Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas - National Park Service

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Shrubs and Subshrubs Castor Aralia (Kalopanax septemlobus) ........................................... 135 Jetbead (Rhodotypos scandens) .......................................................... 135 Leatherleaf Mahonia (Mahonia bealei) ....................................... 136 Orange-Eye Butterfly Bush (Buddleja davidii) ............................... 136 Trees Amur Corktree (Phellodendron amurense) ..................................... 137 Japanese Angelica Tree (Aralia elata) .............................................. 137 Sawthooth Oak (Quercus acutissima) ............................................... 138 Vines Chinese Yam (Dioscorea polystachya) ............................................... 139 Native Alternatives Herbaceous Forbs ..................................................................................... 141 Shrubs and Subshrubs .............................................................................. 143 Trees ............................................................................................................ 146 Vines ............................................................................................................ 148 Glossary .......................................................................................................... 149 References ..................................................................................................... 151 Photographic Credits .................................................................................... 157 Websites for More Information ................................................................... 159 Index of Invasive Plants by Scientific Name ............................................ 163 6
Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas Introduction What is biodiversity and why is it important to us? All living things have evolved to live in various places on the Earth as a result of millions of years of responses to atmospheric, geologic, hydrologic, climatic and other conditions and biological interactions with other species. These forces have shaped the natural ecosystems and habitats present today and the plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and other organisms associated with them. The United States has an incredible array of wild natural areas including coniferous and deciduous forests, swamps, bogs, marshes, rivers, streams, lakes, prairies, barrens, deserts and montane habitats comprised of diverse groups of native species adapted to particular habitats and conditions. These species comprise our native biodiversity. Many of our parks, nature preserves and wildlife refuges provide some of the best examples of these living communities and species assemblages. Healthy ecosystems are essential for maintaining native wildlife populations and the native plants that provide the food and shelter they require. As global travel and trade have expanded humans have been moving species to new areas, introducing them to places they would not likely have been able to reach by means of wind, water or wildlife. Some exotic species have escaped from plantings and are able to reproduce on their own in the wild and some of these naturalized species have become weedy or ‘invasive.’ As these species establish and spread they are replacing native plants and altering natural habitats, often with disastrous consequences for the plants and animals dependent on them. Habitats are being damaged, degraded and sometimes completely destroyed as a result of invasion by exotic species. Maintaining healthy ecosystems is also vital for human survival and quality of life. Healthy ecosystems help provide clean air and water and reduce loss of vital soil resources to erosion. Wild areas are also great places for humans to enjoy, relax and recreate. For many, spending time in nature provides inspiration, spiritual enrichment, and opportunities for personal development. Restoration of invaded ecosystems offers some hope for the future but will require a large and long-term commitment of resources, labor and determination. Patches of disturbed land including small woodlots, landscaped areas and backyards can sustain native wildlife, if managed, designed and maintained properly. Management and reduction of white-tailed deer populations in areas where they are overabundant is critical to the success of restoration efforts and long term conservation of our natural areas and biodiversity. 7
Page 1 and 2: Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natu
Page 3 and 4: Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natu
Page 5 and 6: Preface Contrary to the title, the
Page 7: Privets (Ligustrum obtusifolium, L.
Page 11 and 12: An infestation of purple loosestrif
Page 13 and 14: grasses, was used as packing materi
Page 15 and 16: a licensed applicator. Application
Page 17 and 18: Alison Fox, UFL Mike Naylor, MD DNR
Page 19 and 20: Prevention and Control Do not buy t
Page 21 and 22: y law. Other biological controls ar
Page 23 and 24: Water Chestnut ____________________
Page 25 and 26: Bamboos ___________________________
Page 27 and 28: Maryland and Delaware. It is an imp
Page 29 and 30: Ecological Threat Common reed is a
Page 31 and 32: understood, seeds can be transporte
Page 33 and 34: CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 35 and 36: UAP) from September through October
Page 37 and 38: WAVYLEAF BASKETGRASS ______________
Page 39 and 40: Chris Evans, River to River CWMA Pr
Page 41 and 42: Bill Johnson Distribution and Habit
Page 43 and 44: displace native plants. The thick t
Page 45 and 46: European Stinging Nettle __________
Page 47 and 48: tuberous roots underlies each plant
Page 49 and 50: Prevention and Control Garlic musta
Page 51 and 52: including deep shade, high salinity
Page 53 and 54: Prevention and Control Be on the lo
Page 55 and 56: Spotted Knapweed __________________
Page 57 and 58: CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 59 and 60:
FIG BUTTERCUP _____________________
Page 61 and 62:
ut an additional application in mid
Page 63 and 64:
Amur Honeysuckle __________________
Page 65 and 66:
Bill Johnson Ecological Threat It t
Page 67 and 68:
Jil M. Swearingen, NPS Prevention a
Page 69 and 70:
leafs out earlier in the spring and
Page 71 and 72:
• many-seeded berries mature in J
Page 73 and 74:
Privets ___________________________
Page 75 and 76:
Distribution and Habitat Wineberry
Page 77 and 78:
CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 79 and 80:
e dripping off leaves. Use a low pr
Page 81 and 82:
MORROW’S HONEYSUCKLE ____________
Page 83 and 84:
Distribution and Habitat Callery pe
Page 85 and 86:
fruits mature during summer into pa
Page 87 and 88:
uds on stems and roots allows it to
Page 89 and 90:
Prevention and Control Do not plant
Page 91 and 92:
White Mulberry ____________________
Page 93 and 94:
CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 95 and 96:
cut stump) application (e.g., Pathf
Page 97 and 98:
TREE OF HEAVEN ____________________
Page 99 and 100:
Hack-and-squirt or injection. This
Page 101 and 102:
Black Swallow-Wort ________________
Page 103 and 104:
Chinese Wisteria __________________
Page 105 and 106:
Distribution and Habitat It has bee
Page 107 and 108:
English Ivy _______________________
Page 109 and 110:
Japanese Honeysuckle ______________
Page 111 and 112:
Chris Evans, River to River CWMA De
Page 113 and 114:
• • the leaves expand; flowers
Page 115 and 116:
• Spreads: expands locally by veg
Page 117 and 118:
Oriental Bittersweet ______________
Page 119 and 120:
John M. Randall, The Nature Conserv
Page 121 and 122:
Ecological Threat Porcelainberry is
Page 123 and 124:
Winter Creeper ____________________
Page 125 and 126:
Rodeo®, Roundup Pro® Concentrate)
Page 127 and 128:
plastic trash bags and disposed of
Page 129 and 130:
Cultural Japanese hop prefers direc
Page 131 and 132:
Plants to Watch The following plant
Page 133 and 134:
ight, smooth hairless stems 1-2 ft.
Page 135 and 136:
invasive in Rock Creek Park and the
Page 137 and 138:
esprouted. A dense newspaper/mulch
Page 139 and 140:
___________________________________
Page 141 and 142:
___________________________________
Page 143 and 144:
Native Alternatives for Herbaceous
Page 145 and 146:
Native Alternatives for Shrubs and
Page 147 and 148:
Native Alternatives for Shrubs and
Page 149 and 150:
Native Alternatives for Trees Bill
Page 151 and 152:
Glossary alien, exotic, foreign, in
Page 153 and 154:
References Bargeron, C. and J. Swea
Page 155 and 156:
Huebner, C., C. Olson, and H. C. Sm
Page 157 and 158:
Swearingen, J. and T. Remaley. 2010
Page 159 and 160:
Photographic Credits All photograph
Page 161 and 162:
Websites for More Information Eatin
Page 163 and 164:
Maryland Department of Natural Reso
Page 165 and 166:
Index of Invasive Plants by Scienti
Page 167 and 168:
Viburnum dilatatum (linden viburnum
Page 169 and 170:
Notes 167
Page 171 and 172:
C E N T I M E T E R S
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Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas - National Park Service

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