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no 113 IZATION Photo: Rafael Luna COVER THE MEGALOPOLIS OF SEOUL BY RAFAEL LUNA The mutation of a megalopolis: with nearly ten million inhabitants, South Korea´s capital city of Seoul is a megacity. During a period spanning more than six centuries, Seoul has seen tumultuous urban transformations due to drastic social, economic, and political shifts. Read the article of Rafael Luna on page 76. urban mutations to po s. 2020 24 UNMUTE THE SOUND OF MUTATION – Eric Firley on planning scenarios that maintain relevance in the future – a future possibly mutated by climate change 4 URBAN GROWTH AND URBAN POVERTY – Jimena Martignoni on the fight of Buenos Aires against urban poverty and inequality 98 CONTAINER- – Charlie Clemoes on the shipping container as a driver of urban change TOPOS E-PAPER: AVAIL- ABLE FOR YOUR DESKTOP For more information visit: www.toposmagazine.com/epaper Admittedly, dealing with the topic of urban mutations is anything but easy. And why would we choose this topic and call on numerous authors and ask them to rack their brains over it? Because we want to talk about change, about transformation, and we want to dig deeper. The fact is, urban spaces are subject to constant change. They grow, flourish and shrink; their layers overlap. Crises, economic recessions and upturns, urbanisation and climate change all transform the look of urban spaces. By 2050 two-thirds of the world’s population will live in cities. The consequences of urbanisation are already visible everywhere, i.e. the struggle for open space, for greenery, for resources, for a raison d'être, for equality, and often simply the struggle for survival. This is especially the case in megacities, where borders, lines, spaces and entire areas are constantly expanding and shifting in an uncontrolled and intensive manner. In order to analyse these transformation processes, we have put forth an analogy that is somewhat daring, but which certainly has its qualities as an object of discussion and analysis: We define the city as a living organism; as an organism with its own metabolism, an organism that moves, grows, changes and breathes, in whose veins no blood flows but instead water and electricity, etc., an organism which is sometimes asleep, and sometimes wide awake. And if mutation is by definition “...the spontaneous or deliberate change of genetic material, i.e. the entire genetic material of an organism,” and is also considered an anomaly, then urban mutation could also be a departure from the normal state, from the norm: the deliberate or spontaneous change of the genetic material of urban space. But what is the genetic material of a city? If you look at it from the perspective of urban morphology, the genetic code of a city is probably its ground plan, its streets, parks, buildings and squares. Like living organisms, cities are constantly renewing ANJA KOLLER Editor a.koller@georg-media.de their cells; these renewals are usually carried out according to standards, but not always. At certain locations, given the right conditions, certain changes in the system may occur. And these changes, in turn, have a transforming effect on those who have to live with them. Climate change and associated extreme weather events, air pollution, urban growth, economic decline, economic aspirations, cultural influences, inventions, the increasing polarisation between rich and poor and health crisis all change the cell tissue of urban spaces. It’s the architects, urban planners and landscape architects, who, through their work, react to these dynamics and changes by initiating transformation processes themselves. It’s no coincidence that this view of urban “growths” and “transformations” also includes megacities and, ultimately, especially the Global South. According to the UN, more than 10 million people live in each of the urban agglomerations located there. And due to rapid urbanisation, 34 of the world’s 41 megacities are expected to be in the Global South by 2030, and are the places where accelerated, and to a certain extent uncontrolled, growth occurs. This is where planners need to be innovative in order to respond to the ecological, social and economic challenges faced by inhabitants. Nevertheless, we also look at the Western world, at the problem of air pollution in Barcelona, at the effects of climate change in Miami, at wildfire disasters in California, and at the transformation of post-industrial landscapes. Dear readers, the topic of urban mutations marks the finale of 2020, indeed a very special year. My editorial colleagues and I would like to take this opportunity to thank you all. And speaking of changes: Be even more critical than you already are and don’t forget: “If we are unable to practice citymaking with hope and inspiration for a humanist future, we might soon be replaced by fully technocratic and data-centred alternatives like Sidewalk Labs, which offer conflict-free and consumer-driven solutions”, says Eric Firley in his lead article. We are happy to concur with him on this. Stay healthy, and all the best for the year to come. topos 005
Contents THE BIG PICTURE Page 8 OPINION Page 10 TALENT VS. MASTERMIND Page 12 CURATED PRODUCTS Page 104 REFERENCE Page 108 EDITOR’S PICK Page 110 METROPOLIS EXPLAINED Page 14 A BREATH OF FRESH AIR THE PROJECT AIR/ARIA/AIRE Page 30 COLLAGES OF ARCHITECTURE Focusing on the complexity of city life by use of collages: Klaus Theo Brenner’s new book City Life Collage Page 18 UNEARTHING WATER Making water more perceptible: Mexico City and the need for architecture that presents water in a new context Page 64 UNMUTE THE SOUND OF MUTATION Eric Firley on planning scenarios that maintain relevance in the future: How Miami tackles climate change Page 24 A BREATH OF FRESH AIR The impact of air pollution on city dwellers’ health: The project Air/Aria/Aire and the case of Barcelona Page 30 “THE PRODUCTION OF ... EQUITABLE AND INCLUSIVE ENVIRONMENTS” Bianca Maria Rinaldi on the relevance of public green spaces in growing and socially fragmented cities Page 36 SHAPING THE GLOBAL SOUTH Deden Rukmana on the need for including informal spaces in planning scenarios in the Global South Page 38 URBAN GROWTH AND URBAN POVERTY The decades-long fight of the city of Buenos Aires against urban poverty and inequality Page 44 LEVERAGES TO LIVEABILITY Urban activist Olamide Udoma-Ejorh on the challenges of urban development in the megacity of Lagos Page 52 FACTS & FIGURES Page 56 MUTATION THROUGH REGENERATION The case of Semarang, Java: examining local improvement attempts as reactions to global trends of urban regeneration Page 58 THE DIALECTIC OF TRANSFORMATION AND PERMANENCE On China’s rapid growth and the urban planning strategy of modernizing its traditions Page 70 INSULAR STRUCTURES The megalopolis of Seoul: Analyzing urban mutations based on the city’s typological subunits Page 76 POSTMODERN PYROSCAPES On the need for a future-proof fire culture in the wildfire-shaken state of California Page 82 “IT TAKES COURAGE TO USE A LANDSCAPE AS IT IS” In conversation with Tilman Latz on the challenges of the transformation of post-industrial landscapes Page 86 RELOCATING A CITY About moving the arctic city of Kiruna, redefining values and finding solutions for a world of constant change Page 92 CONTAINERIZATION Charlie Clemoes on the shipping container as a driver of urban change Page 98 CONTRIBUTORS Page 102 ESCAPE PLAN Page 112 EDGE CITY Page 114 IMPRINT Page 113 BUENOS AIRES: URBAN GROWTH AND URBAN POVERTY Page 44 Photos: Secretaría de Desarrollo Urbano, Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (below); Illustration: 300.000km/s (above) 006 topos ISSUE 113
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