New Perspectives on Endangered Languages. Bridging gaps ...

described by Hajek (2006: 170), for Tetun Dili, the major lingua franca of
East Timor in contact with Portuguese.
In the case of Manambu mothers, repeating the command twice in
different languages is a further way of getting the point across: if the child
has not understood it in one language (or pretends not to), they will have to
understand it in the other one.
Repetition typically involves the whole clause, as in (3).
Alternatively, a command in Manambu appears rephrased with a Tok Pisin
clause (5).
(5) yata-u mama i karim yu
carry.in.one's.arms-1sgIMPV mama PREDICATE.MARKER carry you
‘Shall I carry you? (Manambu) Shall Mummy carry you?’(Tok Pisin)
The Manambu mothers I talked to referred to Tok Pisin as being
'easier' to acquire than Manambu. Indeed, many perceive Tok Pisin as a
'short cut'. In many cases, Tok Pisin allows to use one simple word where in
Manambu one would require making a choice out of many.
Consider commands like 'come!', 'go!' or even saying 'good-bye'. In
Tok Pisin, one can say yu go! (you go!) as a farewell formula. In contrast,
traditional Manambu speech etiquette requires adding an appropriate address
form if one wishes to be nice and polite.
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