µF), Knanofarad
A (nF),
100 nF
100 nF
and picofarad (pF) . In multipack 1, there are two 6 .8 nF capacitors . Sometimes, you will also see
S
O
K
C
A
P
E
PHT T
R
10 TFkΩ
P
it printed as “6800 pF .”
V
+ –
+ –
C
+
S ST
A
HS
AMP +
M N
DGe
B
D Ge
–
A K
E
C
Electrolytic NTC
B C
K A ca-
220 E kΩ
220 kΩ 10 mF
p
n
A K pacitors
p LED 3
A
+
D E F
Speaker terminal wires
E
B
connected P to contact clips M and N
A K
1 x 10 µF
E
10 mF
LED K L
A B C
1 x 100 µF
A C
A K
Potentiometer terminal wires
K
EP +
TF
CC
IR-LED
connected to contact clips D, E, and F
EP
C E
E C
A
+
These are large-capacity Galvanometer terminal capacitors wires . The unit here – is the microfarad BB
Variable capacitor (µF) . The terminal 10 wires µF capacitor, for
PHT
B C
connected to contact clips K and L
B
C n example, has a 1,470-times higher capacity than the NTC 6 .8 nF connected C capacitor to contact . Due clips to A, its B, special and C construc-
p
EE
10 mF
p n
n tion with a so-called electrolyte, the electrolytic capacitor has two poles, indicated with a plus
100 nF
p E
B
M N
V
E and a minus . So when you insert them, you always have to pay attention D Ge to their polarity .
DGe
Careful! Incorrect polarity NTC can destroy Athem! K
HS E
100 nF
A K
Speaker terminal wires
E
C
SP + –
connected to contact clips M and N
S220 kΩ
T
LED 3
A
D E F
B
K L
C
A B C
A C
Germanium Cdiode
A K
n
NTC
p
+
TF E
n
M N
M N
DGe
LED
DGe
E
D Ge
D 220 Ge kΩ
100 nF TF
A K
A KA
K
E C
Potentiometer terminal wires
–
K
EP
nometer terminal wires
IR-LED Variable capacitor terminal wires
connected to Econtact
clips D, E, and F
B A K
EP
ed to contact clips K and L
A K
connected to contact clips A, B, and C
Speaker terminal Speaker wires terminal wires SP
SP
connected to contact connected clips M to and contact N clips M and N
V
K L
K L
Diodes only allow electrical current to pass in one A B Cdirection,
A while B C Ain the C
HS
other Adirection C they
+
+
TF
block it . Wherever this valve effect is needed, diodes are used . Their polarity is indicated by the
so-called cathode ring . In the direction in which the current is to flow, there must be greater E C
+
220 kΩ
AMP TF –
E
E C
A C
TF
C
T
Galvanometer negative terminal Galvanometer wires potential terminal at wires the cathode, –
– the Variable end capacitor with the Variable terminal ring, capacitor wires than terminal at the wires anode . Germanium is this
E
E
nnected LED to contact 3 clips K and L A
D E F
connected to contact clips K and L
B
B
diode’s semiconductor material, hence connected its name to contact connected . A clips germanium A, to B, contact and Cclips
diode A, B, has and the C advantage that it
P
A Kitself
uses very little voltage . This means that you can use it to construct a simple but efficient
V
V
radio .
LED
+
+
A K
Potentiometer terminal wires
Careful! Never connect K the diode A
HS directly EP to a battery . It could burn out!
A
AMP
A
IR-LED
HS
connected to contact clips D, E, and F
AMP
EP
–
–
M N
DGe
D Ge
E
E
A K
Instruction manual
LED 3
A K
A K
IR-LED
LED 3
A K
A K
IR-LED
A
LED
K L
K
A
A
LED
K
DGe
K
EP
+
EP
D Ge
A K
EP
A B C
A D EKF D E F
M N
Speaker terminal wires
P
P
connected to contact clips M and N
704 923
Potentiometer terminal Potentiometer wires terminal wires
SP
connected
Speaker terminal A
to contact
wires C
connected clips D, to E, contact and Fclips
D, E, and TF
F
connected EP to contact clips M and N
PWM Uin
D0 Din
D1 Beep
D2 Start
D3 Reset
K L
anometer terminal wires
ted to contact clips K and L
C
K A
A K
CDS
CDS
B
Photo NTC
Assembly E Circuit diagram symbol
100 nF
100 nF
10 µF
220 kΩ
–
K
6
1
6
1
100 nF
10 µF
220 kΩ
A
2
2
A B C
A
100 nF
10 µF
4 3
220 kΩ
4 3
–
K
1
1
6
6
2
2
6
4 3
4
4
3
3
1
2
4
K
AMP
AMP
A
E
–
E
–
4
6
3
A
A
V
+
V
+
A
4
AMP
K
E
V
–
+
A
Multipack 1
+ –
000 845
AMP
E
–
A
EM N C
C
V
+
TF 9
Speaker terminal wires
connected to Econtact
clips M and N
AM
V
+
E
V
+ –
+ –
M

D3
C
n
p
n
E
PWM Uin
PWM Uin
D0 Din
D0 Din
D1 Beep
D1 Beep
D2 Start
D2 Start
E
GND
D3
C
p
n
p
E
C
n
p
n
E
C
p
n
p
E
C
p
n
p
E
GND
Digit
PWM Uin
D0 Din
D1 Beep
D2 Start
Digit
C
n
p
n
E
C
n
p
n
E
PWM Uin
D0 Din
D1 Beep
D2 Start
C
p
n E
p
E
C
n
p
n E
E
C
p
n
p
E
C
C
n
p
n
E
C
DGe
A B C
10
Multipack 2
001 009
Resistors
C E
5 pieces
various values
Capacitor
100 nF
Electrolytic capacitors
1 x 1 µF
1 x 10 µF
Multipack 3
001 018
Resistors
15 pieces
various Evalues
Capacitor
100 nF
Description and function A K as in Multipack 1: Resistors .
Description and function as in Multipack + – 1: Capacitors . In Multipack 2, there is one 100 nF capaci-
+ –
tor . In A some K cases, “0 K .1 AµF”
may be printed M on it .
M U V
U V
DGe B
C
D Ge + 5V
D0
A K
220 kΩ
M N
+ + 5V
D1
Description and function as in Multipack P
E E
1: Electrolytic capacitors .
–
P
Galvanometer terminal wires
B
Variable capacitor terminal wires C
B C
connected to contact clips K
and A L
A K
connected to contact clips A, B, and C
Electrolytic capacitors
1 x 10 µF
1 x 100 µF
1 x 470 µF
Galvanometer B C terminal wires
p
Silicon diode connected to ncontact
clips K and L
p
E E
Galvanometer terminal wires
connected to contact clips K and L
2 pieces
KD
Ge
A
K
A C
pacitor terminal wires
wires contact clips A, B, and C
B
B
C
D
+5V...+9V
D0
D1
D2
D3
+5V...+9V
GND
GND
B C
p
n
p
E E
D
Digit
PWM Uin
PWM Uin
D0 Din
D0 Din
D1 Beep
D1 Beep
D2 Start
D2 Start
D3 Reset
D3 Reset
D4 +5V
D4 +5V
D5 GND
D5 GND
GND +9V
GND +9V
B C
n
p
n
E E
PWM Uin
D0 Din
D1 Beep
D2 Start
D3 Reset
D4 +5V
D5 GND
GND +9V
C
E
D0
D1
D2
D3
D0
D1
+5V...+9V
D2
D3
GND
Digit
+5V...+9V
A
K L
B C
p
n
p
GND
K p
nA
p
E E
B C
n
p
n
B C
E E
p
n
B
p LED 3
+ C
E E
n
pA
K
n
E 10 mF E
A K
IR-LED
PWM Uin
PWM Uin
D0 Din
D0 Din
D1 Beep
D1 Beep
D2 Start
D2 Start
D3 Reset
D3 Reset
D4 +5V
D4 +5V
D5 GND
D5 GND
GND +9V
GND +9V
B C
n
p
n
K
Digit
K L
E E Galvanometer terminal wires
connected to contact clips K and L
100 nF
220 kΩ LED 3
A K
A K
IR-LED
K L
B C
p
E
n
p
E
K L
B C
n
p
n
+
10 mF
A
CDS
A K
Photo NTC
Assembly Circuit diagram K A symbol
K
K
CDS
10 µF
220 kΩ
100 nF
100 nF
10 µF
220 kΩ
K
A
+ –
CDS
NTC
10 µF
220 kΩ
100 nF
OA
+ K
K
EP K+
A
C E
Description and function C as in E Multipack 1: Resistors .
Galvanometer terminal wires PHTA
B C –
+ PHT
K A
connected to contact clips K and L
100 nF
Description and function as in Multipack 1: Capacitors .
220 kΩ
Description and function as in Multipack 1: Electrolytic capacitors .
HS
E E
B
324
M N
Galvanometer terminal wires
–
M AN
K
D Ge B C
LED 3M
N
A
Variable capacitor terminal wires
A silicon diode connected requires to contact about clips three K and times L
NTC
D Ge
D E F
n
DGe
p
B
A more voltage K than connected a germanium to contact clips diode, A, B, and so E
n
HS
Cit
isn’t suit- conn
A K
220 kΩ
E E
A K able for building a radio . On the other hand, it can handle more voltage than the germanium
LED 3
A
A K
D E F
diode, Speaker and also terminal has wires a smaller LED K L reverse SP current . Whenever performance A and B C good current Speaker terminal blocking
A wires C
Speaker A terminal
A Kconnected
wires
K to contact clips SP
properties are needed, K
M and N
Potentiometer terminal wires
silicon diodes are preferred EP + .
connected to contact clips M and N
connected IR-LED to contact clips M and N
LED 3
HS
connected to contact clips D, E, and F
Careful! Never connect LED
A
EP R
the diode directly to a battery . It could burn out!
R 4024
AK L
C
A C
R
K
Potentiometer terminal wires
Galvanometer K Aterminal K
A wires EPB
C
R
C
–
A C
IR-LED
TF +
Variable capacitor terminal connected wires to contact TF clips D, E, and F
TF
connected to contact clips K and L
LED
EP
B
TF
connected to contact clips A, B, and C
E C
ALED 3TF
K
A
E C
E C
K
EP
Galvanometer terminal wires
– IR-LED
G D con
2
A K Variable E capacitor terminal wires
B
EP
connected to contact clips K and L
E
B
A
10 µF
CDS
220 kΩ
KCDS
A
NTC
100 nF
10 µF
B
Mikrocontroller C
B
C
A KE
220 + kΩ
NTC
CDS
NTC
HS
A K
B
E
E
B
K AE
100 nF
C
C
B 100 nF
V
A
NTC
NTC
CDS
NTC
C
A
DGe B
K C
E
D Ge
E
A
K A
LED K L
A
DGe
CDS
B
NTC K
E
D Ge
A K
EP
A B C
E
B
A K
220 M N
+ kΩ D E F
A K
conn
E
10 220 mF kΩ
Potentiometer
Speaker terminal A terminal
wires C wires
connected
connected
Cto
to
contact
contact
clips
clips
D,
M
E,
and
and
N
F
–
A C
B
Variable capacitor terminal wires
connected C
NTC
to contact clips A, B, and C
E
B
Variable capacitor terminal wires
E
TF B
C
1
NTC connected to contact clips A, B, and C
HS E
+ –
B
100 nF
K A
V
S
+ –
HS
LED 3
S
T
T
A
A2
E
A K
A
A K
IR-LED
LED
K
+
A
A
LED
DGe K
K
B
DGe
EP K
A B C
C
E
D Ge EP
A D Ge K
EP
A K
DGe
A
A C
220 kΩ
M
D
N
E F
P
conne
EP
+
M N
Potentiometer Speaker terminal wires
C terminal wires
connected 10 mFto
to contact clips clips D, M and E, and N F
B
D Ge
K Speaker terminal wires
C
connected to contact clips M and N
E TF A K
B
A B C
A C DGe
E D CGe
– +
C A K
TF
Variable capacitor terminal wires
E
B
K L connected to contact clips A, B, and C
E A CK
B
A B C
A
–
Variable capacitor terminal +
A
wires
C
NTC
DSi
A
B
connected to contact clips DSi A, B, Aand EC
K
D
A K
D
100 nF
Galvanometer K Lterminal
wires
–
B Si
HS
Variable capacitor A Si B Cterminal
wires A
connected to contact clips K and L
+
B
connected to contact DGe
C
clips A, B, and C
D Ge
NTC
A K
K
K
E
C
C
con
con V
AV
E
10 µF
220 kΩ
A
100 nF
10 µF
220 kΩ
9 V
10 kΩ
O
R
6
1
6
1
6
1
9 V
+ –
6
1
2
2
2
A
K
K
220 kΩ
4 3
K
CDS
C E
100 nF
10 µF
220 kΩ
4 3
4 3
B
B
A
B
C E
A K
10 kΩ
A B C
R
2
100 nF
10 µF
220 kΩ
K
A
100 nF
100 nF
10 µF
10 µF
220 kΩ
220 kΩ
4 3
B
1
1
1
6
1
E
C
E
C
E
6
6
C
E
C
C
E
6
2
2
2
GND
+9V
2
A
6
1
6
1
6
1
K
A C
6
D5
GND
4
4
3
2
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
4 3
C E
4 3
A K
10 mF
K
1
1
6
E
A
10 + mF
D2
Speaker D2
C terminal wires
C E
connected to contact clips M and N
10 mFGND
D3
GND B D3
C E
C
E TF Dig
Dig
B
E C
4
4 3
100 nF
D1
PWM
D2
D0
D3
D1
D4
D2
D5
D3
GND
D4
K A
100 nF
AMP
AMP
E
–
6
1
2
E
–
E –
– 6
AMP
AMP
6
E
Mikrocontroller
2
8
2
A
A
6
A
7
V
+
4
V3
+
V
V 4
+
5
4
IR
Beep
Uin
Start
Din
Reset
Beep
+5V
Start
GND
Reset
+9V
+5V
8
7
6
9
+ 411
10
A 9
10
5
1
6
2
7
3
10
14
9
13
8
12
D0
D1
D0
Din
E
5
1
6
2
7
3
3
4
4
5
10
14
9
13
8
12
3
11

Assembly Instructions
The Consoles
We’ll begin with the assembly of the two consoles as shown
in Assembly Image 1 . Connect the bottom sections (070 407)
with two connector pins from Bag 2 (001 006) and insert
the hinges of the top sections – console 1 (070 207), to the
right when viewed from the rear, and console 2 (070 307),
to the left – into those of the bottom sections . Next, insert
one cap from component tree 1 (004 012) into the left hinge
connecting the top and bottom sections and one into the
right . Connect the center piece with the hinge pin from
component tree 2 (004 022) by simply inserting it from the
left or the right through the center hinge . Next, the two
top sections are connected with the two remaining connector
pins to form a single unit . You can use the roomy belly
of the experiment console to safely store parts that are not
needed right away .
For some of the experiment, you will need to use the
consoles separately (e .g . for the remote-control experiments
with the infrared emitter and the phototransistor) . In these
cases, you will remove the connector pins from the top and
bottom sections and pull out the center hinge pin .
2
Assembly Image 1. Assembly of the experiment console.
Then you can replace the hinge pin with the two remaining
caps, one for each console . That way, you end up with two
separate fully-functional experiment consoles .
Assembly Image 3. This is how the completely outfitted experiment consoles will look.
1
LED
LWL
OSMOS
The Connector Clips
Insert the connector clips (000 612) into the consoles as
shown in Assembly Image 2 . They are for inserting components,
modules, and wire bridges, securing them in place,
and creating an electrical connection between individual
parts .
Assembly Image 2. Insert the contact clips into the recesses until you hear a
click.
The variable capacitor and the
potentiometers
Before installing the variable capacitor and the potentiometers,
remove the “LWL” and “LED” fasteners from consoles
1 and 2 and set them aside in a safe place, because you will
need them later for the optoelectronic experiments .
4000.1
Now install the variable capacitor (000 143) in console 1 and
the potentiometers (001 004 and 001 011) in console 2 . Orient
the terminal connections of the variable capacitor and
potentiometers toward the contact clips, as shown below in
Assembly Image 5 .
1
LED
LWL
LWL
KOSMOS
LED
KOSMOS
KOSMOS
Assembly Image 4. Carefully twist the “LWL” and “LED” plastic pieces from
the consoles and cut off the burrs.
LWL
LED
2
11

Hence the name DRAM for such memory (Dynamic Random
Access Memory, dynamic random-access memory) .
In the process, a little more light is shed on our introductory
experiment: Whatever the gate capacitors have captured,
they will retain, until the injection of a “charge voltage”
from outside, via the large “environmental capacitor .”
Smooth transitions
As a real all-around player, our MOSFET has command of
both digital and analog domains . Our next experiment will
demonstrate that .
117 . First, rearrange the last layout a little (Figure
164), and then play around with the switches
117 again . Don’t let the sun shine directly onto the
table while you do this . If you are willing to watch
everything nice and slowly, exchange C1 for a 100-µF
model . When Ta1 is closed, LED 1 gradually gets brighter,
while it gets gradually darker again if you press Ta2 . Every
intermediate state is possible by letting go of the switch .
And it holds for a pretty long time – so it’s a sort of analog
memory . The brightness of the LED is a measure of the
charge stored in the capacitor .
Circuits that can be used to adjust lights to any desired
level of brightness are called dimmer switches .
118
66
118 . After removing both switches, you can just use
your fi ngertips as contact resistors . If the upper
electrodes are bridged, it gets (and stays) bright; if
the lower circuit is closed, it quickly gets dark . You
have discovered the sensor dimmer .
Figure 163. Analog memory, or dimmer switch: C1 holds each intermediate
state of brightness of LED 1.
Figure 164. Layout for Figure 163.
Electrolytic capacitors are ideal capacitor types . Something
(current) is always fl owing . Granted, only a few microamperes,
but that means the charge is only slowly dissipated .
While fi lm capacitors are cheaper, they show a considerably
smaller capacity for an equivalent volume . Our 0 .1-µF model
doesn’t give you much time for dimming . The best thing is
to tap just briefl y on the contact clips . The whole business
really behaves in a rule-governed manner, with the time
constant, the product of R and C, determining how fast this
kind of charging or discharging process proceeds .
Figure 165. Sensor dimmer: Changing the charge with your fi ngertip.
Figure 166. Layout for Figure 165.
119 . Let’s go back again to the voltage divider
trick at the source, and assemble the sensor dim-
119 mer according to Figure 165 . In this process, gate
2 is always used separately . Bridge the two upper
contact clips and turn P2 to a desired maximum
brightness below the highest attainable level . Now you can’t
make it any brighter with the dimmer switch, no matter
how often you go back and forth between light and dark .
(Water analogy: If the main faucet is not completely open,
you save water!)
A breath of dampness
Since we’re talking about water: The following experiment
will not quite be able to give you an exact reading of relative
humidity, but it can still tell you something about the
water content of the air .
120 . Let’s reassemble a self-blocking MOSFET
based on Figure 167 . The new thing in this
120 circuit is the comb-like sensor from the experiment
kit box . Be absolutely sure to install it in
the right orientation, or LED 1 will shine non-stop!
(The “teeth” have to run from positive to the gate; if you
insert it wrong, there will be a bridge between positive and
gate!) As long as you’re not standing in the rain, LED 1 will
be dark at fi rst . Now breathe forcefully onto the sensor . The
result is not too impressive, but still – you should be able to
see a brief weak glimmer .

Figure 167. Good for the weather station: Humidity in the air is converted
into light. Stronger effect with a layer of salt on the sensor.
122
Figure 168. Layout for Figure 167.
121 . Dissolve a teaspoon of table salt in half a glass
of lukewarm water . Coat the sensor surface with
121 a few drops of this solution, and let the sensor dry
in a horizontal position . The resulting coating of
salt crystals is an excellent humidity detector . We
have tested it with a resistance meter: more than 20 MΩ at
low humidity, less than 200 kΩ when you breathe on it . Now
things get fun: Without touching the surface, move your
fi ngertip close to the coating . In this high-humidity local
microclimate, the LED lights up brightly! After you remove
your fi nger, the light fades . This sensor is not appropriate
for use in the kitchen or other rooms with a lot of water
vapor, of course .
122 . Let’s expand the circuit according to Figure
169, and we’ll even be able to change the response
point .
Figure 169. Adjustable sensitivity: Provides a point of reference.
Figure 170. Layout for Figure 169.
15 More than a spool of wire
In Chapter 6, we already had the earphone reveal its inner
life to us (Insider Knowledge on page 33) . We also learned
there what an alternating current is . Alternating currents
with frequencies between around 20 Hz and 16 kHz can
be rendered audible through things like as earphones or
speakers, which work by a similar principle . A magnetic fi eld
forms whenever current fl ows through the coil – in a circle
around the wire and therefore bundled in the coil’s interior,
with a north and a south pole .
Alternating currents have certain diffi culties with coils,
caused by a mysterious value known as self-inductance . Selfinductance
is something that wants to keep everything as
it already is . If we want to send a current through the coil,
a countervoltage arises and tries to obstruct it . But since it
only arises when the size of the current changes, it can’t really
succeed . Ultimately, as much current fl ows through the
coil as is permitted by Ohm’s law: applied voltage divided by
direct-current resistance of the wire .
In the coil, there is magnetic energy, and a magnetic
fi eld forms . This fi eld is no more directly visible than the
electric fi eld in the capacitor .
INSIDER KNOWLEDGE
With direct current, as it moves through the spool
the current always ultimately reaches a highest value
determined by the ohmic resistance of the wire and the
applied voltage . With alternating current, that isn’t the
case . The faster the alternation, the smaller the chance
that the current actually reaches this ultimate value .
This behavior is actually really interesting: If an alternating
voltage is applied to a coil at its highest value,
the current is zero . As the voltage drops, the current
rises! Just at the moment that the voltage reaches zero,
the current attains its highest value . At the negative
apex of the voltage, the current is zero again and subsequently
becomes negative .
All in all, everything happens to the current a
quarter oscillation later . Since you can compare a complete
oscillation to the completion of a full circle (360°
or 2π), people also say that the current lags behind
the voltage in a coil by 90° . Or, using different terms:
Voltage and current are phase-shifted relative to one
another by 90°, or π/2 . Remembering the behavior of
voltage and current in the capacitor, the exact opposite
relationship can be deduced for that .
67

223. Using the 555, let’s test other effects of the
optical fi ber. The tone generator shown in Figure
223 316 is controlled using the CTRL terminal. We
know from the 555 section that the threshold
voltages can be changed there. This time, it‘s our
optical fi ber that does this – either by “passing by” or being
placed on TF and changed in its attenuation through (careful)
strong bending. Let it howl!
224. With the circuit shown in Figure 318, we can
“objectify” the optical fi ber movement games.
224 The measuring gauge indicates every change.
In this way, it’s easier to predict possible effects.
Avoid outside light in all of these tests – it only
interferes with and falsifi es the results.
116
Figure 316. Effect in passing: tone level controlled via optical fi ber.
Figure 318. Optical fi ber on the test stand: Measuring changes upon
bending.
Figure 317. Layout for Figure 316.
Figure 319. Layout for Figure 318.

23 Playground (I)
Let’s play a little with the circuits in this section, because the
results can be fun. You’ve already developed the knowledge
you’ll need to understand how they work.
Nostalgia on rails
Model railroad systems are one of the last places where the
“good old” steam locomotives run. Unfortunately, the only
thing humming there is an electric motor. But that can be
fi xed.
225. With the circuit shown in Figure 230, you’ll
be close to the real thing. Turn up the potentiom-
225 eters and listen to all the noises! The base-emitter
section of T1 will be powered with a higher
blocking voltage than it’s designed for. That means
it keeps breaking through, with R1 limiting the currents
to approximate values. That makes a nice rushing sound.
This noise voltage is led back to the AMP via the G1 of T2,
and emitted as noise through SP. In parallel, G2 receives the
charge-discharge voltage of 555 that appears at C3. It oscillates
as an astable multivibrator at a rhythm of more or less
once per second. Have fun!
Figure 320. 555 gets a head of steam: sounds just like a locomotive.
Figure 321. Layout for Figure 320.
2 5
117