Propagation Effects Handbook for Satellite Systems - DESCANSO ...

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Us. Dept. of Commerce (1947) , Weather Bureau, “MaxixnuIn Recorded United States Point Rainfall,” Tech. Paper No. 2, Washington, D.C. U.S. Dept. of Commerce (1955) , Weather Bureau, “Rainfall Int~nsitY- Duration-Frequency Curves,” Tech. Paper No. 251 Washington, D.C. Vogel, W.J. (1978), CTS Attenuation and Cross-Polarization Measurements at 11.7 GHz, Final Report, Elect. Eng. Res. Lab., Univ. Texas at Austin, prepared under NASA Contract NAS5-22576. Vogel, W.J., A.W. StraitOn, B.M. Fannin and N.K. Wagner (1976), “Attenuation Diversity Measurements at 20 and 30 GHz,” Radio Science, Vol. 11, p. 167. Vogel, W.J., A.W. Straiton and B.M. Fannin (1977), “ATS-6 Ascending: Near Horizon Measurements Over Water at 30 GHz,~t Radio Science, Vol. 12, September-October, pp. 757-765. Wait, . D.F., W.C. Daywitt, M. Kanda and C.K.S. Miller (1974), A Study of-the Meas~rement of G/T Usinq CasseoDeia A, National Bureau of Standards, Rept. No. NBSIR 74-382. Waters, Watson, Watson, Webber, J.W. (1976), “Absorption and Emissions by Atmospheric Gases,” Methods of Experimental Physics, Vol. 12B, U Telescopes, Ed. M. L. Meeks, Academic Press, New York, NY. P.A. and M. Arbabi (1973), “Cross-polarization Isolation and Discrimination, II Electronics Letters, VO1. 9? No. 221 PPo 516-517. P.A., F. Goodall and M. Arbabi (1973), “Linear CrOss- Polarization and Attenuation Measurements at 11 and 36 GHz,” YEE Conf. Proc. No. 98. R.V. , and K.S. McCormick (1980), ~lLow Angle Measurements of the ATS-6 Beacons at 4 and 30 GHz, ~1 proc. URSI (Commission F) International Symposium on Effects of the Lower Atmosphere on Radio Propagation at Frequencies Above 1 GHz, Lennoxville, Canada. Webster, W.J., Jr., T.T. Wilheit, T.C. Chang, P. Gloersen anda~~J. Schmugge (1975), “A Radio Picture of the Earth,” Sky TelescoDe, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 14-16. WEC (Westinghouse Electric Corporation) (1975), “ATS-6 Millimeter Wave ProDacfation Ex~eriment - Final Data Analysis Re~ort,” Baltimore, Md., prepared under NASA/GSFC Contract NAS5-?0904. Weickmann, H. and H.J. aufm Kampe (1953), “Physical Properties of Cumul~s Clouds, t! Journal of Meteorology , vol. 10. 6-156 .
D Wulfsberg, K.N. (1964), “Apparent Sky Temperatures at Millimeter- Wave-Frequencies, ” phys. Science Res. Paper No. 38, Air Force Cambridge Res. Lab., No. 64-590. Wulfsberg, K.N. (1973), “Path Diversity for mm-wave Earth-to- Satellite Links,” Radio Science, Vol. 8, p. 1. Yamada, M. and H. Yokoi (1974), I!Measurements of Earth-Space Propagation Characteristics at 15.5 and 31.6 GHz Using Celestial Radio Sources,” Elect. and Comm. in Japan, VO1. 57-B, p. 2. Yokoi, H., M. Yamada and T. Satoh (1970), ItAtmospheric Attenuation and Scintillation of Microwaves from Outer Space,” Astronomical Societv, Ja~an, Vol. 22, pp. 511-524. 6-157
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1 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.1.1 purpose CH
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,s Table 6.1-1. Guide to Sample Cal
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I . . 6.1.4 Other Propagation Effec
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. . collisions at normal atmospheri
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D 1000 100 10 1 U.S. Standard Atmos
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Frequency (GHz) 10 15 20 30 40 80 1
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If PW is not available from local w
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. . The equivalent heights for oxyg
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m t TEMPERATURE rC) o 5 10 15 20 25
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6.3 PREDICTION OF CUMULATIVE STATIS
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LSTATION LOCATION AND ELEVATION STE
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The models require the following in
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I z za E 100 g w ~ z z K 50 a) ALL
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B . . . t- I I I I I 1 11/1 - . . .
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.- . 9 s@EQ - If Z S D, compute the
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1 0.02 0.05 0.2 0.5 4. Compute D: U
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I . ,. . ~ q 8 H v ~ 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.
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Step 6 Calculate the attenuation ex
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m I : STEP 1 SELECT CLIMATE ZONE FR
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9 10.OOOO 1.0000 0,1ooo 0.0100 0.00
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1 6.3.3 Estimates of Attenuation Gi
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● We now proceed exactly as in th
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STEP 1 GIVEN: STATION PARAMETERS SA
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. B . . . 4. Repeat the process for
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. . ● 100 10 1.0 .1 .01 . . RAIN
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not normally available~ but empiric
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● The intensity-duration-frequenc
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- GIVEN: STATION PARAMETERS OPERATI
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m I s 70 2(J I 10 0 a) BY SEASONS
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.“ ● change in rain rater the r
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m To x o 6 x(n wux!- (5 zawwvxw x 1
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● ✎ ✎ ✎ 10 1 0.1 0.01 0 . -
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● ✎ ✎ ✎ appears to be gener
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6.4.2.3 Statistics of Microwave Eff
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● For each hour’s observations,
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Plots of noise temperature and atte
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.- I where Lf is the fog extent~ in
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than a minute and on spatial scales
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. . . 022 = angle-of-arrival varian
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B . . Figure 6.5-2 represents the a
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- . . , 1 I t , 3 , I 1 # 1 1 aJ 0a
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I . . -. % i ! ~ * 76.00 I h 60.00
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I where the constants are the same
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.U . . \ Table 6.5-1. Fading Data P
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o -5C \ A — . \ \ \ \ N- ● ●
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I 1 \ 0,, FADE DEPTHS I 1 l.d 0.1 1
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9 m ELEVATION ANGLE [DEGREESI ELEVA
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Figure 6.5-12 is an example for thi
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equal. The fade distributions resul
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m . ANTENNA BEAMVVID~ (DEG) d o 0 w
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. . 6.5.5.2.2 Spatial Diversity. Pa
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fluctuation power at 1 Hz is on the
Page 105 and 106: develops (Pruppacher and Pitter-197
Page 107 and 108: .8 where: f = frequency, in GHz r =
Page 109 and 110: B . k 11.7 26 \ QHz DATA, CTS A VPl
Page 111 and 112: \ for the 11.7 GHz CTS beacon at 50
Page 113 and 114: ● these do not correlate well wit
Page 115 and 116: . However the XPD dependence on ele
Page 117 and 118: -. 50 40 30 20 10 0 . T(XPD < ABCIS
Page 119 and 120: 9 electrostatic fields discharge ra
Page 121 and 122: , f w m I
Page 123 and 124: . XPD 2 = XPD1 - 20 lo91~ f ~ 1 0.4
Page 125 and 126: ● 3.0 14 0.6 0.3 0,1 0.0s 0.03 0.
Page 127 and 128: where, for example, for the frequen
Page 129 and 130: L .- . ., not appear to be sufficie
Page 131 and 132: D ‘1 may be considered to be rece
Page 133 and 134: D - 0 m a 80 60 40 20 0 -20 \ — i
Page 135 and 136: m I s 1 \\ I , t Frequency (GHz) Fi
Page 137 and 138: -. Table 6.8-1. Cumulative Statisti
Page 139 and 140: D - The propagation margin is then
Page 141 and 142: 1- * w -180 -190 -m -21 / ---+---4~
Page 143 and 144: - . . 6.9 UPLINK NOISE IN SATELLITE
Page 145 and 146: 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120
Page 147 and 148: 6.10 REFERENCES Ahmed, I.Y. and L.J
Page 149 and 150: ● International Telecommunication
Page 151 and 152: Atmospheric Emission observations,
Page 153 and 154: 8.6 and 3.2 mm Radio Waves by Cloud
Page 155: I Strickland, J.I. (1974), “Radar
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