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TABLE 1. The timing of the occurrence of low and high temperature extremes at four locations in northern Syria. Location Timing of last Timing of first Timing of first Name Latitude Longitude Altitude (m) frost; T mm 0 OCa T max 33 °C T max ' 36 oCa Hama 35° 08 36° 45' 309 3rd wk Mar 3rd wk Apr 2nd wk May Aleppo 36° II 370 13' 392 1st wk Apr 3rd wk Apr 3rd wk May Tel Abaid 36° 42' 38° 57' 355 2nd wk Apr 2nd wk Apr 3rd wk May Kamishly 37°03' 410 13 452 1st wk Apr 4th wk Apr 2nd wk May With a frequency of 1 year in every 13 (based on 13 years of daily temperature data). Source: Monthly Climatological Data, Bureau of Meteorology, Damascus, Syria. 100 IEPPO SYRIA IRBFD JOSDAN \ KAMISHU - - 90 0.5 \ /7_ AI_[PPo 00 HAMA 70 0.4 0. o \\ \\ 60 1/ // 50 ' \ 40 0.I /7/ - \ 30 ]0NIDJIFNIAI A 0 20 10 Fig. 3. The probability of daily rainfall at two locations. D-R represents probability of rainfall on day N given that there was no rain on day N-I. R-R represents probability of rainfall on day N given that there was rain on day N-I. Broken line represents independent probability of rainfall on any day. M A A M 0 N MONTHS IN TIME Fig. 2. Seasonal pattern of evaporation at three locations in northern Syria.
Evaporation Because several different techniques are used to measure evaporation within the region, further work is necessary to enable absolute comparisons to be made between locations. In general, however, it can be anticipated that the trends will follow those of temperature fluctuations, showing a decrease in evaporation from south to north and with increasing altitude. Evaporation can furthermore be expected to increase with distance from maritime influences. The seasonal pattern, common to all the parts of the region, can be illustrated using data from northern Syria (Fig. 2), the major feature being the rapid rise in evaporation rate in the spring, associated with the temperature increases at this time, and, also, in much of the region, with the occurrence of hot dry winds. Precipitation Precipitation throughout the region is confined to the period from October to June, but there is considerable variation in its distribution according to location and topographical influences. Reliable rainfall commences earliest in the area adjacent to the mountains of Turkey and in the Azerbaijan region of Iran, and the reliability of early rain decreases with latitude across the region; some areas of Jordan receive their first reliable rainfall only in December. A reversal of this pattern tends to occur with the end of the rains, this being earliest in the south and later in the northern areas, particularly in northeast Iraq and adjacent regions of Iran, where the rainfall peak occurs in spring. A similar pattern appears to hold in a west to east traverse of the northern coastal areas of Africa. The rainfall season is thus considerably shorter in southern and eastern areas of the region, and may be confined to 3 or 4 months only in parts of Jordan. Although isolated coastal areas adjacent to mountains in North Africa, Lebanon, Turkey, and Iran may receive in excess of 1000 mm of precipitation per year, the annual total over the bulk of the region is below 800 mm and in much of the cropping area under consideration varies between 200 and 500 mm. Most precipitation in the plateau areas occurs as snow. Furthermore, across the whole region and particularly as the annual total decreases, the rainfall is highly variable, the coefficient of variation on monthly data being as high as 50% in inland areas of Jordan, Iraq, Syria, and much of North Africa. In terms of agriculture it is thus important to consider the probability of rainfall and its distribution throughout the season. This has been examined for two locations, Aleppo (Syria) with an annual average rainfall of 470 mm, and Irbid (Jordan) with an average of about 320 mm, using rainfall data for periods of 13 and 40 years, respectively (Fig. 3). For Aleppo the probability of rain ''today'' given that "yesterday'' was dry is low at the beginning and end of the season (0. I) and rises to 0.25 in midseason, whereas data from Irbid indicate a somewhat lesser chance of rain throughout the season in this more southern area. Given that there was rain "yesterday," the probability of rain "today'' is considerably higher at both locations. At Irbid the probability of successive rain days early in the season is slightly greater than at Aleppo. This difference is not evident in midseason, and the probability declines sharply, so that by late April it has dropped well below the Aleppo figure. The higher probability of rain on day n+ 1, given that day n was wet, illustrates an important feature of the rainfall pattern throughout the region, that is, that rain tends to occur as "rain events" of 2 or more days rather than as isolated falls. Also illustrated by these figures is the tendency for an earlier close to the rain season in the southern areas. The second stage of such a rainfall analysis involves a consideration of the mean rainfall for each class of rain day (wet following dry, or wet following wet). At Aleppo the mean rainfall is of the order of 6 mm per rain day and does not differ significantly throughout the season or between classes. In contrast to this, rainfall per rain day varies considerably at Irbid, rising to a maximum in midseason and thereafter showing a marked decrease, with a trend toward higher rainfall on one day if the preceding day is wet (Fig. 4). In addition to the means and probability functions, estimates have also been made of 10
Page 1 and 2: I I ARCHIV 35914 o kI.k J k.. 1 ,1
Page 3 and 4: Food Legume Improvement and Develop
Page 5 and 6: Section V Food Legume Development G
Page 7 and 8: Foreword It is well established tha
Page 9: unless the rains are sufficiently e
Page 13 and 14: ainfall actually stored in the soil
Page 15 and 16: plant water use appear to be less a
Page 17 and 18: TABLE I. Average pulse production s
Page 19 and 20: TABLE 3. Average production (in 100
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 5. Average area (in 1000 hect
Page 23 and 24: increase achieved in Algeria (Table
Page 25 and 26: iological structure of existing far
Page 27 and 28: COST OF FNPLTS F ER TI LI ZEN. LABO
Page 29 and 30: wheat, with the variety Mexipak bei
Page 31 and 32: Chemical composition of grain legum
Page 33 and 34: The cooking process serves to softe
Page 35 and 36: Despite these proven advantages, th
Page 37 and 38: usts in the coastal and subcoastal
Page 39 and 40: The world collections of lentils an
Page 41 and 42: LFDKU DAMNH 1N .BOUR 0105 MINIA EGY
Page 43 and 44: either cereals or cotton. As it is
Page 45 and 46: Sowing Date Investigations over the
Page 47 and 48: the continued use of manual operati
Page 49 and 50: PALESTINE 10 SHOBAKO --200, . .f !4
Page 51 and 52: the production processes are carrie
Page 53 and 54: J \. A A A CHICKPEA r LENTIL ( \ .,
Page 55 and 56: Karaj College of Agriculture in 196
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 1. Area (ha), production (met
Page 59 and 60: Food Legume Research and Developmen
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TABLE 1. Total area (in '000 feddan
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appreciably improved and the nitrog
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Varietal Improvement Breeding activ
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Area (ha), production (metric tonne
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Research Activities Legume research
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or tolerance to these diseases and
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Area (ha), production (metric tonne
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treatment with insecticides such as
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Crop CYPRUS !AREAS WHERE FOOD LEGUM
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Field Peas (Pisum sativum) Peas are
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Broad Beans (Viciafaba) and Dry Pea
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not turn it; three ploughings are n
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provinces of Shoa and Gojam yielded
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TABLE I. Area (ha), production and
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Food Legume Improvement in the Peop
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Food Legume Production in Libya Au
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with a mean annual precipitation of
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Food Legumes in India A. S. Tiwari
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variety of forms. The most common o
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Sectioti ITT Disease Problems on Le
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importance during the 1976-77 seaso
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Besides its more obvious effect on
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ecorded as Mycosphaerella rabiei),
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Food Legume Diseases in Ethiopia Al
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lines for resistance toAscochyta bl
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TABLE 2. Effect of SBBMV on the com
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Section IV Major Pests and Weeds of
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common and widely distributed. The
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mm long. It has small dark spots an
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Life Cycle B. rufimanus resembles t
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Insect Pests of Chick-pea and Lenti
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probably the most damaging, startin
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Some Insect Pests of Leguminous Cro
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The Biology and Control of Orobanch
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haustorium, is composed of undiffer
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0. crenata has been noted; and the
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which show very little persistence;
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TABLE 1. A comparison of the tolera
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Accentuation of Weed Control Proble
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Chemical Solubility in water Amt wa
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Genetic Resources of Grain Legumes
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TABLE I. Distribution, altitude, an
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Cultivars in Current Use Currently
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and multilocation trials. Detailed
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Lentil Breeding The lentil improvem
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USSR, and countries of Central and
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smallest of the food legume collect
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The "double podding" condition, whe
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esidual moisture after the winter r
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In general, lentils, however, are g
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yields. Studies in Sudan have estab
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Salinity Tolerance Chick-peas are h
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Excessive water supply can damage t
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The Role of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixa
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40 30 20 10 40 30 LOCAL LARGE i-h 1
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The ICRISAT Chick-pea Program with
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five lines yielding significantly b
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TABLE 2. International nurseries an
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Methods of Population Improvement i
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After three seasons of recombinatio
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een quoted extensively; however, th
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(4) the coordination and support of
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Conferences and Workshops This comp
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experienced personnel, and the cons
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assist developing countries in thei
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The Food Legume Improvement and Dev
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The Role of IDRC in Food Legume Imp
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Section VII Recommendations for Pr
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damage caused by them in the variou
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Section 1 Abu-Shakra, Mirza S.S., a
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Ayoub, AT. 197 1/72/73a. Ful masri
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changing plant morphological charac
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Bond, D.A., and Pope, M. 1970. Fact
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Nene, Y.L., and Reddy, M.V. 1976. P
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Section V Abu Salih, H.S., Ishag, H
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Khan, T.N. 1973. A new approach to
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1977b. Methods of breeding broadbea
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HACHEMI, Dr Lounes Institut de dév
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