Policies to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation ...

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Table 3.1 Utility and Cost of Optical Sensors Currently Used to Monitor Deforestation Source: reproduced from DeFries et al. (2006) with the establishment of a local governance institution (Trines et al. 2006). Degradation can also result from large-scale selective logging, which is more costly to abate. Forest degradation can be defined by a tree cover criterion, a forest biomass criterion, or some combination thereof. The decision of how to define degradation and whether to monitor it will affect the cost and complexity of a monitoring program. Mollicone et al. (2007) suggest a categorization scheme that divides land into intact forest, nonintact forest, and nonforest, based on a combination of canopy cover criteria and human impact criteria. This scheme accounts for the degradation of carbon stocks that can occur in forests. Although this scheme allows for more accurate accounting of carbon stocks, it is also more costly and more difficult to employ because of the higher-resolution imagery required to distinguish among forest categories. Measurement of Distinctions Among Categories A number of studies have concluded that current technology can accurately measure tropical deforestation (DeFries et al. 2005, 2006; UNFCCC 2006; Mollicone et al. 2007). However, continued monitoring capabilities rely on the successful launch of the latest Landsat sensor, scheduled for 2010, without which land cover monitoring will be compromised (DeFries et al. 2005). Existing data will allow for the establishment of baseline deforestation rates against which current rates can be compared (DeFries et al. 2005). Table 3.1 provides an overview of the technologies available to monitor deforestation. Geographic and ecological characteristics, such as seasonality of forests, slope, and cloud cover affect the choice of appropriate methodologies. For example, a deciduous forest in a temperate climate would have to be observed in the summer lest it appear not to meet a forest canopy criterion. Other types of forests would have to be monitored multiple times per year. Although no single methodology will be appropriate for all forest types, many suitable methods and protocols exist or can be developed through the adaptation of existing methodologies. SENSOR EXAMPLES OF UTILITY FOR RESOLUTION CURRENT SENSORS MONITORING COST Very high (10–20 ha) and locate “hotspots” for further analysis with high resolution 3 Policies to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in Developing Countries
Figure 3.1 Conceptual Observation Framework for Monitoring Forest Changes and Related Carbon Emissions, Integrating Information from Different Data Sources Hot spot/large deforestation detection Wall-to-wall mapping Sampling approach Change in forest area and density Estimation of carbon emissions Global observations ı Global observations by medium-resolution sensors (250–1000 m) such as MODIS/ MERS ı Appropriate for the identification of hotspots of land-cover change: large fire and deforestation events (>10 ha) Regional /national observations Wall-to-wall mapping ı High-resolution sensors (10–60 m), such as Landsat, SPOT, CBERS, combined with ground-truthing and ancillary data ı Can identify areas of anthropogenic land-cover change (5–10 ha) ı Can be used to construct baseline Sampling hotspots and forest degradation ı Very high-resolution sensors (
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