The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It - Course Information

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~ CONCLUSION ~ 217 colleagues in the Greek commercial environment. This link between trading diasporas and a lack of interest in foreign customs may be retained as a sixth conclusion to be drawn from the present book. ~ Embassy reports: much maligned but a sign of changing mentalities Some historical information about the lands of Christian ‘unbelievers’ and Shi’ite ‘miscreants’ was collected by the Ottoman central authorities, probably to serve as an aid in policy-making. This must have applied to works such as the sixteenth-century collection of biographies of French rulers that has recently been edited and translated into French. 11 Other volumes of this kind survive, but do not seem to have been systematically studied. 12 Further historical information was found in the reports of returning ambassadors, who apart from the details of their honourable receptions, might discuss the changes of rulers or chief ministers witnessed in foreign capitals. We may assume, although we have no way of being sure, that an Ottoman ambassador before setting out from Istanbul typically immersed himself in the reports of his predecessors. At an early stage, eighteenth-century embassy reports doubtless were akin to official documents, and thus of restricted circulation. But as we have seen, chroniclers appointed by the Ottoman government soon included some of these texts in their works, thus making them accessible to a broader spectrum of Ottoman literati. Presumably it was especially ambassadors of known literary distinction who attracted Ottoman readers. Perhaps it was not so much the fact that he wrote about the otherwise virtually unknown kingdom of Spain that made the report of Vasıf Efendi interesting to subsequent generations, but rather the author’s fame as a notable stylist. At the present state of our knowledge, we can surmise that some ambassadorial reports elicited more interest than others, but we often are hard put to tell what exactly an eighteenth-century non-official Ottoman reader expected of a successful embassy report. It is easy enough to point out the deficiencies of embassy reports as sources of information on foreign lands, and yet their growing frequency and sophistication in the course of the eighteenth century is of great significance. It would seem that demanding written reports of ambassadors was part of what we would today call a package deal. Sultans and viziers of the period seem to have considered that a knowledge of foreign courts and countries was now more important than it had been in the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries. Therefore it was no longer appropriate to rely largely on information obtained from foreign embassy personnel stationed in Pera, or from non-Muslim Ottomans active as the sultan’s diplomats, including the medical doctor Solomon Ashkenazi from Udine, the prince Vasile Lupu or the scholarly Alexander Mavrocordato. Rather, Muslims from within the scribal service were now recruited for these positions, in a manner that was to be repeated in the nineteenth century, when
8. A visit of the Ottoman ambassador Mehmed efendi, accompanied by his son Hüseyin, at the court of King Augustus of Poland in 1731; he announced the advent of Sultan Mahmud I. The ambassador was received twice, once at his arrival and once at his departure only a week later. The drawing was probably made before the reception took place, so that the master of ceremonies would know whom to place where. Source: The image has been reproduced in the exhibition catalogue Im Lichte des Halbmonds, Das Abendland und der türkische Orient (Dresden and Bonn: Staatliche Kunstsammlungen and Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1995): 190 and 225. The drawing belongs to the Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Kartenabteilung, Rißschrank VII, No 90, fol. 1. Reproduced by permission.
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~ THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE ~ AND THE WORL
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~ The Ottoman Empire and the World
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~ Table of contents List of illustr
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~ CONTENTS ~ VII to slave: 124 ~ Th
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~ List of illustrations 1. Helmet a
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~ Acknowledgements Many colleagues
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1 ~ Introduction In a sense, this s
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~ INTRODUCTION ~ 3 case of Venice,
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~ INTRODUCTION ~ 5 twentieth centur
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~ INTRODUCTION ~ 7 we must keep in
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~ INTRODUCTION ~ 9 After all, we al
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~ INTRODUCTION ~ 11 Throughout the
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~ Who, in which period, formed part
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~ INTRODUCTION ~ 15 Thus, in a worl
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~ INTRODUCTION ~ 17 important trade
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~ INTRODUCTION ~ 19 group. But for
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~ INTRODUCTION ~ 21 the style to wh
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~ INTRODUCTION ~ 23 annexation of t
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~ INTRODUCTION ~ 25 Was there even
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2 ~ On sovereignty and subjects: ex
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~ ON SOVEREIGNTY AND SUBJECTS ~ 29
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4 ~ The strengths and weaknesses of
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Page 235 and 236: ~ Bibliography The comments which f
Page 237 and 238: 222 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Binark, Ismet
Page 239 and 240: 224 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Evliya Çelebi
Page 241 and 242: 226 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ [Papa Synadino
Page 243 and 244: 228 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ (17.) Jahrhund
Page 245 and 246: 230 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Anderson, Soni
Page 247 and 248: 232 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Belting, Hans
Page 249 and 250: 234 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Chagniot, Jean
Page 251 and 252: 236 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Deringil, Seli
Page 253 and 254: 238 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Faroqhi, Surai
Page 255 and 256: 240 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Goffman, Danie
Page 257 and 258: 242 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Hagen, Gottfri
Page 259 and 260: 244 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Geschichtsschr
Page 261 and 262: 246 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Kafadar, Cemal
Page 263 and 264: 248 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Kunt, Metin (1
Page 265 and 266: 250 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Maxim, Mihai (
Page 267 and 268: 252 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Ottoman-Portug
Page 269 and 270: 254 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Preto, Paolo (
Page 271 and 272: 256 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Schulze, Winfr
Page 273 and 274: 258 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ (London and Ne
Page 275 and 276: 260 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ Tahta Çıkı
Page 277 and 278: 262 ~ BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ ennes und Libr
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268 ~ NOTES TO PAGES 54-68 ~ 111 Ab
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270 ~ NOTES TO PAGES 79-89 ~ 16 Yav
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272 ~ NOTES TO PAGES 98-106 ~ 4 ~ T
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274 ~ NOTES TO PAGES 116-28 ~ 94 Ib
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280 ~ NOTES TO PAGES 172-86 ~ 48 An
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282 ~ NOTES TO PAGES 198-217 ~ 69 I
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284 ~ INDEX ~ Bitlis, 113 Black Sea
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286 ~ INDEX ~ Gritti, Ludovico/Alvi
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288 ~ INDEX ~ of Dubrovnik, 90, 131
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290 ~ INDEX ~ exported from the Ott
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