Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas - National Park Service

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Acknowledgements Graphic Design and Layout Olivia Kwong, Plant Conservation Alliance & Center for Plant Conservation, Washington, DC Laurie Hewitt, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office, Annapolis, MD Acknowledgements Funding provided by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation with matching contributions by: Chesapeake Bay Foundation Chesapeake Bay Trust City of Bowie, Maryland Maryland Department of Natural Resources Mid-Atlantic Invasive Plant Council National Capital Area Garden Clubs Plant Conservation Alliance The Nature Conservancy, Maryland–DC Chapter Worcester County, Maryland, Department of Comprehensive Planning Additional Fact Sheet Contributors Laurie Anne Albrecht (jetbead) Peter Bergstrom (European watermilfoil) Kathy Bilton (nodding star-of-Bethlehem) Meghan Fellows (yellow archangel) Richard Hammerschlag & Brent Steury (marsh dewflower) Kerrie Kyde (wavyleaf basketgrass) Roy Miller (hydrilla) Michael Naylor (water chestnut) Kathryn Reshetiloff (Japanese honeysuckle, white mulberry, sawtooth oak, common periwinkle) Rod Simmons (broadleaf helleborine) Julie Slacum (privets) Edith Thompson (butterflybush, Japanese silver grass, daylily) Mary Travaglini (linden viburnum) Alan Whittemore (Callery pear) Reviewers Philip Pannill (control options), Selma Sawaya (general proof-reading), John Peter Thompson (various), Joe DiTomaso (ravenna-grass) Cover Image Common periwinkle (Vinca minor) by Bill Johnson 2
Preface Contrary to the title, the focus of Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas is native biodiversity. Invasive species and habitat destruction, intensified by global climate change, are running neck-toneck as the leading causes of environmental despoliation and loss of biological diversity worldwide. The ever-expanding human population and associated demand on limited natural resources are driving this worldwide problem. International trade provides a means to satisfy the great demand for exotic things but has resulted in the introduction of plants, insects and pathogens that are harmful to our environment and human health. Preserving remaining intact natural habitats, reestablishing native plants, managing overabundant whitetailed deer populations and restoring natural hydrologic and other conditions are some steps we can take to mend degraded lands. This fourth edition has been updated, expanded and reorganized to provide more information in a more efficient manner. The book now includes information on 80 species (up from 60 previously) and expanded control guidance. A new section called “Plants to Watch” has been added which includes a number of species that may not be widespread but are increasingly catching the attention of ecologists, land managers and others as being invasive in natural habitats. Native plant alternatives have been consolidated in a separate section. For the purposes of this manual, the mid-Atlantic region includes the District of Columbia and the states of Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia. About 280 exotic plant species have been identified by experts as being invasive in natural areas in this region. A complete list is available from the Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States (see References). As of this printing, the Invasive Plant Atlas shows 1,173 plants having been reported to be invasive in natural areas in the U.S. This guide should be used as an introduction to invasive plants and the impacts they are having on natural habitats and ecosystems. Plants not included here should not be assumed to be non-harmful. This book is dedicated to Gail Sharabi who inspired my first Weed Buster event at Brookside Gardens in Wheaton, Maryland on Columbus Day in 1993. 3
Page 1 and 2: Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natu
Page 3: Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natu
Page 7 and 8: Privets (Ligustrum obtusifolium, L.
Page 9 and 10: Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natu
Page 11 and 12: An infestation of purple loosestrif
Page 13 and 14: grasses, was used as packing materi
Page 15 and 16: a licensed applicator. Application
Page 17 and 18: Alison Fox, UFL Mike Naylor, MD DNR
Page 19 and 20: Prevention and Control Do not buy t
Page 21 and 22: y law. Other biological controls ar
Page 23 and 24: Water Chestnut ____________________
Page 25 and 26: Bamboos ___________________________
Page 27 and 28: Maryland and Delaware. It is an imp
Page 29 and 30: Ecological Threat Common reed is a
Page 31 and 32: understood, seeds can be transporte
Page 33 and 34: CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 35 and 36: UAP) from September through October
Page 37 and 38: WAVYLEAF BASKETGRASS ______________
Page 39 and 40: Chris Evans, River to River CWMA Pr
Page 41 and 42: Bill Johnson Distribution and Habit
Page 43 and 44: displace native plants. The thick t
Page 45 and 46: European Stinging Nettle __________
Page 47 and 48: tuberous roots underlies each plant
Page 49 and 50: Prevention and Control Garlic musta
Page 51 and 52: including deep shade, high salinity
Page 53 and 54: Prevention and Control Be on the lo
Page 55 and 56:
Spotted Knapweed __________________
Page 57 and 58:
CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 59 and 60:
FIG BUTTERCUP _____________________
Page 61 and 62:
ut an additional application in mid
Page 63 and 64:
Amur Honeysuckle __________________
Page 65 and 66:
Bill Johnson Ecological Threat It t
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Jil M. Swearingen, NPS Prevention a
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leafs out earlier in the spring and
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• many-seeded berries mature in J
Page 73 and 74:
Privets ___________________________
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Distribution and Habitat Wineberry
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Page 79 and 80:
e dripping off leaves. Use a low pr
Page 81 and 82:
MORROW’S HONEYSUCKLE ____________
Page 83 and 84:
Distribution and Habitat Callery pe
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fruits mature during summer into pa
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uds on stems and roots allows it to
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Prevention and Control Do not plant
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White Mulberry ____________________
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
cut stump) application (e.g., Pathf
Page 97 and 98:
TREE OF HEAVEN ____________________
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Hack-and-squirt or injection. This
Page 101 and 102:
Black Swallow-Wort ________________
Page 103 and 104:
Chinese Wisteria __________________
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Distribution and Habitat It has bee
Page 107 and 108:
English Ivy _______________________
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Japanese Honeysuckle ______________
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Chris Evans, River to River CWMA De
Page 113 and 114:
• • the leaves expand; flowers
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• Spreads: expands locally by veg
Page 117 and 118:
Oriental Bittersweet ______________
Page 119 and 120:
John M. Randall, The Nature Conserv
Page 121 and 122:
Ecological Threat Porcelainberry is
Page 123 and 124:
Winter Creeper ____________________
Page 125 and 126:
Rodeo®, Roundup Pro® Concentrate)
Page 127 and 128:
plastic trash bags and disposed of
Page 129 and 130:
Cultural Japanese hop prefers direc
Page 131 and 132:
Plants to Watch The following plant
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ight, smooth hairless stems 1-2 ft.
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invasive in Rock Creek Park and the
Page 137 and 138:
esprouted. A dense newspaper/mulch
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___________________________________
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___________________________________
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Native Alternatives for Herbaceous
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Native Alternatives for Shrubs and
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Native Alternatives for Shrubs and
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Native Alternatives for Trees Bill
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Glossary alien, exotic, foreign, in
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References Bargeron, C. and J. Swea
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Huebner, C., C. Olson, and H. C. Sm
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Swearingen, J. and T. Remaley. 2010
Page 159 and 160:
Photographic Credits All photograph
Page 161 and 162:
Websites for More Information Eatin
Page 163 and 164:
Maryland Department of Natural Reso
Page 165 and 166:
Index of Invasive Plants by Scienti
Page 167 and 168:
Viburnum dilatatum (linden viburnum
Page 169 and 170:
Notes 167
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C E N T I M E T E R S
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Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas - National Park Service

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