Policies to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation ...

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contents Acknowledgments 7 Executive Summary 8 1. Introduction 16 2. Background 18 Forests and the Carbon Cycle 18 Cost of REDD Activities 22 Deforestation and International Climate Policies 26 3. Policy Design Issues 31 Scope 31 Monitoring 36 Baselines 41 Leakage 45 Stakeholder Interests in Credit Design 49 Permanence and Liability 51 Effect on the Carbon Market 61 4. Host Country Issues 68 Drivers of Deforestation 68 Funding and Financing REDD Activities 73 Readiness to Implement REDD Policies 75 5. Conclusion 76 Acronyms and conversions 77 Notes 78 References 80
acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the financial support provided to the RFF Climate Policy Program. In addition, a number of colleagues provided invaluable support, feedback and suggestions throughout the creation of this report, and I deeply appreciate the generosity with which they shared their time and experience. I would especially like to thank Ray Kopp and Billy Pizer who fostered my research on forest carbon, and without whom this report would not exist. ı ı ı The Climate Policy Program at Resources for the Future (RFF) provides a framework for policymakers and stakeholders to better understand and address one of the most complex environmental issues of our time: climate change. The program has two core objectives: to develop domestic policies that are politically and economically viable and to articulate a new architecture for a global climate policy regime. Program scholars work to both support current policy efforts as well as fostering the evolution of these policies over time. Forest Carbon is one four initiatives of the Climate Program. Its objective is to speed the development of large-scale global markets for forest carbon by conducting world-class, interdisciplinary research that helps create strong policy frameworks and accelerates private action, primarily through direct outreach to U.S. and international decisionmakers. The Climate Policy Program at RFF is funded by contributions from foundations, governments, corporations, and individuals. Current supporters include: the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, Smith Richardson Foundation, David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Simons Foundation, Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (MISTRA), G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation, Alcoa Foundation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Markets at Goldman, Sachs & Co., American Honda Motor Company, Inc., Cargill, Inc., Duke Energy, Salt River Project, ExxonMobil Corporation, Honeywell International, Inc., Novelis, Inc., and Pacificorp. For more information, contact Ray Kopp, senior fellow and director of the Climate Policy Program, at kopp@rff.org Ac kno wledgments 7
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Page 9 and 10: up tables that estimate the carbon
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Page 21 and 22: Author Geographic scope Carbon pric
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Page 43 and 44: Baselines Discussion Historic, remo
Page 45 and 46: Market Leakage Market leakage occur
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tor companies themselves. Similarly
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certified emissions reductions (tCE
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VCS and Reserve Accounts To mitigat
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Effect on the Carbon Market Discuss
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Nested Approach The Nested Approach
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Rather, an amount equivalent to the
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Figure 4.1 Causes of Deforestation
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Economic Factors Global and nationa
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Despite those trends, each case exh
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Forest-Secured Escrow Accounts The
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Acronyms and conversions AR affores
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12 The Climate, Community & Biodive
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tion of Working Group I to the Four
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Santilli, M., et al. 2005. Tropical
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