Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas - National Park Service

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AQUATIC PLANTS Eurasian Water-Milfoil _____________________ Myriophyllum spicatum L. Water milfoil family (Halogoraceae) Origin: Eurasia and Africa Background Introduced accidentally from Eurasia in the 1940s, Eurasian water-milfoil possibly escaped from an aquarium or was brought in on a commercial or private boat. Distribution and Habitat Eurasian water-milfoil occurs in at least 33 states east of the Mississippi River and has recently been Graves Lovell, AL DCNR found in Colorado. It is abundant in the Chesapeake Bay, the tidal Potomac River and several Tennessee Valley reservoirs. Typical habitat includes fresh to brackish water of ponds, lakes, slow-moving streams, reservoirs, estuaries and canals. It is tolerant of many water pollutants. Ecological Threat Water-milfoil tends to invade disturbed areas and does not typically spread into undisturbed areas where native plants are well established. It can form large, floating mats of vegetation on the surface of lakes, rivers and other water bodies, that impede water traffic and reduce light for native aquatic species. It thrives in areas that have been subjected to natural and man-made disturbance. Description and Biology • Plant: herbaceous aquatic plant; stems grow to the water surface, usually extending 3-10 ft. but as much as 33 ft. in length and frequently forming dense mats; stems are long, slender, branching, hairless and become leafless toward the base; new plants may emerge from each node (joint) on a stem and root upon contact with mud. • Leaves: bright green, finely divided and occurring in whorls of three or four along the stem, with 12-16 pairs of fine, thin leaflets about ½ in. long that give it a feathery appearance. 14
Alison Fox, UFL Mike Naylor, MD DNR • Flowers, fruits and seeds: produces small, yellow, four-parted flowers on a spike that projects 2-4 in. above the water surface; flower spikes often remain above water until pollination is complete; fruit is a hard, segmented capsule containing four seeds. • Spreads: vegetatively by rhizomes, fragmented stems and axillary buds that develop throughout the year. Although seeds are usually viable, they are not an important means of dispersal. • Look-alikes: many species of submerged aquatic plants including non-native invasive parrot-feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum), and native species such as Northern water-milfoil (M. sibiricum), coontail (Ceratophyllum dmersum) and water marigold (Megalodonta beckii). Prevention and Control Large harvesting equipment can be used to mechanically remove Eurasian water-milfoil in larger areas; a sturdy hand-rake can be used for smaller areas. Other options include manipulation of water level, use of water colorants or floating aquatic plants to reduce light penetration, physical barriers and chemical control. Potential impacts to existing native aquatic plant species should be evaluated carefully before using any of these techniques. Native Alternatives Aquatic plant species are difficult to tell apart to the untrained eye. Contact your state natural resource agency, native plant society or other resource (see References) for assistance. 15 AQUATIC PLANTS
Page 1 and 2: Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natu
Page 5 and 6: Preface Contrary to the title, the
Page 7 and 8: Privets (Ligustrum obtusifolium, L.
Page 11 and 12: An infestation of purple loosestrif
Page 13 and 14: grasses, was used as packing materi
Page 15: a licensed applicator. Application
Page 19 and 20: Prevention and Control Do not buy t
Page 21 and 22: y law. Other biological controls ar
Page 23 and 24: Water Chestnut ____________________
Page 25 and 26: Bamboos ___________________________
Page 27 and 28: Maryland and Delaware. It is an imp
Page 29 and 30: Ecological Threat Common reed is a
Page 31 and 32: understood, seeds can be transporte
Page 33 and 34: CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 35 and 36: UAP) from September through October
Page 37 and 38: WAVYLEAF BASKETGRASS ______________
Page 39 and 40: Chris Evans, River to River CWMA Pr
Page 41 and 42: Bill Johnson Distribution and Habit
Page 43 and 44: displace native plants. The thick t
Page 45 and 46: European Stinging Nettle __________
Page 47 and 48: tuberous roots underlies each plant
Page 49 and 50: Prevention and Control Garlic musta
Page 51 and 52: including deep shade, high salinity
Page 53 and 54: Prevention and Control Be on the lo
Page 55 and 56: Spotted Knapweed __________________
Page 57 and 58: CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 59 and 60: FIG BUTTERCUP _____________________
Page 61 and 62: ut an additional application in mid
Page 63 and 64: Amur Honeysuckle __________________
Page 65 and 66: Bill Johnson Ecological Threat It t
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Jil M. Swearingen, NPS Prevention a
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leafs out earlier in the spring and
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• many-seeded berries mature in J
Page 73 and 74:
Privets ___________________________
Page 75 and 76:
Distribution and Habitat Wineberry
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CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 79 and 80:
e dripping off leaves. Use a low pr
Page 81 and 82:
MORROW’S HONEYSUCKLE ____________
Page 83 and 84:
Distribution and Habitat Callery pe
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fruits mature during summer into pa
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uds on stems and roots allows it to
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Prevention and Control Do not plant
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White Mulberry ____________________
Page 93 and 94:
CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 95 and 96:
cut stump) application (e.g., Pathf
Page 97 and 98:
TREE OF HEAVEN ____________________
Page 99 and 100:
Hack-and-squirt or injection. This
Page 101 and 102:
Black Swallow-Wort ________________
Page 103 and 104:
Chinese Wisteria __________________
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Distribution and Habitat It has bee
Page 107 and 108:
English Ivy _______________________
Page 109 and 110:
Japanese Honeysuckle ______________
Page 111 and 112:
Chris Evans, River to River CWMA De
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• • the leaves expand; flowers
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• Spreads: expands locally by veg
Page 117 and 118:
Oriental Bittersweet ______________
Page 119 and 120:
John M. Randall, The Nature Conserv
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Ecological Threat Porcelainberry is
Page 123 and 124:
Winter Creeper ____________________
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Rodeo®, Roundup Pro® Concentrate)
Page 127 and 128:
plastic trash bags and disposed of
Page 129 and 130:
Cultural Japanese hop prefers direc
Page 131 and 132:
Plants to Watch The following plant
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ight, smooth hairless stems 1-2 ft.
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invasive in Rock Creek Park and the
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esprouted. A dense newspaper/mulch
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___________________________________
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___________________________________
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Native Alternatives for Herbaceous
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Native Alternatives for Shrubs and
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Native Alternatives for Shrubs and
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Native Alternatives for Trees Bill
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Glossary alien, exotic, foreign, in
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References Bargeron, C. and J. Swea
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Huebner, C., C. Olson, and H. C. Sm
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Swearingen, J. and T. Remaley. 2010
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Photographic Credits All photograph
Page 161 and 162:
Websites for More Information Eatin
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Maryland Department of Natural Reso
Page 165 and 166:
Index of Invasive Plants by Scienti
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Viburnum dilatatum (linden viburnum
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Notes 167
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C E N T I M E T E R S
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Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas - National Park Service

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