Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas - National Park Service

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GRASSES & SEDGES (Fairfax, Fauquier, Loudon, Madison, and Rockingham). It is highly shade-adapted and is found in forested areas from the margins to interior. Ecological Threat Wavyleaf grows low to the ground and spreads across the forest floor displacing native plant species completely or nearly so. It often occurs with Japanese stiltgrass. An urgent effort is underway to eradicate this fast-spreading invasive that has the potential to become much more widespread. Description and Biology • Plant: low-growing, shallow-rooted perennial grass; produces long stolons; branches and roots at the lower stem nodes. • Leaves: flat, about ½ in. wide by 1½-4 in. long; deep green with undulating ripples across the leaf surface; leaf sheath and stem are noticeably hairy, with short hairs. • Flowers, fruits and seeds: flowers are in spikelets that alternate along the flowering stalk; spikelets have glumes (lower bracts) with very long awns (extended pointed tips) that are sticky; late September into October. • Spreads: by seed; sticky substance produced by the awns facilitates adherence to animal fur, human clothing and shoes, tires and other objects. • Look-alikes: two native subspecies of basketgrass ( Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. fasciculatus and O. h. ssp. setarius) occur in southern and southeastern U.S. but are not known to occur in the mid-Atlantic region. O. h. ssp. setarius, its closest relative, setarius, has only a few hairs, if any. Native deer-tongue panicgrass (Dicanthelium clandestinum) and small carpetgrass (Arthraxon hispidus) resemble wavyleaf but grow in upright clumps and their leaves are not rippled. Prevention and Control Do not purchase or plant this or any basketgrass in the mid-Atlantic states. Stay out of infested areas from August through November to prevent seed dispersal. If you work in an infested area, be thorough in removing all seeds from shoes, clothing and equipment prior to leaving (see Control Options). Native Alternatives Deer-tongue grass (Dichanthelium clandestinum), bottlebrush grass (Elymus hystrix) and many other native grasses are available. 30
CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FOR GRASSES AND GRASSLIKE PLANTS A variety of methods are available for control of grasses, depending on the extent of the infestation, the type of habitat, and the availability of labor and other resources. Preventing the introduction of invasive grasses from infested to non-infested areas should always be a priority. Early control of new infestations will also reduce the likelihood of establishment and expansion. When deciding between physical and chemical methods, keep in mind that manual removal of plants can result in disturbance to the soil which can further encourage the invasive species and open the site up to new introductions. Using an herbicide leaves the plants and soil in place, thus minimizing that likelihood. The use of grass-specific herbicides will reduce impacts to non-target broadleaf plants. Use pesticides wisely: always read the entire pesticide label carefully, follow all mixing and application instructions and wear all recommended personal protective gear and clothing. Contact your state department of agriculture for any additional pesticide use requirements, restrictions or recommendations. Notice: mention of a trade name does not constitute the endorsement of the product by authors, agencies or organizations involved in the production of this publication. BAMBOOS _________________________________________________ Biological Biological control is not available for these species. Chemical The following method is effective for control of most exotic invasive bamboos such as common bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), golden bamboo (Phyllostachys aurea), arrow bamboo (Pseudosasa japonica) and others. It was developed by Dr. Francis Gouin, formerly the University of Maryland Agronomist and is presented here with slight modification. Cut the bamboo down to the ground in spring (e.g., June). Depending on the type of bamboo you are working with, you will need a chain saw, weed whip or weed whacker, Swedish brush axe, pruning snips or other tool that will cut through the bamboo stems. Hand-held pruning snips work fine for the thinner stemmed running bamboos (Psuedosasa), but it is more labor intensive and time consuming. Cut down as low as is comfortable and leave alone for the summer, allowing it to regrow. In October or early November, on a sunny, non-breezy day, spray the leaves of regrown plants with a 2% rate 31 GRASSES & SEDGES
Page 1 and 2: Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natu
Page 5 and 6: Preface Contrary to the title, the
Page 7 and 8: Privets (Ligustrum obtusifolium, L.
Page 11 and 12: An infestation of purple loosestrif
Page 13 and 14: grasses, was used as packing materi
Page 15 and 16: a licensed applicator. Application
Page 17 and 18: Alison Fox, UFL Mike Naylor, MD DNR
Page 19 and 20: Prevention and Control Do not buy t
Page 21 and 22: y law. Other biological controls ar
Page 23 and 24: Water Chestnut ____________________
Page 25 and 26: Bamboos ___________________________
Page 27 and 28: Maryland and Delaware. It is an imp
Page 29 and 30: Ecological Threat Common reed is a
Page 31: understood, seeds can be transporte
Page 35 and 36: UAP) from September through October
Page 37 and 38: WAVYLEAF BASKETGRASS ______________
Page 39 and 40: Chris Evans, River to River CWMA Pr
Page 41 and 42: Bill Johnson Distribution and Habit
Page 43 and 44: displace native plants. The thick t
Page 45 and 46: European Stinging Nettle __________
Page 47 and 48: tuberous roots underlies each plant
Page 49 and 50: Prevention and Control Garlic musta
Page 51 and 52: including deep shade, high salinity
Page 53 and 54: Prevention and Control Be on the lo
Page 55 and 56: Spotted Knapweed __________________
Page 57 and 58: CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 59 and 60: FIG BUTTERCUP _____________________
Page 61 and 62: ut an additional application in mid
Page 63 and 64: Amur Honeysuckle __________________
Page 65 and 66: Bill Johnson Ecological Threat It t
Page 67 and 68: Jil M. Swearingen, NPS Prevention a
Page 69 and 70: leafs out earlier in the spring and
Page 71 and 72: • many-seeded berries mature in J
Page 73 and 74: Privets ___________________________
Page 75 and 76: Distribution and Habitat Wineberry
Page 77 and 78: CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 79 and 80: e dripping off leaves. Use a low pr
Page 81 and 82: MORROW’S HONEYSUCKLE ____________
Page 83 and 84:
Distribution and Habitat Callery pe
Page 85 and 86:
fruits mature during summer into pa
Page 87 and 88:
uds on stems and roots allows it to
Page 89 and 90:
Prevention and Control Do not plant
Page 91 and 92:
White Mulberry ____________________
Page 93 and 94:
CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 95 and 96:
cut stump) application (e.g., Pathf
Page 97 and 98:
TREE OF HEAVEN ____________________
Page 99 and 100:
Hack-and-squirt or injection. This
Page 101 and 102:
Black Swallow-Wort ________________
Page 103 and 104:
Chinese Wisteria __________________
Page 105 and 106:
Distribution and Habitat It has bee
Page 107 and 108:
English Ivy _______________________
Page 109 and 110:
Japanese Honeysuckle ______________
Page 111 and 112:
Chris Evans, River to River CWMA De
Page 113 and 114:
• • the leaves expand; flowers
Page 115 and 116:
• Spreads: expands locally by veg
Page 117 and 118:
Oriental Bittersweet ______________
Page 119 and 120:
John M. Randall, The Nature Conserv
Page 121 and 122:
Ecological Threat Porcelainberry is
Page 123 and 124:
Winter Creeper ____________________
Page 125 and 126:
Rodeo®, Roundup Pro® Concentrate)
Page 127 and 128:
plastic trash bags and disposed of
Page 129 and 130:
Cultural Japanese hop prefers direc
Page 131 and 132:
Plants to Watch The following plant
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ight, smooth hairless stems 1-2 ft.
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invasive in Rock Creek Park and the
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esprouted. A dense newspaper/mulch
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___________________________________
Page 141 and 142:
___________________________________
Page 143 and 144:
Native Alternatives for Herbaceous
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Native Alternatives for Shrubs and
Page 147 and 148:
Native Alternatives for Shrubs and
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Native Alternatives for Trees Bill
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Glossary alien, exotic, foreign, in
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References Bargeron, C. and J. Swea
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Huebner, C., C. Olson, and H. C. Sm
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Swearingen, J. and T. Remaley. 2010
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Photographic Credits All photograph
Page 161 and 162:
Websites for More Information Eatin
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Maryland Department of Natural Reso
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Index of Invasive Plants by Scienti
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Viburnum dilatatum (linden viburnum
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Notes 167
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C E N T I M E T E R S
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Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas - National Park Service

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