Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems - DESCANSO ...

where Tm is the ambient temperature, Y is the absorption
coefficient, and 7 is the optical depth to the point under
consideration. In radio engineering terms ‘
7 = 4.343 A dB (6.8-4)
where A is the absorption over the path in question, in dB. For
frequencies above 10 GHz, the second term on the righthand side of
Eq. (6.8-3) reduces to 2.7 K, the cosmic background component,
unless the Sun is in the antenna beam, as illustrated in Figure
6.8-1.
For an isothermal atmosphere (Tm constant with height),
substituting Ydl = dT in Eq. (6.8-3) yields
T~=Tm(l-e’)=Tm [ 1-10-* 1 K (6.8-5)
where A is again atmospheric absorption in dB. The value of T m
taken in Eq. (6.8-4) ranges from 260 to 280 K. One relationship
used to determine a value of T m from surface measured temperature
is (Wulfsberg-1964)
T m = 1.12 Ts - 50 K (6.8-6)
where Ts is the surface temperature in K.
Noise temperature (or brightness temperature) curves for 3, 7.5,
and 17 g/m3 surface water vapor content, with the US Standard
Atmosphere for the two lower values and the Tropical Atmosphere for
the highest value, have been published by Smith (1982) and
reproduced in CCIR Report 720-2 (CCIR-1986h). Examples for an
average humidity state (7.5 g/m 3
at the surface) are reproduced as
Figures 6-8-2 and 6.8-3.
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