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Unlvcrsitg of Slndh - Paklstan Facultg of Social Scicnc€s D€partm€nt of lnt€rnatlonal R€lations .RE-UFIIFICATIOII OF YEFIEIT tN A CIIANGING INTERNATIONAL ORDER' ..1 '$l F} ff.< r&i. 2{ ?l4b S.faed 6t: . r'{"h-'/ -4..d 9"a Candidate fo. the Atnrd of the Degtee tt Dooor..? of Philor."rh.t tl'aa 4. qahaa 4 Mn. (lelid Shrlrtd Allrrd A!\ociar. P?ote\\or. 200t \: 6;
RE_UNIFICATION OF YEMEN IN A CHANGING INTERNATIONAL ORDER AY: I'totIAMMED |t,r. A. QAIS -THESIS _A SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPT. OF INTERNATIONAL RELATTONS FAGULTY OF SOGTAL SCIENCES UNtvERSITY OF SINDH, JAMSHOno DATEI November 2OOl
Page 1: I 2 6 1* clo 7/a.*c 4 RllRH T[1e wo
Page 5 and 6: CERTIFICATE Ce'lilied thflt Mr. Moh
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS OF THE STUDY CHA-PTERS Prs
Page 9 and 10: ABSTRACT An absrract of the th€si
Page 11 and 12: importancc in g,obsl politics. Oil
Page 13 and 14: Thc unily would lcail lo nrogrcss o
Page 15 and 16: SOURCES OF DATA 'llE surces ussl ar
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER# I (I) BREIF HISTORY OF YEM
Page 19 and 20: &Br. rlE qpFr ot Y.En lou(k by ssh
Page 21 and 22: 3 - The Shrfii. shrli s sclel of l.
Page 23 and 24: sie .boul I2o0 BC, f.r fon lci o.Mr
Page 25 and 26: Subsequs ly, lh. uitt ol e{rh A6!ie
Page 27 and 28: Tll€€ftd, Ethiopi.n mm.i&. in Y
Page 29 and 30: TIE long rc h.r*6 Pccir.nd Br/ntim
Page 31 and 32: Y.ndis tho h.lp.d in $e proBB or tk
Page 33 and 34: Ycmcn under lhc Um.yyrd! Crllpt.te
Page 35 and 36: Shiile fndr.a€4 *bls poliindly' .
Page 37 and 38: 3- FATIMID STATE wli6 PmdEl Mulen'n
Page 39 and 40: Y.rn q holrtq, ccocld mcd|.l dunig
Page 41 and 42: lsffi. Ayyllbi& @dd rc. dviocly cx0
Page 43 and 44: lift besr l* i{bj6Ld to & dronr by
Page 45 and 46: gft .t sitirc posilioB. Ihcy fEqanl
Page 47 and 48: A dbclliof, by thc Rdulid!" Mimdukd
Page 49 and 50: Tte rnm's Fliridl vi.id trilcd io f
Page 51 and 52: Th@ns, lhc .ristcnlic chts ot Zridi
Page 53 and 54:
(II) Strategic Importance of the Re
Page 55 and 56:
In con!.qEffc of lh.t Yemn s stmlcg
Page 57 and 58:
Th. |lwludon of No.lh YoM .txolog.d
Page 59 and 60:
Th. ltEt.eic impoir.nce of the sl6i
Page 61 and 62:
on th. Economic side TIE @llict b.l
Page 63 and 64:
Fmm poiil of via, Yaffit's ldrito k
Page 65 and 66:
R.tatiG b.rrecn tnbd \*ta EgultLd h
Page 67 and 68:
llib{l sdnb.R comider ih.'ns.l6 lo
Page 69 and 70:
Mc.nstlile. lh. EllliorEhip bet@n Y
Page 71 and 72:
I LPfitio K Hi4 rt t{.d tutbHt&tv '
Page 73 and 74:
Firsa Period ofTurlish Rrle At ih.
Page 75 and 76:
At l€ngh ! tnr. ms c.rEluded lEr*
Page 77 and 78:
Hc l@.d rh.r hll of Ydeni Egim rl s
Page 79 and 80:
Ttey iitr.ddql tddinicEliw clms, *t
Page 81 and 82:
Ym.n's situlron ms Nt vlll sircc lh
Page 83 and 84:
tu s! s la &ot otlcc h. an@fttd thl
Page 85 and 86:
ln 1610 Brnish llet sid.rql rlEi. e
Page 87 and 88:
The erat inFo@cnt in lh. Echtulo&/
Page 89 and 90:
EeyFian pc.n ! in rhe Po.t ot Mulh!
Page 91 and 92:
In tlE sdrd 6t p the sithh dhiiistn
Page 93 and 94:
British-Turkish conflict in Yemen (
Page 95 and 96:
-T l-Rooct W. Sboky, lc|'.ln; ns Po
Page 97 and 98:
fd ln. &ftns .(l t@igt lFli.y of.ll
Page 99 and 100:
accomFlish tlE. sorl c ioFr3ibtc, t
Page 101 and 102:
The connict s@n st8n d bcrwcn lm.d
Page 103 and 104:
Ir cdu.qEnce, he Gltblish hie own n
Page 105 and 106:
By the ?ridi tradilioq lny Sayyid w
Page 107 and 108:
- Coastal sfiip, and Plain of Tihsm
Page 109 and 110:
Foreign Relations of Yemen after th
Page 111 and 112:
In 1922. Biuin 6ti!.d thn Yemn's in
Page 113 and 114:
in Mccc., di:h helpod {E S.ldis io
Page 115 and 116:
TIE imu!€ of ltllie inntrc in Ant
Page 117 and 118:
Soviel Union hsd 6!8nbed tlE Yd.ti
Page 119 and 120:
Brid$ rri.d follca i.* thd A
Page 121 and 122:
Subs.qG'nly, arilish int lgtion irc
Page 123 and 124:
Yemen after World War II Yemeni Att
Page 125 and 126:
Imam Yahya's Policies after 2nd Wor
Page 127 and 128:
Dc.titc his .ftqL to inclas his @nt
Page 129 and 130:
Pcopi. or Ycnd didn l .p?Rft d€ a
Page 131 and 132:
y th. uivcGiry Eputdtion for ltrhin
Page 133 and 134:
ffitid cdtlcG 6 omn rcq b..a6c Y.mn
Page 135 and 136:
FiMccd by 6 srlup of Aob hcllhd(s *
Page 137 and 138:
TIE Ei.ls. d {E odF. h|n4 d€.bt d
Page 139 and 140:
Suh6.qFllr, wnen Anb LagE sl &l€r
Page 141 and 142:
CoiB€qhlly, th. @up .tlanpr h.d n
Page 143 and 144:
hrm s polici6 did not cncornge roEi
Page 145 and 146:
Pndce Abddhn, roo* thi3 orpo.tui(y
Page 147 and 148:
l-B.dr Fovok d th. hditioMl holdtR
Page 149 and 150:
'IfEogtr. h€ B rell !e!t d of lh.
Page 151 and 152:
lo.charles D. CrEme{tts, ne Arubs A
Page 153 and 154:
M@riG, Sl.lin b.8rn srd r.lk wid l|
Page 155 and 156:
lruLld ofui.g Unired Nltions s . $d
Page 157 and 158:
'It Ftrbld of RBia w Ery dilT.r!trt
Page 159 and 160:
Yarcn s loclliq atha.Gd Ru$jam, atc
Page 161 and 162:
R.Ldoi! *ith Sovi.t Unid Ec mt t{I6
Page 163 and 164:
Tbc gowinS 83p ih tl|c .colFmic con
Page 165 and 166:
TIE fad @ { , F$'pdE @dd no( contrl
Page 167 and 168:
Holw( Soviei lid io Ycm.n &c6r.d dE
Page 169 and 170:
In {r follovins}@r. ltw Lr&Ehip 6nE
Page 171 and 172:
Il Ms $. &3irc of F6i&nr rt-Hamdi r
Page 173 and 174:
lnd..4 th. solick EG *orrins.g.iBr
Page 175 and 176:
56!!r srd dEi Brioirl Ecoftitit|i@
Page 177 and 178:
lhc Sdi.b cqsi(k d tll. Ew ryinc ji
Page 179 and 180:
Soddr Yddi F€i(|.nr wnr lo Mdcoy
Page 181 and 182:
Mq! irpon! f&tir for Mo.cow\ r.tEra
Page 183 and 184:
On 22nd Junc 1971, a Sovi.t dctcSrt
Page 185 and 186:
On thc ground! thlt rlF co@ry @ rh.
Page 187 and 188:
Rubd dechEd dEl ftc R€d S.i v/.s
Page 189 and 190:
AIid f€w d.ys of Rut6i Ati s vi3i
Page 191 and 192:
In inr.rnd po|nic.t !lTai$, the S.v
Page 193 and 194:
llrvins th!. @iv.d th. nEs.se dd t
Page 195 and 196:
Thc Sovict lc.&6hip 5M invil.d Ati
Page 197 and 198:
'llF trlnh v6 du( tlE politiql sysr
Page 199 and 200:
ll d€clared ihat Sovi.r inkrw ion
Page 201 and 202:
Duilg tiEtt .rlact d t b.e\ pBidon
Page 203 and 204:
Ar r 6dt Yry3 Nrc lcnd to pr6id.it
Page 205 and 206:
In coNqucn e An ftln dorcnic inteBt
Page 207 and 208:
li inis Ggad Afrdid .o inlosly supp
Page 209 and 210:
He cho6. ro conrinue his hitirr.y s
Page 211 and 212:
Amidr ELriG drn 0F YAR str bot6 off
Page 213 and 214:
sourh v@n .s!.d !o end dc w wi$ $G
Page 215 and 216:
TI€.61 fq€d Mn: to .nh.E iE mil
Page 217 and 218:
The Referonces r. P.... Crlvocorsrl
Page 219 and 220:
CHAI'TER # 6 Yemen Relations with M
Page 221 and 222:
TIlc !d.d Lclo' llToti.c Ymi-S.udi
Page 223 and 224:
-llir. as tml glp bel$cn lh. Mi.s o
Page 225 and 226:
. Saudi's Regional Expansion and th
Page 227 and 228:
l! w a sr6|€gic slcp fq lbn,S{!d
Page 229 and 230:
sandstorn ofcxetliofltl violde cul
Page 231 and 232:
. Yemeni-Saudi Relations after the
Page 233 and 234:
ln .onsqueic. to th.t, he lgrecd to
Page 235 and 236:
'ft Sfldk Erod.{ ltd Bnhin had 3.ul
Page 237 and 238:
A. . Bdt of Su.z ll!r, Saviet Fciti
Page 239 and 240:
. Saudi involvement against yemen's
Page 241 and 242:
t the se tim, rhc Srod,s NE cohviNe
Page 243 and 244:
'ni. Sori.t Union dd rcwlurioney ,/
Page 245 and 246:
sludi l6bia lb\[*r, blqrc rhc min .
Page 247 and 248:
P6id€nl all hndi ( lt! l9?8) visi
Page 249 and 250:
TtE chtio" he€.n SaM en
Page 251 and 252:
tn Ftum, S.lch €ndoB.d Kiig "!_sl
Page 253 and 254:
Thlc. nonth6 hld. llE ofiicirl PRSY
Page 255 and 256:
Tl.y wE .bnn d rhc visir of pBidcit
Page 257 and 258:
While drsirlddy qfliming his.ouiEys
Page 259 and 260:
N&ser 6.le d &r lhe PniciFl Clmtid
Page 261 and 262:
P.n-AEb p6ni.s ii Sttia .xl in n.iy
Page 263 and 264:
Esypli.n ndio {voicc ot rhe Aob) hs
Page 265 and 266:
I L .l.o ,ppoiib4 in .grEi.ir wirh
Page 267 and 268:
TI'. Wrhabis s.iz€d Hij& and rfie
Page 269 and 270:
olr lh..vding of26 S€ttcnber t9(2
Page 271 and 272:
horcnmt wilh dE lddw .€dcd ro lmc
Page 273 and 274:
&brcqEnlly, EtlFim lirc of ink@Uon
Page 275 and 276:
Nag l.spord.d to tlE iddnal rd .rtd
Page 277 and 278:
Thc Rcfcrcnces l. Geo!83 f,.nczo$,s
Page 279 and 280:
; r1\ r' 2 z z o n*l I 'o n*l z z J
Page 281 and 282:
Dislisficlois Mrois rh. Ye Eii Fdc
Page 283 and 284:
Tlr YAR f&ql n eml & qteml th@|s rl
Page 285 and 286:
Oo 2f (lr.0.r th. British €birer
Page 287 and 288:
No ch.n8c. sre nE& in {E @@ktridc q
Page 289 and 290:
While iniual tiSyptian suppod tor t
Page 291 and 292:
ln 1964, th. Rot list poblkh.d in a
Page 293 and 294:
knom a "thjrd fde' @ll.d lor codpom
Page 295 and 296:
TIE Egyp{d3 hsd lonc {d {E YAR .Ppe
Page 297 and 298:
'lb.l.[ had b€n c$hc4 at dE sL.t
Page 299 and 300:
Th€ o.ul grosrl nLe ofCDP wd 5./.
Page 301 and 302:
Coru.gucud, Ndth Y.rn.i's idenlljo
Page 303 and 304:
1970s lo Lhc mid-l9E0s" llE llunl O
Page 305 and 306:
ln .fisl the batr wa o sly of Few.l
Page 307 and 308:
Offcillly, lhc cohmbiqld or y dsalt
Page 309 and 310:
Iryda Mnr.d s powcrfut sargtc presi
Page 311 and 312:
The CC l$unql lesislatiw.d .gu|ns r
Page 313 and 314:
Allhough, loi i' rsuy he apper€d
Page 315 and 316:
ln Fcbrurry 19'8, n dbd into b.ing
Page 317 and 318:
fi. |nny wa dilcodLtrtc4 tft. ldnin
Page 319 and 320:
llc sdoplcd lotirics of balan6, in
Page 321 and 322:
Ar the sene ti'ne, lD*!rcr, rhe us
Page 323 and 324:
San6a mt lamh.d ec6l Inilit|ly olTa
Page 325 and 326:
uleboN !o UE l,000inc'&b6 Cemml l@p
Page 327 and 328:
ll- SOUTH YEi,lEN JOURNY AS 11{DEPE
Page 329 and 330:
With lh r-iral of lfu Ouon@ Eryie.
Page 331 and 332:
wi$ th. cnlry inlo thc civil \ir in
Page 333 and 334:
'Ihis nEiliDe tmmc od lhc relll€d
Page 335 and 336:
'l]le PRSY.lhls *a dchogdphically s
Page 337 and 338:
Sou6 Yemd policis appe&d to b. no
Page 339 and 340:
ln th€ory. 6orcnic &d poliliol &m
Page 341 and 342:
'l n vi.tory of the onhodo* lfo-sov
Page 343 and 344:
Mosow 6t blisbed dirccl contscls wl
Page 345 and 346:
SP) r n\ l.ir( Congl6s Oclohr ll-14
Page 347 and 348:
llie IFYP roi tlE @iomic od sid dev
Page 349 and 350:
of noEd!. Arn@l rde of populdtion g
Page 351 and 352:
(4) dirnrpt, eid deit!.lly contolli
Page 353 and 354:
. Development of cooperation Wnndnw
Page 355 and 356:
TIE |alffnt de wi&i.d 1o nEb& ioFwi
Page 357 and 358:
On 23rd Aog6t 1974, Solicr Union or
Page 359 and 360:
Th. t*o prnics tool thc eior to rc.
Page 361 and 362:
R.alisticdly, Soolh Y€nen Fobdbly
Page 363 and 364:
{..t[..&d the driE oi Nlg MqEt r ci
Page 365 and 366:
of of cdho.hev's w Flic, elideli6 s
Page 367 and 368:
lrcsi&nt Coib@hcv publicly lotd al-
Page 369 and 370:
Ncv.!tlFl6, Ad.n rricd 10 lep its d
Page 371 and 372:
ln Scpr.mbq t[.lN pBi&nt! rEl d Nar
Page 373 and 374:
Howva, bo$ Ee@6 show.d rBI (Mnibnat
Page 375 and 376:
Sonc .xih. bclieviig llat $. lla&do
Page 377 and 378:
Tt! GldioN wrc dirlurb..l .n r dF a
Page 379 and 380:
TFIE REFEPJNCES Robio Bidw€ll, rl
Page 381 and 382:
CHAPTER RD-UNTFICATION DECLARATION
Page 383 and 384:
't h. id.z oa YcnPn s unirv \'6 d
Page 385 and 386:
M.in bade. lo tumli*d ietatiohs rco
Page 387 and 388:
Alier mid- 1980s lhee \ta t ohsngc
Page 389 and 390:
'fte eh lrod6cd, in !{rt b, lle c|I
Page 391 and 392:
Th€ 30lh Novcrhbe. ag@he$ Fe$rib
Page 393 and 394:
It.lher, hcy secmdl b Egad the ihov
Page 395 and 396:
Mtutiw. $urhm lad.B icis.d rhdr 3ul
Page 397 and 398:
Thc odgaMl dn0 Fovid€d fq.ppwlt o
Page 399 and 400:
Unti.d Yden lvi|n r &r@n(& ptmtisti
Page 401 and 402:
TIE b€iwioG of 3rd.s, rte pdcrns
Page 403 and 404:
Hc 6ucceded in gedng $c Comnutt par
Page 405 and 406:
. Th€ und.rhand iin of lhis sclEn
Page 407 and 408:
'I nE lN of signif@r Sovie( !d &5r
Page 409 and 410:
D*pil! .[ons [o eFr fi. &rtug., cul
Page 411 and 412:
Prsu€ ior unification fMn Yqnenis
Page 413 and 414:
'llE qFsio of gov.mrre uhonry ii rh
Page 415 and 416:
lfn ed.( 10 move aeain$ thon wnn in
Page 417 and 418:
accordinSly, th€ YAt{ fdced rh€
Page 419 and 420:
Dytla|nic oftransiaion oeriod: poli
Page 421 and 422:
Mo.t dlngeos laed d:. t.adeu or boh
Page 423 and 424:
Tl'. inrcns., highty tocus.d y.h.ni
Page 425 and 426:
Thoughout Lh€ sp ne of t991, rh
Page 427 and 428:
lor sNh chrrge, how.s, dey woutd wr
Page 429 and 430:
Th€ Fsiioi of oths Anb dono$ sun
Page 431 and 432:
Govosdr dcbr @h.d r levet lh.l Fonp
Page 433 and 434:
Fufi€moe th€ €.ommic d€.tin
Page 435 and 436:
Pflo. to unificaion, Norrh 6nd Sout
Page 437 and 438:
ln .ddirio4 ffit hudrld hi[i6 & B n
Page 439 and 440:
Howrver. $. lop le.ders of rhe tD y
Page 441 and 442:
*ladiricisn and hld EtiiqoilEl $e n
Page 443 and 444:
Al0ough YSP wls morc 0ghrly ors..i4
Page 445 and 446:
The gorcmnenr $.1 annooc.d @ M.y 10
Page 447 and 448:
CHAPTER# 9 THE SECESS'O,V ATTEMPT,
Page 449 and 450:
Th. oil w i! Yah.i - tti Fily bt dr
Page 451 and 452:
DEVELPMENTS OF THE POLITICAL CRISIS
Page 453 and 454:
YSP Plohiftnt lode6 ed uir,cdion pd
Page 455 and 456:
l hc YSP l€!de6 rere untodu@le, s
Page 457 and 458:
CIVTL WAR CAUSES . THE PROBLEM OF P
Page 459 and 460:
Ac.ordi4ly tlEE @ld b. b difi€ttE
Page 461 and 462:
Iieh lide GUsd $e otl$ of being Fsp
Page 463 and 464:
1997 MinisLcB iro Llle Nordl Mnrist
Page 465 and 466:
ln ddition, lhe stNctue of the y.h.
Page 467 and 468:
Whil. sr.ling $!l rl4 ysp wetoned s
Page 469 and 470:
AI $. eme rjhe, Nonh.rn !,m€d for
Page 471 and 472:
'l hh move, tol€n sithou( consutr
Page 473 and 474:
Cming st a tme of *i&ty pobliciz.d
Page 475 and 476:
'hB rhc tirsr mj6 dilFr. els lcaotv
Page 477 and 478:
M@ti@, fiv. oasmrtt FfliB w€r t t
Page 479 and 480:
h *u not clear *hich side sbn d dr
Page 481 and 482:
S@ a hoped $at rcbr@t t9% memonndm
Page 483 and 484:
In a Ycmf th{t h&s only one 168 ot
Page 485 and 486:
'l he ConnirE€ *6 isued a d@un€
Page 487 and 488:
Norcthelcs specified ! morc risore$
Page 489 and 490:
Ar Uis c.wial j@rdq e6 ts fonDt b?e
Page 491 and 492:
TIE lDsirim of wI)lM ii a c& in poi
Page 493 and 494:
. Anli0oitJ Ar|b Strles lirudi Aobi
Page 495 and 496:
.atha thon on. larSe Y.men f@6ing o
Page 497 and 498:
A.srdrng lo soD. reponr loqi oolcei
Page 499 and 500:
CIVIL WAR IMPACT ON THE REGIONAL ST
Page 501 and 502:
'I hc dlctiontion of rclations b€
Page 503 and 504:
Et6h sid. had ns oM obj@ft. ro inpt
Page 505 and 506:
ad umale @alitions 6ily nnd stril.
Page 507 and 508:
THE ROFERENCES l- Rob€rt D. Bunow
Page 509 and 510:
2 Llbid, PP. trr9 22.Marck N. Ka.tz
Page 511 and 512:
Ycho qe of'l hnd Wortd C-oonri6 and
Page 513 and 514:
n.ny obetu€A lnerly lsiled t,ftic
Page 515 and 516:
BNjnels6, psni6 a'd orginia oB wE a
Page 517 and 518:
secr€tive, no$ the! DlayL{ out in
Page 519 and 520:
II. FOREIGN POUCY CHALLENGES l_cign
Page 521 and 522:
Manwhile, Yenen rdqt !o sotvc ltE c
Page 523 and 524:
Somali lany $ldien fhe @pibitiri€
Page 525 and 526:
ftn rs no$ t,usun'8 $nrclhirlgnt0 t
Page 527 and 528:
Forther, oplFsitiotr lo Salih's tol
Page 529 and 530:
Thc sidcs latly reml|!:d to etisf&t
Page 531 and 532:
utrilcd Ycm$ \eJs slill dividrd h.t
Page 533 and 534:
Civil r* lhis led lo u shdrp ircE.s
Page 535 and 536:
l iscrl D.tc.iorrtio! A slut 'lctft
Page 537 and 538:
OPeby &p6ins evings. S@nd, in rh€
Page 539 and 540:
'fhe [!_Yl' dniciFle llt developmen
Page 541 and 542:
lV. Cetrenl Overview ofthe eroromy
Page 543 and 544:
(21 Cull orisrs had greur rcgut'vc
Page 545 and 546:
This .xtemal debt policy is aptropr
Page 547 and 548:
tbrcign inr*rrn.nln rhe o snd gs sr
Page 549 and 550:
!,r.@-r,iabr t95 llei6-Tlee? r6.tmi
Page 551 and 552:
gowmne elhcicrct h6 sn a sjgiilicrn
Page 553 and 554:
s.nie sro. Nedt Sqooo tolrisk visir
Page 555 and 556:
Ti. derllopmefl of a Ftbt.urn iiJis
Page 557 and 558:
. FREO Z)NE 'lhc Srnaa b.s liN zonc
Page 559 and 560:
The rrrfcrerr:. . Sr ulNnggur. I'ri
Page 561 and 562:
olght agriculruE to tlE Yemen. ltis
Page 563 and 564:
Oic. having B6ped th's opportuily,
Page 565 and 566:
.qu..nEn6 rlE Saudi tead€6 d incd
Page 567 and 568:
'I hc d@oric dBnsB or rh. nrc,orion
Page 569 and 570:
g6d@l €xplnsion ol governnent aul
Page 571 and 572:
. TRIBAL RESURCENCE lh! ribcs Dlrrd
Page 573 and 574:
(l\ Olliclsl Docuarcnts, BIBLIOGRAP
Page 575 and 576:
fi:ff'f,rXl';,;i: ve'ken: tnans' Ru
Page 577 and 578:
ffa:ilffi|H1*Hbca* of unincarion, G
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