Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems - DESCANSO ...

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T~ = 0.6(275) + 0.4(185) = 239 K A more exact determination involves weighting each incremental area in the antenna beam by the appropriate off-boresight antenna gain. The additional accuracy is usually not necessary, however, since current satellite receiver noise temperatures are typically 1000 K or higher, and the incremental difference in the total system noise temperature would likely be very small. 6-146 -
6.10 REFERENCES Ahmed, I.Y. and L.J. Auchterlouie (1976), “Microwave Measurements of Dust Using an Open Resonator, “ Electronics Letters, Vol. 12, No. 17, p. 445. Allnutt, J.E. (1976), “Slant Path Attenuation and Space Diversity Results using 11.6 GHz Radiometers, “ Proceedings IEE, Vol. 123, p. 1197. Allnutt, J.E. (1985), “Low Elevation Angle Propagation Measurements in the 6/4 GHz and 34/11 GHz Band~” IEE Conf. publ. No. 2481 IEE Fourth International Conf. On Antennas and Propagation, (ICAP 85), U. of Warwick, Coventry, U.K., 16-19 April, 1985, PP “ 57-61. Altshuler, E.A. (1984), “A Simple Expression for Estimating Attenuation by Fog at Millimeter Wavelengths,” IEEE Trans. Ant. & Propo, Vol. AP-32, No. 7, pp. 757-758. Altshuler, E.A. (1986), “Addendum to A Simple Expression for Estimating Attenuation by Fog at Millimeter Wavelengths,” IEEE Trans. Ant. & Prop., Vol. AP-34~ No. 81 pp. 1067o Ansari, A.J., and B.G. Evans, (1982), “Microwave Propagation in Sand and Dust Storms,” proc. IEE * vol. 129, Part 5, No. 5, pp. 315-322. Baars, J.W.M. (1973), “The Measurement of Large Antennas with Cosmic Radio Sources,” 3EEE Trans. Ant. Pro~., Vol. AP-21, No. 4, pp. 461-474. Bashir, So., A.W. Dissanayk~, and N.J. McEwan (1980), “Prediction of forward scattering and cross-polarization due to dry and moist haboob and sandstorms in Sudan in the 9.4 GHz band,” Telecom. J., Vol 47, No. VII, pp. 462-467. Bean, B.R. and E.J. Dutton (1966), “Radio MeteorologY~” National Bureau of Standards Monograph 92, republished in paperback by Dover. Bergmann, H.J. (1977), “Satellite Site Diversity: Results of a Radiometer Experiment at 13 and 18 GHz,” ~EEE Trans. Ant. -I Vol” Ap-25r P“ 483” Bostian, C.W. and J.E. Allnutt (1979)~ “Ice-Crystal Depolarization on Satellite-Earth Microwave Radio Paths,” Proc. IEE, VO1. 126, p. 951. Bostian, C.W., S.B. Holt, Jr., S.R. Kauffman, E.A. Manus, R.E. Marshall, W.L. Stutzman and P.H. Wiley (1977), “Rain Depolarization and Attenuation Measurements at 11.7, 19.04 and 28.56 GHz: A Description of the Experiment and Some 6-147
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1 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.1.1 purpose CH
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,s Table 6.1-1. Guide to Sample Cal
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I . . 6.1.4 Other Propagation Effec
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. . collisions at normal atmospheri
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D 1000 100 10 1 U.S. Standard Atmos
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Frequency (GHz) 10 15 20 30 40 80 1
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If PW is not available from local w
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. . The equivalent heights for oxyg
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m t TEMPERATURE rC) o 5 10 15 20 25
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6.3 PREDICTION OF CUMULATIVE STATIS
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LSTATION LOCATION AND ELEVATION STE
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The models require the following in
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I z za E 100 g w ~ z z K 50 a) ALL
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B . . . t- I I I I I 1 11/1 - . . .
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.- . 9 s@EQ - If Z S D, compute the
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1 0.02 0.05 0.2 0.5 4. Compute D: U
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I . ,. . ~ q 8 H v ~ 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.
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Step 6 Calculate the attenuation ex
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m I : STEP 1 SELECT CLIMATE ZONE FR
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9 10.OOOO 1.0000 0,1ooo 0.0100 0.00
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1 6.3.3 Estimates of Attenuation Gi
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● We now proceed exactly as in th
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STEP 1 GIVEN: STATION PARAMETERS SA
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. B . . . 4. Repeat the process for
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. . ● 100 10 1.0 .1 .01 . . RAIN
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not normally available~ but empiric
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● The intensity-duration-frequenc
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- GIVEN: STATION PARAMETERS OPERATI
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m I s 70 2(J I 10 0 a) BY SEASONS
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.“ ● change in rain rater the r
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m To x o 6 x(n wux!- (5 zawwvxw x 1
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● ✎ ✎ ✎ 10 1 0.1 0.01 0 . -
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● ✎ ✎ ✎ appears to be gener
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6.4.2.3 Statistics of Microwave Eff
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● For each hour’s observations,
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Plots of noise temperature and atte
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.- I where Lf is the fog extent~ in
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than a minute and on spatial scales
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. . . 022 = angle-of-arrival varian
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B . . Figure 6.5-2 represents the a
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- . . , 1 I t , 3 , I 1 # 1 1 aJ 0a
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I . . -. % i ! ~ * 76.00 I h 60.00
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I where the constants are the same
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.U . . \ Table 6.5-1. Fading Data P
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o -5C \ A — . \ \ \ \ N- ● ●
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I 1 \ 0,, FADE DEPTHS I 1 l.d 0.1 1
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9 m ELEVATION ANGLE [DEGREESI ELEVA
Page 95 and 96: Figure 6.5-12 is an example for thi
Page 97 and 98: equal. The fade distributions resul
Page 99 and 100: m . ANTENNA BEAMVVID~ (DEG) d o 0 w
Page 101 and 102: . . 6.5.5.2.2 Spatial Diversity. Pa
Page 103 and 104: fluctuation power at 1 Hz is on the
Page 105 and 106: develops (Pruppacher and Pitter-197
Page 107 and 108: .8 where: f = frequency, in GHz r =
Page 109 and 110: B . k 11.7 26 \ QHz DATA, CTS A VPl
Page 111 and 112: \ for the 11.7 GHz CTS beacon at 50
Page 113 and 114: ● these do not correlate well wit
Page 115 and 116: . However the XPD dependence on ele
Page 117 and 118: -. 50 40 30 20 10 0 . T(XPD < ABCIS
Page 119 and 120: 9 electrostatic fields discharge ra
Page 121 and 122: , f w m I
Page 123 and 124: . XPD 2 = XPD1 - 20 lo91~ f ~ 1 0.4
Page 125 and 126: ● 3.0 14 0.6 0.3 0,1 0.0s 0.03 0.
Page 127 and 128: where, for example, for the frequen
Page 129 and 130: L .- . ., not appear to be sufficie
Page 131 and 132: D ‘1 may be considered to be rece
Page 133 and 134: D - 0 m a 80 60 40 20 0 -20 \ — i
Page 135 and 136: m I s 1 \\ I , t Frequency (GHz) Fi
Page 137 and 138: -. Table 6.8-1. Cumulative Statisti
Page 139 and 140: D - The propagation margin is then
Page 141 and 142: 1- * w -180 -190 -m -21 / ---+---4~
Page 143 and 144: - . . 6.9 UPLINK NOISE IN SATELLITE
Page 145: 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120
Page 149 and 150: ● International Telecommunication
Page 151 and 152: Atmospheric Emission observations,
Page 153 and 154: 8.6 and 3.2 mm Radio Waves by Cloud
Page 155 and 156: I Strickland, J.I. (1974), “Radar
Page 157: D Wulfsberg, K.N. (1964), “Appare
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