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Section II The Present Production and Improvement Situation Food Legumes in Algeria Walid Khayrallah Station Experitnentale, B.P. 59, Sidi hel Abbas, Algeria and Lounes Hachemi Institut de développement des grandes culture, POB 16, El Harrach, Algeria Historical Considerations With the exception of beans, the cultivation of legume crops in Algeria can be traced back over many thousands of years to the dawn of plant domestication in the region of the Near East and North Africa. The species have, since then, evolved through small-scale cultivation in isolated local populations, and even up to the period between the French occupation and World War I, it has proved almost impossible to define the areas of land devoted to the cultivation of individual crops. Figures available from World War I onward indicate considerable fluctuations in dry legume seed production in the country, as can be seen in the following figures: Production area (ha) Broad Chick- Dry Year Peas beans peas Lentils beans 1929 18127 38014 27630 1329 1152 1952 8000 45000 25000 40000 1964 5700 22890 18230 8400 2040 As the legume crops have traditionally been produced locally for local consumption, these variations have tended to reflect variations in population stability, especially the availability of manpower and seed. Furthermore, disturbances on a national scale in the l950s and early l960s resulted in a sharp drop in production throughout the country in this period. The Present Production Situation With the preoccupation of the country in improving the standard of living of its population that has been evident over the last decade, the cultivation of dry legumes has been encouraged. The use of legumes in rotation with cereals to replace the traditional fallow course has been shown to provide considerable cultural, as well as the more obvious economic advantages, through improvements in soil fertility and workability. In addition to this, legumes have proved valuable in intercropping with grapes and other fruit trees. The western parts of the country, with their high rainfall (400-500 mm) and large percentage of fallow land are particularly suitable areas for this type of intensification. 33
Despite these proven advantages, the structure of production and commerce and the relatively low consideration given to legume crops in the period prior to 1975 resulted in a steady decline in production up until this time (Table I). To meet its domestic consumption requirements, the country was thus forced to import considerable quantities of legumes. However, after 1975 increasing encouragement was given to domestic production in the form of price incentives, as illustrated below: Prices paid to producers in dinars/quintal (1968-1977) 1968 1974 1977 Lentils 88 90 250 Chick-peas 80 80 200 Broad beans 55 60 150 Beans 140 150 270 Peas 55 60 ISO This has largely served to offset the great increases in the costs of inputs that occurred during this period but has so far failed to put legume production on a viable economic footing. The Current Status of Production Practices Food legumes almost invariably follow a cereal crop in the rotation, and in only very few cases are they planted following a fallow. The presowing land preparation consists of deep ploughing, with either a disc or a mouldboard plough, followed by cultivation with a disc harrow to break the clods, and is essentially identical to the preparation for a cereal crop. Prior to planting and after the first rains of the season the land is again disked to control weeds and further refine the seedbed. All the legume crops are row planted, as this facilitates weed control later in the season, lentils being almost entirely planted using a seed drill, whereas chick-peas, dry peas, and broad beans are, in general, hand seeded into previously opened furrows. Between-row spacing varies from 1-4 m, depending upon the size and type of cultural weeding equipment available, and may be fairly haphazard. Lentils and chick-peas are usually spring sown, lentils between mid-January and mid-February, and chick-peas between mid-February and mid-March, although actual dates vary considerably from the low altitude plains where the season is earlier to the later season high plateau areas. In contrast, broad beans and field peas are grown as winter crops and generally planted between late November and late December. Natural Rhizobia have been found to exist in almost all the soils in which legumes are cultivated and for this reason seed inoculation is not carried out in Algeria. Fertilization is common throughout the pulse cropping areas, and phosphate is normally applied at the rate of 90 kg/ha in the fall. Nitrogen fertilization is not widespread, but 30 kg/ha may be applied post-planting or post-emergence. Algerian soils are believed to be rich in available potash and the use of fertilizers containing this macroelement is thus rare. The bulk of the legume crops in Algeria are hand harvested: pulled from the ground, gathered in small heaps, left to dry, rearranged into larger piles, and threshed by stationary machines. In many cases, crops may be hauled to the farm yard for threshing, thus increasing yield losses that may be as high as 15-20% as a result of these operations. Recently, attempts at direct combining of lentils and chick-peas have met with some success, but such methods are still limited by the incorrect adjustment of the threshers, which results in a high percentage of damaged seed. Important Pests and Diseases Blight, caused by Ascoehyta rabei, is without doubt the most important disease of chick-peas in Algeria, appearing on average once every 3 years and causing crop losses as high as 80%. Ascochvta species have also been identified as infecting broad bean crops but damage is seldom as serious. Both chick-peas and broad beans are commonly infected with 34
Page 1 and 2: I I ARCHIV 35914 o kI.k J k.. 1 ,1
Page 3 and 4: Food Legume Improvement and Develop
Page 5 and 6: Section V Food Legume Development G
Page 7 and 8: Foreword It is well established tha
Page 9 and 10: unless the rains are sufficiently e
Page 11 and 12: Evaporation Because several differe
Page 13 and 14: ainfall actually stored in the soil
Page 15 and 16: plant water use appear to be less a
Page 17 and 18: TABLE I. Average pulse production s
Page 19 and 20: TABLE 3. Average production (in 100
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 5. Average area (in 1000 hect
Page 23 and 24: increase achieved in Algeria (Table
Page 25 and 26: iological structure of existing far
Page 27 and 28: COST OF FNPLTS F ER TI LI ZEN. LABO
Page 29 and 30: wheat, with the variety Mexipak bei
Page 31 and 32: Chemical composition of grain legum
Page 33: The cooking process serves to softe
Page 37 and 38: usts in the coastal and subcoastal
Page 39 and 40: The world collections of lentils an
Page 41 and 42: LFDKU DAMNH 1N .BOUR 0105 MINIA EGY
Page 43 and 44: either cereals or cotton. As it is
Page 45 and 46: Sowing Date Investigations over the
Page 47 and 48: the continued use of manual operati
Page 49 and 50: PALESTINE 10 SHOBAKO --200, . .f !4
Page 51 and 52: the production processes are carrie
Page 53 and 54: J \. A A A CHICKPEA r LENTIL ( \ .,
Page 55 and 56: Karaj College of Agriculture in 196
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 1. Area (ha), production (met
Page 59 and 60: Food Legume Research and Developmen
Page 61 and 62: TABLE 1. Total area (in '000 feddan
Page 63 and 64: appreciably improved and the nitrog
Page 65 and 66: Varietal Improvement Breeding activ
Page 67 and 68: Area (ha), production (metric tonne
Page 69 and 70: Research Activities Legume research
Page 71 and 72: or tolerance to these diseases and
Page 73 and 74: Area (ha), production (metric tonne
Page 75 and 76: treatment with insecticides such as
Page 77 and 78: Crop CYPRUS !AREAS WHERE FOOD LEGUM
Page 79 and 80: Field Peas (Pisum sativum) Peas are
Page 81 and 82: Broad Beans (Viciafaba) and Dry Pea
Page 83 and 84: not turn it; three ploughings are n
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provinces of Shoa and Gojam yielded
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TABLE I. Area (ha), production and
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Food Legume Improvement in the Peop
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Food Legume Production in Libya Au
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with a mean annual precipitation of
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Food Legumes in India A. S. Tiwari
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variety of forms. The most common o
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Sectioti ITT Disease Problems on Le
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importance during the 1976-77 seaso
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Besides its more obvious effect on
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ecorded as Mycosphaerella rabiei),
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Food Legume Diseases in Ethiopia Al
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lines for resistance toAscochyta bl
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TABLE 2. Effect of SBBMV on the com
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Section IV Major Pests and Weeds of
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common and widely distributed. The
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mm long. It has small dark spots an
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Life Cycle B. rufimanus resembles t
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Insect Pests of Chick-pea and Lenti
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probably the most damaging, startin
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Some Insect Pests of Leguminous Cro
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The Biology and Control of Orobanch
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haustorium, is composed of undiffer
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0. crenata has been noted; and the
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which show very little persistence;
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TABLE 1. A comparison of the tolera
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Accentuation of Weed Control Proble
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Chemical Solubility in water Amt wa
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Genetic Resources of Grain Legumes
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TABLE I. Distribution, altitude, an
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Cultivars in Current Use Currently
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and multilocation trials. Detailed
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Lentil Breeding The lentil improvem
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USSR, and countries of Central and
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smallest of the food legume collect
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The "double podding" condition, whe
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esidual moisture after the winter r
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In general, lentils, however, are g
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yields. Studies in Sudan have estab
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Salinity Tolerance Chick-peas are h
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Excessive water supply can damage t
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The Role of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixa
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40 30 20 10 40 30 LOCAL LARGE i-h 1
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The ICRISAT Chick-pea Program with
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five lines yielding significantly b
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TABLE 2. International nurseries an
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Methods of Population Improvement i
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After three seasons of recombinatio
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een quoted extensively; however, th
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(4) the coordination and support of
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Conferences and Workshops This comp
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experienced personnel, and the cons
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assist developing countries in thei
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The Food Legume Improvement and Dev
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The Role of IDRC in Food Legume Imp
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Section VII Recommendations for Pr
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damage caused by them in the variou
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Section 1 Abu-Shakra, Mirza S.S., a
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Ayoub, AT. 197 1/72/73a. Ful masri
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changing plant morphological charac
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Bond, D.A., and Pope, M. 1970. Fact
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Nene, Y.L., and Reddy, M.V. 1976. P
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Section V Abu Salih, H.S., Ishag, H
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Khan, T.N. 1973. A new approach to
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1977b. Methods of breeding broadbea
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HACHEMI, Dr Lounes Institut de dév
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