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Tying in the Underground Thermodynamic Simulation of Gas Storage Caverns with the Surface Process Engineering Paper presented at the SMRI fall meeting 2012 in Bremen, Germany. Authors: Dr Michael Krieter, Stefan Wieber- Klocke, André Stille (SOCON Sonar Control Kavernenvermessung GmbH), Jochen Kemper (OGE, Open Grid Europe GmbH, Essen), Dr Katrin Vosbeck (EGS, E.ON Gas Storage GmbH, Essen) Abstract Commissioned by EGS and in cooperation with EGS and OGE, SOCON has developed a software package that extends the CavBase Gas Storage software by including features for the above ground facilities. This software, which can also be used independently of the cavern software, enables pressure and temperature calculations to be made from the cavern head all the way to gas transport pipelines. In doing this the various individual components are considered, for instance the station piping, separators, boilers, heat exchangers, pressure reduction streams , compressors, coolers, gas drying units and meter streams. Heat exchanger, boiler and compressor capacities are likewise indicated. In addition the calculations reveal how many heat exchanger and compressor components are needed for a planned gas nomination. Nominations are made on an hourly basis and assimilated by the NomiX software created by GreyLogix GmbH. The data is then made available to CavBase. The entire CavBase system is embedded in NomiX and its purpose is to provide a rapid thermodynamic and rock mechanics check of the gas nominations to enable permanent online access to the information on capacity and availability of the cavern storage. The system has been implemented in the EGS’s Holford gas storage. Installation and initial tests of the software were carried out and assessed in May/June 2012. Introduction On the basis of the know-how within the companies SOCON, OGE, EGS and GreyLogix, the software – entitled NomiX [1] – can precisely predict the feasibility of gas quantity nominations with regards to the rock mechanics, thermodynamics 8 Fig. 1: Principle of the NomiX structure (Brodersen et al) and specifics of the installation and make this information available to the gas trader and station manager (Fig. 1). As the procedure can be performed if required within just one hour, NomiX moreover promotes the reliable and economic multicyclic operation of storage caverns. However, the fact that traders are cons- tantly requiring better prediction accura- cy has made it necessary to integrate the process engineering system into the prediction simulations (subsurface and surface). This is because the availability and design limits of the system components have a significant effect on the performance (capacity and deliverability) of the gas storage. The number of compressors needed for injection or gas drying units needed during withdrawal as well as an exact description of the conditions at the different process sections within the station are predicted by the algorithm that has been created. On behalf of and in cooperation with EGS and OGE, SOCON has developed new software that, based on planned nominations of gas or energy quantities, … numerically simulates the above ground facilities and images the surface situation as authentically as possible, … creates a link-up with the cavern simulation program CavBase Gas Storage, … continuously reads the current state of storage from the process control system and … considers the availability of the components of the installation and the maintenance intervals. The simulation software is like the entire storage system divided into different processing sections. During injection, withdrawal and standstill the following elements are taken into account: Underground: The caverns and the surrounding salt rock as well as the production casing. At the surface: Inlet separators, heat exchangers, boilers, pressure reduction streams, gas drying units, compressors, meter streams, pipeline network.
Operations were started in the Holford gas storage in November 2011. It was possible from the end of June 2012 to implement and test the NomiX system together with the surface and underground components of the CavBase Gas Storage software. The first comparisons between the measured values and the simulation results have already been made and are presented here. As cavern simulation using CavBase Gas Storage has already been described in detail at previous SMRI meetings [2], [3], we have in this paper restricted ourselves to a presentation of the results of the surface calculations and the measured operational data Fig. 2: Simulation and modeling of the underground an above ground facilities by CavBase Gas Fig. 2: Simulation and modeling of the underground and above ground facilities by CavBase Gas Storage Storage integrated in NomiX (Fig. 1) (gas pressures, temperatures, energies) integrated in NomiX (Fig. 1). vern is lower than the defined transmis- combination of values must be found Operations were started in the Holford gas storage in November 2011. It was possible from the end of Due to the short operation time and sion pipeline pressure during withdrawal. for the compressor usage. If (Δh , q ) is June 2012 to implement and test the NomiX system together with the surface and underground s b therefore a small amount of operational components During injection of the CavBase and withdrawal Gas Storage the software. cha- The outside first comparisons the reference between field the measured number values of and the simulation results have already been made and are presented here. As cavern simulation using data available the software has not yet CavBase racteristic Gas Storage behaviour has already of the been compressor described in compressors detail at previous is SMRI increased meetings or the [2], bounda- [3], we have been optimised and calibrated. Further- in this [4] must paper be restricted taken ourselves into consideration. to a presentation of ry the of the results field of is the searched surface calculations (by increasing and the measured operational data (gas pressures, temperatures, energies) more the following presentation of the the Δp across the compressor through results acquired till now should therefore Due The to the behaviour short operation is defined time and by therefore a reference a small the amount discharge of operational throttling data available valve or the incre- software has not During yet been injection optimised and calibrated. withdrawal Furthermore the characteristic the following presentation behaviour of the of results the acquired compresso be considered in light of these aspects. till now field. should With therefore the reference be considered field in the light isen- of these asing aspects. flow through the compressor by consideration. tropic degree of efficiency can be taken opening the recycling valve). Additional Main components of the above ground facilities Main components of the from The the behaviour operating is flow defined volume by a q reference and compressors field. With can the decrease reference the operating field the isentrop b above ground facilities Pipeline the can isentropic network be taken enthalpy from difference the operating Δh flow flow volume volume q b and through the isentropic each compressor enthalpy differ s The pressure and temperature losses are calculated using a modified Darcy-Weisbach equation. To calculate the factors affecting the volume flow, which and is significant can lead especially to a new for position the dimensioning in the reof the Pipeline network pipelines (given the volume flow, and looking for the ference input and field. output pressure),the Darcy-Weisbach equation can be converted using the Bernoulli and general gas equation. The temperatures are estimated The pressure and temperature losses using the Joule-Thomson coefficients. are calculated using a modified Darcy- 4. The coupling power can be calcula- The compressors Weisbach equation. To calculate the fac- The compressor may be necessary to raise the pressure ted with level the so results as to enable of step the 3. injection It must and withdrawal process to be performed. This is the case when the pressure in the cavern is too high during tors affecting the volume flow, which is be taken into account that the coupling injection or when the pressure in the cavern is lower than the defined transmission pipeline pressure significant especially for the dimensio- during withdrawal. power must be smaller than the maximal ning of the pipelines (given the volume available motor power (Holford has elec- Fig 3. The determination of the isentropic flow, and looking for the input and output tric motor driven compressors) which reference field pressure),the Darcy-Weisbach equation 3 depends upon the compressor speed. In can be converted using the Bernoulli and this case the number of compressors is general gas equation. The temperatures Fig 3. The determination of the isentropic degree of found and the coupling power is known. efficience by a reference field are estimated using the Joule-Thomson The compressor calculation can now be summarised as follows: coefficients. The algorithm can take several compres- The 1. compressor Calculate the calculation enthalpy can difference hs now sors using into account. the underlying If it cannot gas find constants a solu- 2. Get the operating volumetric flow qb The compressors be summarised as follows: tion the injection and withdrawal process 3. Determine the isentropic efficiency by the use of the reference field. The compressor may be necessary to 1. Calculate the enthalpy difference Δh cannot be performed under the given s raise the pressure level so as to enable As using the the reference underlying field gas is constants limited a valid conditions. combination The rejected of values nomination must be is re- found for the injection and withdrawal process to 2. ( Get hs, the qb) operating is outside volumetric the reference flow q turned to the NomiX system. In case of a bfield the number of compressors is increased or be performed. This is the case when the 3. is Determine searched the (by isentropic increasing efficiency the p solution across the the number compressor of compressors through and the disch pressure in the cavern is too high during increasing by the use of flow the reference through the field. compressor the necessary by opening coupling the power recycling is returned valve). Add injection or when the pressure in the ca- As decrease the reference the field operating is limited flow a valid volume through each compressor and can lead to NomiX. reference field. 4. The coupling power can be calculated with the results of step 3. It must be ta coupling power must be smaller than the maximal available motor power (Ho driven compressors) which depends upon the compressor speed. In this 9 case the is found and the coupling power is known.
Seite 1 und 2: Ausgabe I /12 l September 2012 ECHO
Seite 3 und 4: Messwagenflotte erweitert Nachdem i
Seite 5 und 6: Neues Konzept für Probenentnahmen
Seite 7: CavVibration - Das neue Programm au
Seite 11 und 12: The output parameters of these calc
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Seite 17 und 18: über die Gefahren einer Kavernenex
Seite 19 und 20: Seminarprogramm 2012 Die Termin- un

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