Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas - National Park Service

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GRASSES & SEDGES Bill Johnson (Phyllostachys aurea) • • Spreads: by vegetative means through vigorous rhizomatous growth. Look-alikes: other bamboos, including native giant cane (Arundinaria gigantea) and some tall grasses. Prevention and Control Do not plant exotic bamboos. While manual control of bamboo through cutting and digging out of rhizomes is possible, it is extremely labor intensive and will need to be continued over a long time to ensure eradication. Control with herbicides is more practical and can be very effective (see Control Options). Native Alternatives ______________________________ Within its native range in the eastern U.S., giant reed (Arundinaria gigantea) is a good alternative to consider. Bog Bulrush Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla Cyperaceae (Sedge family) Origin: Africa, Eurasia Background Also called ricemarsh bulrush, ricefield bulrush and rough-seed bulrush, bog bulrush was collected before 1900 in New Brunswick and New Jersey. In recent times it has also been reported from New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee, 24 Ron Wilson
Maryland and Delaware. It is an important ricefield weed in California, where it was first observed in 1942. It was first observed in the Midwest in 1971. Schoenoplectus mucronatus is cultivated for wildlife food in Washington State. Distribution and Habitat Bog bulrush occurs in wet soil and is emergent in fresh water, ponds, and ditches. It has colonized several wetland restoration areas in the mid-Atlantic. Ecological Threat This species invades habitats that have been degraded in some way and is not currently known to invade high quality natural wetlands. Description and Biology • Plant: annual or perennial sedge with fibrous roots. • Leaves: triangular in cross-section, arising from the base of the plant. • Flowers, fruit and seeds: flowers are near the top of the leaf and are brownish, scaly or spiky, carried near the end of a long stem with a distinctive angled bract. • Spreads: seeds are eaten by waterfowl and probably carried between sites on their feet and feathers. • Look-alikes: Schoenoplectus fluviatilis and S. purshianus, both native river bulrushes, and other native Schoenoplectus species (various bulrushes and three-square) lack the combination of hairlike projections from the base of the mature seed that are longer than the seed and the nearly right-angled upper bract. Prevention and Control Mature seeds may be present anytime from June through October, depending on local conditions. If present, clip and bag the seed heads. Power wash any equipment when moving between sites to remove seeds. Manual and chemical methods are available and effective. For light infestations young plants can be hand-pulled, removing the roots as much as possible. For larger infestations of established plants with significant root masses, it is more effective to treat with a systemic herbicide such as glyphosate (see Control Options). 25 GRASSES & SEDGES
Page 1 and 2: Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natu
Page 5 and 6: Preface Contrary to the title, the
Page 7 and 8: Privets (Ligustrum obtusifolium, L.
Page 11 and 12: An infestation of purple loosestrif
Page 13 and 14: grasses, was used as packing materi
Page 15 and 16: a licensed applicator. Application
Page 17 and 18: Alison Fox, UFL Mike Naylor, MD DNR
Page 19 and 20: Prevention and Control Do not buy t
Page 21 and 22: y law. Other biological controls ar
Page 23 and 24: Water Chestnut ____________________
Page 25: Bamboos ___________________________
Page 29 and 30: Ecological Threat Common reed is a
Page 31 and 32: understood, seeds can be transporte
Page 33 and 34: CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 35 and 36: UAP) from September through October
Page 37 and 38: WAVYLEAF BASKETGRASS ______________
Page 39 and 40: Chris Evans, River to River CWMA Pr
Page 41 and 42: Bill Johnson Distribution and Habit
Page 43 and 44: displace native plants. The thick t
Page 45 and 46: European Stinging Nettle __________
Page 47 and 48: tuberous roots underlies each plant
Page 49 and 50: Prevention and Control Garlic musta
Page 51 and 52: including deep shade, high salinity
Page 53 and 54: Prevention and Control Be on the lo
Page 55 and 56: Spotted Knapweed __________________
Page 57 and 58: CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 59 and 60: FIG BUTTERCUP _____________________
Page 61 and 62: ut an additional application in mid
Page 63 and 64: Amur Honeysuckle __________________
Page 65 and 66: Bill Johnson Ecological Threat It t
Page 67 and 68: Jil M. Swearingen, NPS Prevention a
Page 69 and 70: leafs out earlier in the spring and
Page 71 and 72: • many-seeded berries mature in J
Page 73 and 74: Privets ___________________________
Page 75 and 76: Distribution and Habitat Wineberry
Page 77 and 78:
CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 79 and 80:
e dripping off leaves. Use a low pr
Page 81 and 82:
MORROW’S HONEYSUCKLE ____________
Page 83 and 84:
Distribution and Habitat Callery pe
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fruits mature during summer into pa
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uds on stems and roots allows it to
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Prevention and Control Do not plant
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White Mulberry ____________________
Page 93 and 94:
CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
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cut stump) application (e.g., Pathf
Page 97 and 98:
TREE OF HEAVEN ____________________
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Hack-and-squirt or injection. This
Page 101 and 102:
Black Swallow-Wort ________________
Page 103 and 104:
Chinese Wisteria __________________
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Distribution and Habitat It has bee
Page 107 and 108:
English Ivy _______________________
Page 109 and 110:
Japanese Honeysuckle ______________
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Chris Evans, River to River CWMA De
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• • the leaves expand; flowers
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• Spreads: expands locally by veg
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Oriental Bittersweet ______________
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John M. Randall, The Nature Conserv
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Ecological Threat Porcelainberry is
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Winter Creeper ____________________
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Rodeo®, Roundup Pro® Concentrate)
Page 127 and 128:
plastic trash bags and disposed of
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Cultural Japanese hop prefers direc
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Plants to Watch The following plant
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ight, smooth hairless stems 1-2 ft.
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invasive in Rock Creek Park and the
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esprouted. A dense newspaper/mulch
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___________________________________
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___________________________________
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Native Alternatives for Herbaceous
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Native Alternatives for Shrubs and
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Native Alternatives for Shrubs and
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Native Alternatives for Trees Bill
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Glossary alien, exotic, foreign, in
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References Bargeron, C. and J. Swea
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Huebner, C., C. Olson, and H. C. Sm
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Swearingen, J. and T. Remaley. 2010
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Photographic Credits All photograph
Page 161 and 162:
Websites for More Information Eatin
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Maryland Department of Natural Reso
Page 165 and 166:
Index of Invasive Plants by Scienti
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Viburnum dilatatum (linden viburnum
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Notes 167
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C E N T I M E T E R S
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Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas - National Park Service

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