Synopsis of a hundred common non-anopheline mosquitoes of the ...

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6 RELXTION TO DISEASES. Only positive no doubtful records are mentioned. Usiszg the keys to adults ad larvae To identify an adult or a larva it is not sufficient to identify the species by means of the key. The descriptions and figures must carefully be compared with the specimens at hand. Some characters, e.g. the branching of hairs, the exact number of teeth in a comb or pec:en may vary within one species. If the description records 4-6 branches in a hair and the specimen under examination shows 7 or 8, this may be an individual variation. The same hair on the other side of head, thorax or abdomen may show 4-6. The specimen should be entered in the records with a note on this variation. It should be kept in mind that the descriptions only apply to 4th stage larvae. Larvae at younger stages are not very well known and may differ in many details. To be certain that one is dealing with a fourth stage larva it may be bred to see whether it pupates; if so the cast skin may be studied. If the pupal trumpets show through the skin of the thorax of the larva there is no doubt about its being in its last larval stage; if other hairs are showing, however, the larva is not full grown yet. It cannot be used for the purpose of identification. Abbveviatiom used in text altd in figures ADULT fs flagellar segment of antenna t torus of antenna a@ anterior pronotal lobes PPlL posterior pronotal lobes af anterior forked cell ?V posterior forked cell h--t5 segments of tarsus T I-T VIII abdominal tergites S I-S VIII abdominal sternites Dissectj’on for filnrin infectiom L_kRV_1 isc osc III I-VIII inner (submedian dorsal) caudal hair of anal segment outer (submedian dorsal) caudal hair lateral hair on saddle or chitinous collar of anal segment abdominal segments So far as is known the only carriers of human filariasis in the region under consider- ation are mosquitoes, Some of these carriers are known but our knowledge is rather restricted. As vectors of Hrztcherevia malayi were found: (I) Species of ,Wawo~tioides (genus Taelz~orJ~y?2cJ~,zls) ; (2) A~topheles vanus; (3) A1zopJzeles sinemis.-A. pmctulntus, A. fnraztti and A. koliensis were found carrying mature larvae of Wucheveria bamvofti and A. bamvofti may be a host for both species of TVz&evevin. It is quite possible that other Culicine species may also prove to be good carriers, but the number of dissections has been far too small. This is particularly true of mosquitoes which may carry- larvae of WucJzereria banuofti. Since Cztlex fntigmzs is reported in all handbooks as the principal carrier it soon became obvious that conditions in this region are different. C. fatigam is mainly a town mosquito, while filariasis here is a disease of rural districts; moreover, Wz~cJzerevia bamvofti has been observed in Sew Guinea in areas where Cztlex fatigam is entire137 absent, Uuch research work still has to be done, especially outside the larger towns. ‘4 great advantage is that no costly instruments are needed. Since the carriers
may be sought under the Culici~i as well as under the A?zopheZini rapid identification of the most frequently encountered Culicine-species is of the utmost importance. The mosquito which is to be examined for Wucheveria must be dissected as soon as possible after being killed and the identification of the species must be done in the shortest possible time. If too much time is taken in identification the dead mosquito becomes too dry and is unfit to be examined further. A thorough knowledge of the common mosquitoes of the region is necessary before starting on dissections. The experimental as well as natural infections should be estimated. (I) Expevinte&d infection The best method would be to use ‘clean’ mosquitoes for this part of the research, i.e., mosquitoes bred in the laboratory, so as to have exact figures of the specimens be- coming infected without the possibility of the mosquito carrying a natural infection already. This, however, is usually impracticable and ‘wild’ captured specimens have to be used, If it is a good carrier the experimental infection-index is considerably higher than the natural one. The mosquitoes may be infected in two different ways: (I) A very large number of mosquitoes are caught and placed in one or more cages; at 20 hours or later a person with numerous microfilariae in his blood puts his arms in the cage and keeps it there for about an hour. The gorged mosquitoes are then removed and put into another cage. The cages have to be kept very damp. For satis- factory dampness a sheet of filter paper, touching water in a bowl at the bottom of the cage is hung in a vertical position inside the cage. It is well to give the person to be bitten an arm- and handrest inside the cage. The cage used in our experiments was of the type seen in Fig. 4. The inside should be covered with white paper, except the glass cover. It will be noticed that the cover in the figure is not as tight fitting as it should be (see the upper right hand corner) ! So means of escape should be left to the mosquitoes. The feet of the cage rest in small Petri dishes filled with water against ants. The sleeve may be closed with a clothes-pin. ,A small bowl with a piece sleeve Fig. 4. Cage for feeding mosquitoes. -It ‘slees-e’ the arm of the patient is brought in. of cotton wool drenched in sugar water will serve the mosquitoes as food after the blood inside their stomachs is digested. Another method of obtaining infected mosquitoes is (2) to catch specimens which are feeding on heavily infected persons, who offer the bare skins of their backs to the bloodsuckers. He gives a warnin g as soon as he feels that a mosquito has started to bite, A test tube is carefully place4 L over the mosquito so that its bloodsucking is not interrupted. When the mosquito is entirely gorged it will extract the proboscis and fly up inside the test-tube; it can then be transferred to a cage. If the supply of test-tubes is sufficient the mosquitoes may be left in them and no transfer to a cage is necessary. With certain species this gives less deaths. One should proceed as follows: Each tube
Page 1: ROYAL TROPICAL INSTITUTE AMSTERDAM
Page 5 and 6: ROYAL TROPICAL INSTITUTE AMSTERDAM
Page 7: Preface . . . . . Introduction . .
Page 11 and 12: SYNOPSIS OF A HUNDRED COMMON NON-AN
Page 13 and 14: Tergites and ste~zites. The abdomin
Page 15: Collectiqzg of adult mosqztitoes ma
Page 19 and 20: muscles should be split very carefu
Page 21 and 22: tz often mainly white, but sometime
Page 23 and 24: Tripteroides (Tripteroides) aranoid
Page 25 and 26: --- Male. Similar to female except
Page 27 and 28: larva has the sTer’cra1 hairs of
Page 29 and 30: hairs, the apical pair being finely
Page 31 and 32: ADULT. Female. Head dark with a pat
Page 33 and 34: similar Urmotaexia vzicam in the ab
Page 35 and 36: BIO~OMICS. Breeding places usually
Page 37 and 38: the clypeus by not more than half i
Page 39 and 40: emainder of the lateral aspect cove
Page 41 and 42: about one-fifth the length of the p
Page 43 and 44: LARVA (Fig. 19). Head large, dark b
Page 45 and 46: apically covered with small lvhite,
Page 47 and 48: subapical hairs, long, branched, so
Page 49 and 50: abdominal segment of female large,
Page 51 and 52: on sternopleuron and mesepimeron ar
Page 53 and 54: on upper surface golden yellow, spe
Page 55 and 56: surface are more numerous than on t
Page 57 and 58: speckling of yellow, broad, asymmet
Page 59 and 60: are branches; C and a still smaller
Page 61 and 62: upper surface, and narrow on under
Page 63 and 64: and dark brown scales. Palpi less t
Page 65 and 66: Wings. Veins speckled with yellow a
Page 67 and 68:
MALE. Antenna plumose, apical and s
Page 69 and 70:
Aedes (Mucidus) alternans Westwood
Page 71 and 72:
dark brown, forked scales in the ce
Page 73 and 74:
of small, white patches on each ter
Page 75 and 76:
RIONOMICS. Larvae were found in lea
Page 77 and 78:
single. Ventral brush of ten multip
Page 79 and 80:
DISTRIBUTIOS. Saparua, Xew Guinea,
Page 81 and 82:
LARKA. Unknown. BIOXOMICS. A specie
Page 83 and 84:
B; e with z bare branches, moderate
Page 85 and 86:
turn partly or entirely divided by
Page 87 and 88:
with broad, apical, black band, sev
Page 89 and 90:
matter, To the vegetable breeding p
Page 91 and 92:
was generally observed to be a very
Page 93 and 94:
FEMALE. Head. Occiput medianly clot
Page 95 and 96:
Tarsal banding of hind legs in the
Page 97 and 98:
length, two to four frayed branches
Page 99 and 100:
Aedes (Aedimorphus) imprimens Walke
Page 101 and 102:
BIOXOMICS. Larvae were found in uns
Page 103 and 104:
Aedes (Diceromyia) iyengari Edwards
Page 105 and 106:
ase and joins the pale basal latera
Page 107 and 108:
I The other lesser sub-genera of th
Page 109 and 110:
nape and difficult to detect a few
Page 111 and 112:
LxRv_~. This is very much like the
Page 113 and 114:
Armigeres (Armigeres) confusus Edwa
Page 115 and 116:
Armigeres (Leicesteria) annulipalpi
Page 117 and 118:
Culex (Lutzia) fuscanus Wiedemann 1
Page 119 and 120:
ands. Abdomen : Tergites dark brown
Page 121 and 122:
Subgenus Mochthogenes Edwards 1930
Page 123 and 124:
like process at base of each palp,
Page 125 and 126:
&hLE. Head. Palpi slightly less tha
Page 127 and 128:
trally near acus; single tooth pale
Page 129 and 130:
BIONOJIICS. Larvae were collected i
Page 131 and 132:
FENALE. Head. Proboscis brownish bl
Page 133 and 134:
femora have the speckling sometimes
Page 135 and 136:
length of the papillae depends on t
Page 137 and 138:
nae about as long as the head, slig
Page 139 and 140:
covering the apex of the preceding
Page 141 and 142:
DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea (Anggi lak
Page 143 and 144:
countered where the mosquito was ab
Page 145 and 146:
IO II I2 I3 11 15 16 17 18 I9 20 21
Page 147 and 148:
i\;ot such a large mosquito, anteri
Page 149 and 150:
78 79 Black species with snow-white
Page 151 and 152:
IO II 12 13 14 15 I6 17 18 23 24 25
Page 153 and 154:
50 51 52 53 54 5.5 56 57 58 59 60 6
Page 155 and 156:
ALPHABETICAL IXDEX Names printed in
Page 157:
sternopleural bristles (hairs), 2 s
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