THE AGRARIAN RURAL HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY

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iii list of figures Figure 51: Water source for livestock by province 81 Figure 52: Payment for water (N=1,007) 82 Figure 53: Agricultural support by province and average 82 Figure 54: Agricultural support by tenure type 83 Figure 55: % of producers of selected products above a threshold* by access to extension 84 Figure 56: Compliance with basic conditions of employment 88 Figure 57: Evictions and threat of evictions 91 Figure 58: Evictions and threats of eviction by tenure type 92 Figure 59: First stop when faced with eviction (N=127) 93 Figure 60: Membership of types of organisations (%) 95 Figure 61: Membership of organisation by tenure type 96 list of tables Table 1: Sample sizes of participating organisations 18 Table 2: Research site details 20 Table 3: Total residents in sampled households 23 Table 4: Household sizes 23 Table 5: Gender of household members (N=1,722) 25 Table 6: Employment by gender (N=1,542) 28 Table 7: Access to land (N=1,616) 32 Table 8: Forms of tenure and key tenure issues in the research sites 33 Table 9: Crop land size (N=1,260) 35 Table 10: Mean and median household income (N=1,113) 44 Table 11: Hunger by crop land size (N=1,237) 50 Table 12: A typical food basket for each province 55 Table 13: Percentage of households with >10 head of different types of livestock by tenure type 61 Table 14: Mean herd/flock sizes and range 62 Table 15: Crop production 70 Table 16: Basic conditions of employment: compliance requirements 87 Table 17: Does anyone in your household belong to any organisation? 95
esearch team Stephen Greenberg (PhD) led the research process from survey design to writing up the research findings. His dedication, expertise, and eye for detail have been crucial in compiling this report. He also provided guidance and hands-on support to the partner organizations and their research teams. AFRA: Erna Kruger, Ndabezinhle Ziqubu, Nonhlanzeko Mthembu, Sanjaya Pillay, Nokuthula Mthimunye (staff), Nkonzo Zondi, Mqhele Mpanza, Londiwe Khathi, Nkokhelo Luthuli (interns), Sipho Khumalo, Ntombikayise Mthembu, Ntombi Khulu (Dannhauser), Jabhi Mlangeni, Mike Dladla, Ambros Sithebe (Bothas Pass), Thabile Mavuso, Goodness Mtshali (Utrecht), Alfred Nkosi, Jacob Kubheka (Ingogo), Thabile Ntuli, and Mzondeki Mkumane (Normandien) BRC: Yandisa Gebe, Zanele Semane, Fanelwa Mhaga, Nomonde Feliti (staff) Thandeka Msi, and Judith Pule (data capturers), Nomava Tshatshu, Sikelelwa Rode, Sandiswa Mganu, Funeka Mbolekwa, Mzonyana Tontsi, Musa Fihla, Sinoxolo Daweti, Ayabulela Msethu, Weziwe Tete (community members) FSG: Maxwell Mudhara (PhD), Avrashka Sahadeva, Michael Malinga, and Zanele Shezi (staff), Stembile Ndwandwe, Ntandokazi Ninela, Nondumiso Dumakude, Samukeliswe Zondi, Fidzt Fidzani (students), PS Mbele (Potshini), SE Mduba (Potshini), Nkosithandile Ndlovu (Okhombe), Sphiwe Dubazana (Okhombe), Ellias Ngubane (Nokopela), NE Hlatshwayo (Nokopela), BJ Khumalo (Mlimeleni), Ngenisile Khaba (Mmlimeleni), Busi Mlangeni (Obonjaneni), Margaret Khumalo (Obonjaneni), Hlongwane Zama (Busingatha), Celiwe Khumalo (Busingatha), Beauty Nkabini (Newstand), M.A Malinga (Newstand), Daniel Ngwenya (New Reserve B), and Nomaonlo Mazibuko (New Reserve B) Nkuzi: Phumudzo Nemadzivhanani, Pricilla Rambau, and Shadrack Tshifaro (contract staff) SCLC: Rosa-Linda Kock, Yule Philiso, Patrick Sambo, Busiswa Silo-Ntolosi, and Ntombomzi Sixolo (staff) , Luzaan Kock, Siya Zonke, Dumisa Ratyana (data capturers), Anna Philander (Vermaaklikheid), Clive Pretorius (Heidelberg), and Koos Saayman (Riversdale) SPP: Harry May, Ronald Wesso, Pedro Kotze, Ricado Jacobs (staff), Peter John Danster, Cecelia Shandu, Ayanda Mbhele, Mpho Mkhanya (interns), Petrus Brink (Citrusdal ), Hendrik Janse (Citrusdal ), Charmaine September (Citrusdal), Davine Witbooi (Citrusdal ), Ryno Zimiri (Elsies River), Jaydine Grootboom (Delft), Andries Titus TCOE: Boyce Tom, Paula Cardoso (staff), Christoline Ntwayi, Estel Tala, Heather Swart, Mandisa Myeki, Marquart Snyman, Monica Bavuma, Nomasomi Gaba (community members) TRALSO: Cebisa Pelem (staff), Peleka Mankumba, Zipho Xego, Wandisile Mncomboe, Ndodekhaya Dumalisile, Anele Gxotelwa (students), Leonard Toto (Eastern Cape Community Land Reform Organization), Nosisi Jo (Dwesa-Cwebe), Nomzamo Ntukwini (Ntlenzi) WFP: Colette Solomon, Jesmaine Bruintjies , Alison September, Carmen Hendricks, Elna Lindoor, Glynis Rhodes, Ida Jacobs, Jenny Nkala, Sharon Bailey, Sharon Messina, Rose Horn (staff); Emily Ratchford (intern) Monique Salomon (PhD), TA coordinator, ensured that staff capacity was enhanced. A core team of researchers held several meetings to compile one TA database for comparative analysis and used statistical software packages PSPP and SPSS to analyze the research findings. TA Data analysis core team: Avrashka Sahadeva (FSG), Harry May (SPP), Rosa-Linda Kock (SCLC), Stephina Ngoasheng (Nkuzi), Yandisa Gebe (BRC), Zipho Xego (TRALSO). Our sincere thanks go to staff, students, and community members who have contributed to this important research endeavour. iv
Page 1 and 2: THE AGRARIAN RURAL HOUSEHOLD ECONOM
Page 4 and 5: i table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMA
Page 8 and 9: I executive summary 1
Page 10 and 11: INCOME Along with food security, ho
Page 12 and 13: Forty-five percent of respondents h
Page 14 and 15: A MESSAGE FROM PROF. DR. MICHAEL BO
Page 16 and 17: CHAPTER 01 introduction 9
Page 18 and 19: FIGURE 1: RESEARCH SITES AND DISTRI
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER 02 methodology 13
Page 22 and 23: Further qualitative work is needed
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER 03 17 description of sample
Page 26 and 27: FIGURE 3: PROVINCIAL BREAKDOWN OF S
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER 01 Nationally an estimated
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER 04 demographics 23
Page 32 and 33: Across the municipalities there is
Page 34 and 35: FIGURE 9: LEVEL OF EDUCATION BY TEN
Page 36 and 37: FIGURE 10: TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT (N=1,
Page 38 and 39: CHAPTER 05 31 land use
Page 40 and 41: TABLE 8: FORMS OF TENURE AND KEY TE
Page 42 and 43: TABLE 9: CROP LAND SIZE (N=1,260) T
Page 44 and 45: CHAPTER 06 income 37
Page 46 and 47: CHAPTER 01 Wages cover a wide spect
Page 48 and 49: CHAPTER 01 In KZN our sample was de
Page 50 and 51: The small percentage who indicated
Page 52 and 53: FIGURE 17: HOUSEHOLD INCOME BY PROV
Page 54 and 55: 47 access to food The survey looked
Page 56 and 57:
FIGURE 20: HUNGER BY TENURE TYPE (N
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CHAPTER 01 In nearly half the cases
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Only one in 10 rural households can
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TABLE 12: A TYPICAL FOOD BASKET FOR
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57 livestock ownership, sales and m
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CHAPTER 01 Chickens are the most wi
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FIGURE 31: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS
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FIGURE 33: AGGREGATE CHANGES IN HER
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FIGURE 36: LIVESTOCK SALES A relati
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8.3 LIVESTOCK VALUE CHAINS AND AGRO
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CHAPTER 09 69 crop production, sale
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FIGURE 39: PERCENTAGE PRODUCING DIF
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FIGURE 42: DISAGGREGATED FARM DWELL
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FIGURE 45: CROP SALES BY CROP TYPE
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FIGURE 48: % OF RESPONDENTS IN DIFF
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CHAPTER 10 79 water access & agricu
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FIGURE 50: WATER SOURCE FOR CROPS B
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There are generally low levels of e
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We carried out a similar exercise f
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87 farm worker conditions Although
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CHAPTER 12 evictions 89
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FIGURE 57: EVICTIONS AND THREAT OF
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Informal settlements are a relative
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TABLE 17: DOES ANYONE IN YOUR HOUSE
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CHAPTER 14 97 key findings and reco
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OBJECTIVES AND SURVEY FINDINGS RECO
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101 annexure 2 CONSOLIDATED SITUATI
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TABLE 1: GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW OF RES
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Even today, 25 or more years since
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5. MAIN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Agricul
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6. LAND REFORM AND AGRICULTURE 6.1
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Concentration of agro-processing fa
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6.2 Land reform and tenure In all t
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In some municipalities, the redistr
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8. CONCLUSION This situation analys
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eferences Action Aid (2011) ‘On t
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Jacobs, P. (2012) ‘Protecting foo
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THE AGRARIAN RURAL HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY

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