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1976-77 and a drop in masket price have caused the family to reduce their lentil area in the current season. A sunimary of operations, yields, and crop disposal for lentils and chick-peas is given in Table 3. The machinery owned by family A (Table I) is used both on the family lands to reduce labour needs and provide transport. and to earn additional income through contracted services to other families. However, repair costs are high and the income from machinery only just covers expenditure. Livestock have become less important for this family with their reduced animal-managing capacity caused by the departure of two daughters already mentioned. It is appreciated that this reduction in livestock has been followed by a decline in the use of organic manure, a consequent decline in soil organic matter, and an increasing dependence upon inorganic fertilizers. The family usually pays cash for most goods and receives some short-term credit for machinery repairs (Fig. 1). Family B, in contrast, has a much greater dependence upon arable crops and, as a result, practice higher standards of general husbandry. There is a much greater interaction between livestock and cropping in this farming system (Fig. I and 2). Again, the main field crop is TABLE 3. Operations, yields, and disposal of grain legumes for two farming families. Crop Family A Family B Lentils Area 0.5 ha 0.6 ha Ploughing Mouldboard None 3 Sep & IS Dec Cultivating 15 Dec I Jan Planting Broadcast by hand Broadcast by hand IS Dec I Jan 120 kg seed/ha 130 kg seed/ha Weeding None By hand, I Apr Fertilizer None 50 kg triple super phosphate Harvest By hand, 15 May By hand. 18 May Yield 250 kg seed + 120 kg straw 260 kg seed + 300 kg straw Disposal: Sale None None Food 150-200kg 130kg Seed 50 100kg 130 kg Chick-peas Area 6.0 ha 2.2 ha Ploughing Mouldboarcl 2OFeb&2Mar Mouldboard 7Jan&SMar Cultivating 21 Mar & 23 Mar - Planting Broadcast by hand 22 Mar By hand, 8 Mar 120 kg seed/ha 136 kg seed/ha Weeding None By hand, 20 May Fertilizer None Organic manure: 2 trailers + 50 kg Knitro (26% N) Harvest By hand, 14 Jun By hand, 15 Jun Yields 1500 kg grain + 200kg straw 2500 kg seed + 2 tonnes straw Disposal: Sale 625 kg (according to cash need) 1875 kg Food Seed 250 kg 625 kg } 625 kg 27
wheat, with the variety Mexipak being preferred for its high yield. The family is., however, not self-sufficient in wheat and was buying grain for home consumption from January in the year in question (1978). Legume crops are relatively more important to this family and, although a proportion of the lentil and chick-pea crops are retained for food and seed, the bulk is sold and generates as much income as Mexipak wheat. These crops thus provide an important source of cash at times of need through the season and are consequently well cared for. The lentil crop was grown on land cultivated on the contour and phosphate fertilizer was applied, as was also the case with chick-peas, which received, in addition, organic manure. Both crops are kept weed-free by the children. The 1977-78 chick-pea area was increased in response to an improved price differential with lentils. In addition to lentils and chick-peas, two small plots of broad beans were also grown for family consumption (Tables I and 3). The cash received from crop sales is used for household purchases, the repayment of loans, and the purchase of inputs, including seed. The family uses loans from the Agricultural Bank for olive production and fertilizers and these are repaid at the end of each season. Credit is also received for livestock feed and food and this is usually repaid from the income generated by agricultural labouring (Fig. 2). Conclusions The contrasting circumstances of these two families suggest the value of a consideration of the ways in which the source and possession of resources and levels of income stmcture the possibilities and choices of different families. There is scope for the improvement of legume production in both cases. However, this is much less obvious for family B in view of their superior crop management and the lower degree of flexibility existing within their household economy for the allocation of additional resources to legume production. Family A, however, with its higher and more secure income, is in a better position to afford changes in input levels, varieties, or management techniques. In this case, the present income adequately covers the family's needs and the adoption of changes will thus depend upon the family's perception and evaluation of the relative advantage of increased legume yields as against the advantages of investing in other alternatives. The recognition that, in these circumstances, objectives other than the maximization of yield and cash income are more highly regarded indicates that more attention would be given to those families represented by the second case for whom increased yields and income are urgent needs. Such families find it very difficult to adapt their cultivation methods or increase inputs without the additional cost of these measures increasing their level of debt and dependency. Although the eventual improvement in productivity and income would more than justify the increased costs involved, the difficulty of financing the initial steps, especially if they are presented in terms of a package of practices with no sequential ordering of components, still remains a major stumbling block. However, even small improvements would be of great importance to these families, providing that the starting point is within their present capacity. This finding strongly indicates that research is more appropriately directed toward the development of low-cost stepwise recommendations relevant to most farming families who fall into this category, even if less spectacular results are achieved. High-input, high-cost packages, yielding spectacular improvements, would seem to benefit only a minority of farmers (providing of course that they chose to adopt them) for whom the need is less urgent, and would serve to accentuate the present disparities of wealth that exist in the farming community as a whole. The circumstances of the poorer families are common both within the study village and the region as a whole. It is this group of farming families who make up most of the farming community in many areas to whom the bulk of farming systems research in the region should be directed. Such a commitment has important consequences for the whole organization of research: in the composition of research teams, in the identification of research priorities, and in the conduct and location of research work. 28
Page 1 and 2: I I ARCHIV 35914 o kI.k J k.. 1 ,1
Page 3 and 4: Food Legume Improvement and Develop
Page 5 and 6: Section V Food Legume Development G
Page 7 and 8: Foreword It is well established tha
Page 9 and 10: unless the rains are sufficiently e
Page 11 and 12: Evaporation Because several differe
Page 13 and 14: ainfall actually stored in the soil
Page 15 and 16: plant water use appear to be less a
Page 17 and 18: TABLE I. Average pulse production s
Page 19 and 20: TABLE 3. Average production (in 100
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 5. Average area (in 1000 hect
Page 23 and 24: increase achieved in Algeria (Table
Page 25 and 26: iological structure of existing far
Page 27: COST OF FNPLTS F ER TI LI ZEN. LABO
Page 31 and 32: Chemical composition of grain legum
Page 33 and 34: The cooking process serves to softe
Page 35 and 36: Despite these proven advantages, th
Page 37 and 38: usts in the coastal and subcoastal
Page 39 and 40: The world collections of lentils an
Page 41 and 42: LFDKU DAMNH 1N .BOUR 0105 MINIA EGY
Page 43 and 44: either cereals or cotton. As it is
Page 45 and 46: Sowing Date Investigations over the
Page 47 and 48: the continued use of manual operati
Page 49 and 50: PALESTINE 10 SHOBAKO --200, . .f !4
Page 51 and 52: the production processes are carrie
Page 53 and 54: J \. A A A CHICKPEA r LENTIL ( \ .,
Page 55 and 56: Karaj College of Agriculture in 196
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 1. Area (ha), production (met
Page 59 and 60: Food Legume Research and Developmen
Page 61 and 62: TABLE 1. Total area (in '000 feddan
Page 63 and 64: appreciably improved and the nitrog
Page 65 and 66: Varietal Improvement Breeding activ
Page 67 and 68: Area (ha), production (metric tonne
Page 69 and 70: Research Activities Legume research
Page 71 and 72: or tolerance to these diseases and
Page 73 and 74: Area (ha), production (metric tonne
Page 75 and 76: treatment with insecticides such as
Page 77 and 78: Crop CYPRUS !AREAS WHERE FOOD LEGUM
Page 79 and 80:
Field Peas (Pisum sativum) Peas are
Page 81 and 82:
Broad Beans (Viciafaba) and Dry Pea
Page 83 and 84:
not turn it; three ploughings are n
Page 85 and 86:
provinces of Shoa and Gojam yielded
Page 87 and 88:
TABLE I. Area (ha), production and
Page 89 and 90:
Food Legume Improvement in the Peop
Page 91 and 92:
Food Legume Production in Libya Au
Page 93 and 94:
with a mean annual precipitation of
Page 95 and 96:
Food Legumes in India A. S. Tiwari
Page 97 and 98:
variety of forms. The most common o
Page 99 and 100:
Sectioti ITT Disease Problems on Le
Page 101 and 102:
importance during the 1976-77 seaso
Page 103 and 104:
Besides its more obvious effect on
Page 105 and 106:
ecorded as Mycosphaerella rabiei),
Page 107 and 108:
Food Legume Diseases in Ethiopia Al
Page 109 and 110:
lines for resistance toAscochyta bl
Page 111 and 112:
TABLE 2. Effect of SBBMV on the com
Page 113 and 114:
Section IV Major Pests and Weeds of
Page 115 and 116:
common and widely distributed. The
Page 117 and 118:
mm long. It has small dark spots an
Page 119 and 120:
Life Cycle B. rufimanus resembles t
Page 121 and 122:
Insect Pests of Chick-pea and Lenti
Page 123 and 124:
probably the most damaging, startin
Page 125 and 126:
Some Insect Pests of Leguminous Cro
Page 127 and 128:
The Biology and Control of Orobanch
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haustorium, is composed of undiffer
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0. crenata has been noted; and the
Page 133 and 134:
which show very little persistence;
Page 135 and 136:
TABLE 1. A comparison of the tolera
Page 137 and 138:
Accentuation of Weed Control Proble
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Chemical Solubility in water Amt wa
Page 141 and 142:
Genetic Resources of Grain Legumes
Page 143 and 144:
TABLE I. Distribution, altitude, an
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Cultivars in Current Use Currently
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and multilocation trials. Detailed
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Lentil Breeding The lentil improvem
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USSR, and countries of Central and
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smallest of the food legume collect
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The "double podding" condition, whe
Page 157 and 158:
esidual moisture after the winter r
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In general, lentils, however, are g
Page 161 and 162:
yields. Studies in Sudan have estab
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Salinity Tolerance Chick-peas are h
Page 165 and 166:
Excessive water supply can damage t
Page 167 and 168:
The Role of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixa
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40 30 20 10 40 30 LOCAL LARGE i-h 1
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The ICRISAT Chick-pea Program with
Page 173 and 174:
five lines yielding significantly b
Page 175 and 176:
TABLE 2. International nurseries an
Page 177 and 178:
Methods of Population Improvement i
Page 179 and 180:
After three seasons of recombinatio
Page 181 and 182:
een quoted extensively; however, th
Page 183 and 184:
(4) the coordination and support of
Page 185 and 186:
Conferences and Workshops This comp
Page 187 and 188:
experienced personnel, and the cons
Page 189 and 190:
assist developing countries in thei
Page 191 and 192:
The Food Legume Improvement and Dev
Page 193 and 194:
The Role of IDRC in Food Legume Imp
Page 195 and 196:
Section VII Recommendations for Pr
Page 197 and 198:
damage caused by them in the variou
Page 199 and 200:
Section 1 Abu-Shakra, Mirza S.S., a
Page 201 and 202:
Ayoub, AT. 197 1/72/73a. Ful masri
Page 203 and 204:
changing plant morphological charac
Page 205 and 206:
Bond, D.A., and Pope, M. 1970. Fact
Page 207 and 208:
Nene, Y.L., and Reddy, M.V. 1976. P
Page 209 and 210:
Section V Abu Salih, H.S., Ishag, H
Page 211 and 212:
Khan, T.N. 1973. A new approach to
Page 213 and 214:
1977b. Methods of breeding broadbea
Page 215 and 216:
HACHEMI, Dr Lounes Institut de dév
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