Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas - National Park Service

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HERBACEOUS FORBS Bill Johnson Distribution and Habitat Habitats invaded include open woodlands, prairies, roadsides, ditches, and other disturbed areas. Ecological Threat Dame’s rocket displaces native plant species. Description and Biology • Plant: herbaceous, biennial forb up to 4 ft. in height. • Leaves: alternate, hairy, broadly lanceolate with toothed margins, sessile or nearly so, 2-6 in. long. • Flowers, fruits and seeds: flowers showy, fragrant, white to purple or pink with 4 petals in a cross; late spring; fruits slender, cylindrical and arch upwards. • Spreads: by seed. • Look-alikes: might be confused with wild blue phlox ( Phlox divaricata), fall phlox (Phlox paniculata) and non-native annual honesty (Lunaria annua). Prevention and Control Do not purchase or plant this species. Individual plants can be pulled by hand if soil is moist or dug up using a spade or shovel to loosen the soil and remove the entire root system. Re-sprouting may occur if entire root system is not removed. Systemic herbicides can be used to kill the entire plant including the roots (see Control Options). Native Alternatives Ox-eye sunflower (Heliopsis helianthoides), Canada lily (Lilium canadense), wood lily (Lilium philadelphicum), Turk’s cap lily (Lilium superbum), and three-lobed coneflower (Rudbeckia triloba) are just a few showy native perennials that would make good substitutes for dame’s rocket. 42
European Stinging Nettle ____________________ Urtica dioica L. Nettle Family (Urticaceae) Origin: Europe Distribution and Habitat Also called great nettle, European stinging nettle occurs in Coastal Plain, Piedmont and Mountain provinces in the mid- Atlantic and Southeast, from Delaware to Florida. It inhabits damp, rich, disturbed areas, primarily in calcareous soils, in floodplains and moist open forests, and can tolerate dry soils and some shade. Ecological Threat This plant can become well established in floodplain areas and push out native plants, impacting spring ephemeral species as well as those that emerge later in spring and through the summer. Bill Johnson Description and Biology • Plant: erect, rhizomatous, dioecious (male and female flowers occur on separate plants) perennial; unbranched; can grow to 6 ft. in height; covered with minute needle-like stinging hairs that can cause a painful burning sensation lasting many hours. • Leaves: opposite, 2-6 in. long with leaf bases broadly ovate to cordate (heart-shaped) and leaf margins serrate; stipules (outgrowths on either side of leaf stalk) are 5-15 mm long. • Flowers, fruits and seeds: flowers are branched, many-flowered, and emerge from below the petioles which they exceed in length; flowers occur May-July; fruits occur July-September. • Spreads: by seed. • Look-alikes: may be confused with other members of the nettle family including American stinging nettle (U. gracilis), which is usually monoecious, stouter and more sparsely hairy; wood nettle (Laportea canadensis) which is alternate leaved; false-nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica) and clearweed (Pilea) which lack stinging hairs. 43 HERBACEOUS FORBS
Page 1 and 2: Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natu
Page 5 and 6: Preface Contrary to the title, the
Page 7 and 8: Privets (Ligustrum obtusifolium, L.
Page 11 and 12: An infestation of purple loosestrif
Page 13 and 14: grasses, was used as packing materi
Page 15 and 16: a licensed applicator. Application
Page 17 and 18: Alison Fox, UFL Mike Naylor, MD DNR
Page 19 and 20: Prevention and Control Do not buy t
Page 21 and 22: y law. Other biological controls ar
Page 23 and 24: Water Chestnut ____________________
Page 25 and 26: Bamboos ___________________________
Page 27 and 28: Maryland and Delaware. It is an imp
Page 29 and 30: Ecological Threat Common reed is a
Page 31 and 32: understood, seeds can be transporte
Page 33 and 34: CONTROL OPTIONS GENERAL GUIDANCE FO
Page 35 and 36: UAP) from September through October
Page 37 and 38: WAVYLEAF BASKETGRASS ______________
Page 39 and 40: Chris Evans, River to River CWMA Pr
Page 41 and 42: Bill Johnson Distribution and Habit
Page 43: displace native plants. The thick t
Page 47 and 48: tuberous roots underlies each plant
Page 49 and 50: Prevention and Control Garlic musta
Page 51 and 52: including deep shade, high salinity
Page 53 and 54: Prevention and Control Be on the lo
Page 55 and 56: Spotted Knapweed __________________
Page 59 and 60: FIG BUTTERCUP _____________________
Page 61 and 62: ut an additional application in mid
Page 63 and 64: Amur Honeysuckle __________________
Page 65 and 66: Bill Johnson Ecological Threat It t
Page 67 and 68: Jil M. Swearingen, NPS Prevention a
Page 69 and 70: leafs out earlier in the spring and
Page 71 and 72: • many-seeded berries mature in J
Page 73 and 74: Privets ___________________________
Page 75 and 76: Distribution and Habitat Wineberry
Page 79 and 80: e dripping off leaves. Use a low pr
Page 81 and 82: MORROW’S HONEYSUCKLE ____________
Page 83 and 84: Distribution and Habitat Callery pe
Page 85 and 86: fruits mature during summer into pa
Page 87 and 88: uds on stems and roots allows it to
Page 89 and 90: Prevention and Control Do not plant
Page 91 and 92: White Mulberry ____________________
Page 95 and 96:
cut stump) application (e.g., Pathf
Page 97 and 98:
TREE OF HEAVEN ____________________
Page 99 and 100:
Hack-and-squirt or injection. This
Page 101 and 102:
Black Swallow-Wort ________________
Page 103 and 104:
Chinese Wisteria __________________
Page 105 and 106:
Distribution and Habitat It has bee
Page 107 and 108:
English Ivy _______________________
Page 109 and 110:
Japanese Honeysuckle ______________
Page 111 and 112:
Chris Evans, River to River CWMA De
Page 113 and 114:
• • the leaves expand; flowers
Page 115 and 116:
• Spreads: expands locally by veg
Page 117 and 118:
Oriental Bittersweet ______________
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John M. Randall, The Nature Conserv
Page 121 and 122:
Ecological Threat Porcelainberry is
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Winter Creeper ____________________
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Rodeo®, Roundup Pro® Concentrate)
Page 127 and 128:
plastic trash bags and disposed of
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Cultural Japanese hop prefers direc
Page 131 and 132:
Plants to Watch The following plant
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ight, smooth hairless stems 1-2 ft.
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invasive in Rock Creek Park and the
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esprouted. A dense newspaper/mulch
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___________________________________
Page 141 and 142:
___________________________________
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Native Alternatives for Herbaceous
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Native Alternatives for Shrubs and
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Native Alternatives for Shrubs and
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Native Alternatives for Trees Bill
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Glossary alien, exotic, foreign, in
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References Bargeron, C. and J. Swea
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Huebner, C., C. Olson, and H. C. Sm
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Swearingen, J. and T. Remaley. 2010
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Photographic Credits All photograph
Page 161 and 162:
Websites for More Information Eatin
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Maryland Department of Natural Reso
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Index of Invasive Plants by Scienti
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Viburnum dilatatum (linden viburnum
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Notes 167
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C E N T I M E T E R S
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Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas - National Park Service

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