Synopsis of a hundred common non-anopheline mosquitoes of the ...

ROYAL TROPICAL INSTITUTE AMSTERDAM
SPECIAL PUBLICATION No. c)qI
DEPARTMENT OF TROPICAL HYGIENE & GEOGRAPHICAL PATHOLOGY
No. 20
SYNOPSIS OF A HUNDRED COMMON
NON-ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOES OF THE GREATER
AND LESSER SUNDAS, THE MOLUCCAS
AND NEW GUINEA
Chief of the Entomo?ogical Laboratory, Institute of
Tropical Hygiene and Geographical Pathology
ELSEVIER PUBLISHING COMPANY
AMSTERDAM-HOUSTON-LONDON-NEW YORK
1954
i

SYNOPSIS OF A HUNDRED COMMON NON-ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOES
of the
GREATER AND LESSER SUNDAS, THE MOLUCCAS AND NEW GUINEA

ROYAL TROPICAL INSTITUTE AMSTERDAM
SPECIAL PUBLICATION No. C#I
DEPARTMENT OF TROPICAL HYGIENE &GEOGRAPHICAL PATHOLOGY
No. 20
SYNOPSIS OF A HUNDRED COMMON
NON-ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOES OF THE GREATER
AND LESSER SUNDAS, THE MOLUCCAS
AND NEW GUINEA
BY
J. BONNE-WEPSTER, M.D.
Chief of the Entomological Laboratory, Institute of
Tropical Hygiene and Geographical Pathology
ELSEVIER PUBLISHING COMPANY
AMSTERDAM-HOUSTON-LONDON-NEW YORK
1954

PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
N.V. DRUKKERIJ G. J. THIEME, NIJMEGEN

Preface . . . . .
Introduction . . . .
General Observations
Adults. . . . .
Larvae. . . . .
Collecting larvae . .
Collecting adults . .
CONTENTS
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Mounting of larvae and larval skins
Breeding places . . . . .
Relation to Diseases . . . . .
Using keys to adults and larvae . .
Abbreviations used in text and in figures
Dissection for filaria infections . .
Experimental infection . . . .
Natural infection . . . . .
Systematic part. . . . . .
Key to adults . . . . . .
Key to larvae . . . . . .
References , . . . . . .
Alphabetical Index . . . . .
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page
. VII
. I
. 2
. 3
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. I34
. 140
. I43
. 145

PREFACE
After the concluding part (IV) of the ‘Synopsis of a hundred common non-Anophel-
ine Mosquitoes’ was published in Doczrmenta de Medicina geographica et tropica,
1954, vol. 6, p, 347, it was decided that it might be convenient to collect the reprints
of the several parts into one small volume. One figure was added for the sake of com-
pleteness (Fig. 17A).
The present volume is no attempt at an up-to-date account; the object in view was
to collect descriptions of some IOO species, published in journals all over the world; it is
hoped that it may be useful to workers in the field. My thanks are due to many American
and British authors on the subject, upon whose work I have drawn freely, using text
and illustrations; their names are listed under the References and mentioned in the de-
scriptions and figures.
December, 1954 J. BONNE-WEPSTER
VII

SYNOPSIS OF A HUNDRED COMMON
NON-ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOES
OF THE GREATER AND LESSER SUNDAS,
THE MOLUCCAS AND NEW GUINEA
ISTRODUCTIOS
The lack of a simple ,tide to the study of C~Zici& was Very apparent after the
Pacific war, when it appeared that copies were no longer available of the small Volumes
by BOXNE-WEP~TER & BRIG (1937, 1939) which dealt with adults and larvae of this
material. For this reason the present author has revised the earlier publications, and has
added more specimens. Every effort has been made to adhere to the original simple
form. Its purpose has remained unchanged: to enable the malariologist to identify the
Czalici~zi which come his way in his malaria field-work. The keys are based on the same
principles as in the earlier editions and no descriptions are given of eggs, pupae or termi-
nalia of adults. The mounting and study of these interesting details would take up too
much time.
So far, over 300 species of Czflici~zi and To,rovhynchziti~zi have been described from
the region, Nearly a hundred have been included in this Volume. The hours given to
rewriting were often filled with pleasant memories of the years when the author was
doing field-work with the aid of the best ma;lttri’s one could wish for. It is with these
memories in mind that the author hopes that her publication may again be of use to
those who may need it now.
GESER_AL OBSERV_YHOSS
ADULTS. One of the most reliable characters by which adult Cz&ilzi and Toxovhyn-
chit& may be distinguished from A~zoplzeli~zi is the scaling of the abdomen. In the
C~Zici~zi and Toxorhynchifitzi the sternites and tergites of the abdomen are entirely
covered with flat, closely arranged scales. In the A~zopheZi~zi the scales are either absent
or sparse; or if there are more scales they do not lie close together. This character,
however, is only well Visible with a microscope. The structure of the palpi is also a good
character, though not as reliable as the abdominal scaling. The names used for the Various
parts of the mosquito body which show the important characters for identification may
be found in ‘The Anopheline Xosquitoes of the Indo-Australian Region’ by BONNE-
WEPSTER & S~ELLEKGREBEL. Figures of these parts are giVen there. Sometimes, in
identifying Culicine mosquitoes it is necessary to refer to other parts of the adult; those
parts are figured in this synopsis at the proper places. It should be borne in mind that
I

2
the palpi of 0” Cztlici~zi are not always composed of five segments as in A~zopheles species.
The segments are therefore referred to as: (a) last (apical or ultimate), (b) the one before
last (subapical or penultimate) and (c) long segment. The word joint is sometimes found
in the iii erature when referring to a segment. In very short $ palpi it is difficult to distinguish
the separate segments. In $? Culicines the palpi are more often very short
than moderately long; they are never as long as the proboscis. Reference to the colourational
2nd other characters has been given as seemed the most useful way in each case.
The various bristles on the pleura are used to identify the Culicine genera. They are
shown in Fig. 1. No use has been made of the characters of the male and female terminalia
for identification purposes.
Fig. I. Important bristles of the thorax : (a) anterior
pronotal: on anterior pronotum (ape) or the prothoracic
lobes ; (b) propleural : on propleuron ;
(c) posterior pronotal: on posterior pronotum;
(d) spiracular: in front of anterior spiracle; (e) postspiracular
: behind anterior spiracle; (f) prealar : in
front of and below wing root; (g) sternopleural: near
posterior margin of sternopleuron; (h) lower mesepimeral:
on middle or lower part of mesepimeron;
(i) upper mesepimeral or sub-alar: on upper part of
mesepimeron, behind and below wing root.
On the postnotum, a structure behind and partIS
covered by the scutellum, a small group of fine
bristles may be present: the postnotal bristles;
usually in Heiznlanzin, exceptionally in Triptevoides.
Colow. Generally, the colour of the proboscis, legs, palpi and abdomen is defined
by the colour of the scales; on these parts they are flat and broad, closely arranged on
the integument and covering it entirely. The colour of the pleura, clypeus and antenna
is that of the integument of these parts; if scales have anything to do with the colour-
ation it is specially mentioned. If narrow, curved scales are present, they do not cover
the inte_=ument entirely, so that its colouration is visible; such a condition often exists
on the mesonotum.
VnAnbility. The size of specimens of one species may vary considerably; this
depends partly on the quantity of food found by the larvae in the breeding places. It
can often be observed that larvae bred in the laboratory produce smaller adults than
those from natural breeding places. However, specimens of one species caught as adults
may difr‘er considerably in size; the eggs are not always laid in suitable places, with the
result that conditions for the larvae are less favourable. On the other hand the large
size of ;t mosquito may be a reliable character in identification, e.g. the sub-genera
Awzigeves and Lzdk-z. There may also be variation in colour. The distribution of pale
and dark areas is usually relatively constant. Often however, there are differences in
shade 0.’ colour within the same species: the terms ‘fair’ and ‘dark’ might be useful.
The tergites of the abdomen show much variability. It may happen that the normally
present bands on the tergites are absent and the abdomen is dark above instead of
handed. In other cases the bands on the tergites are much enlarged, enough even to
co\w the whole surface of some of the tergites.

Tergites and ste~zites. The abdominal wall of the mosquitoes shows two rows of
segmentally arranged chitinous plates : dorsal (tergites) andventral (sternites), see Fig. 2.
These plates are connected by lateral thin flexible chitinous membranes that donot
show when the stomach of the mosquito is empty, but
unfold during a good blood meal or-though to a lesser
degree-when the eggs are ripening in the female. It is
not possible to view the whole of the tergites from
above, when the abdomen is empty. Laterally they
‘fold under’. To look closely at the lateral parts of the
tergites in these cases the mosquitoes should be viewed
from below. Important diagnostic characters are often
found in the lateral patches on the tergites.
i SO
the
LARVAE. For the identification of Cztlici& larvae
available morphological characters are more
Fig. 2. Cross-section of mosquito
abdomen : left: abdomen empty;
right : abdomen distended from
numerous and more striking than for the identification blood or ovaries; T = tergite; S =
of A~zopheles larxrae. On the one hand the Cz~Zici;tzi form
sternite. s indicates lateral spots.
a much less homogeneous group: certain characters
differ more in ‘the several genera and subgenera than is the case in the AILopheZitti,
on the other hand the siphon with its pecten and hairs offers very important morphological
characters.
Fig. 3. Details of Culicine larva: head with hairs -A, B, C, d and e; preclypea! spines cd; antenna
with antenna1 hair and subantennal hairs sah; eighth (VIII) and anal segment (ns) of abdomen:
comb of 1’111 (A), acus (a), pecten (p) and hairs (sA) of siphon (s) ; anal fan (nw), lateral hair (IA), anal
papillae (np), outer (bz:sh) and inner (bislz) submedian dorsal caudal hairs of anal segment; these hairs
are in other figures and in text abbreviated osc and isc respectively.
When studying Culicini larT:ae attention should be paid to (Fig. 3) :
(I) A~ztemzn: shape, length, presence or absence of spines; position and characters
of the hairs, Apart from the antenna1 hair there are theimportant subapical hairs, which
are often inserted close to the apes, but may also be found some distance from it,
s
3

4
(2) Head: shape, index of length and width; adaptation of mouth brushes for catching
living prey and position and characters of the hairs. The denomination of the hairs
differs from that used in Azo$heZini: they are indicated by the letters A, B, C, CE and e,
sometimes hair f is added. Fig. 3 shows how they may lie on the dorsum of the head:
A near the base of the antenna, B and C more medianly, the more lateral of these two
hairs is called hair B, or-when they are inserted at the same distance from the median
line-the anterior one is B and the posterior one C; d is always submedian, usually small
but not always very close to anterior margin of head; e is usually placed far backwards
and may be compared with the sutural hair in Anopheles, the equivalent of the transsutural
hair (not named in the figure) is mentioned in the literature as hair f. Equally
important are the spines-preclypeal spines-on the anterior margin of the preclypeus.
(3) Thorax: The hairs of the thorax may be used for identification, but in this
synopsis only the spines at the base of meso- and metapleural hairs are made use of.
(4) So far as the abdomen is concerned it is the eighth segment which is primarily
important. On both sides, on the distal half, a comb is found which must not be compared
to the pecten in Anopheles larvae. This comb is quite different in origin and shape: it
comprises a group of teeth arranged in one or more rows, either of free teeth or of teeth
on a chitinous plate. Arrangement, shape and number of these teeth offer important
diagnostic characters. The siphon which is lacking in AnopheZes larvae, has the same
function as the spiracles, that is: allowing the larvae to take in air at the surface of the
water; it may be used to great advantage in identifying Cztlicini larvae. The index,
i.e., the relation between length and largest width, is defined; the siphonal pecten and
hairs (see Fig. 3b: p and sh) are considered. The teeth of the pecten are well displayed,
when the siphon is viewed from the lateral side. The siphonal hairs are usually inserted
beyond the most apical pecten tooth. The ( ;ZG, a chitinous appendage, is usually found
on the ‘nasal margin of the siphon, though it may be absent in many species. The valves
at the tip of the siphon are of less importance; in fixing the siphonal index they are not
counted for its length. The anal segment, on its dorsal surface or all round the segment,
shows a strong chitinous plate or band, the former called the saddle, the latter the
collar. Close to the median line dorsally and distally, are the submedian dorsal or caudal
hairs distinguished in inner and outer submedian dorsal or caudal hairs (isc and osc, see
Fig. 3b) ; they may be simple or branched; the lateral hair is shown in Fig. 3b; the anal fan
is usually conspicuous. The apical margin of the anal segment may have a number of
spines, but they are not present in all species, The anal papillae lie on the apical surface
of the anal segment; the shape and length of these papillae are important. Often the
anal papillae of species that breed both in brackish and in fresh water are different in
size; larvae from brackish water show much shorter papillae.
CoiZectixg of Znrvae. Larvae breeding in earth-bound breeding places may be collected
in the same way as Anopheles larvae. From bamboo stumps, tree holes,crabholes, leafaxils,
fallen leaves, coconut husks, and similar water collections a suction apparatus
may be useful (the same as is used for collecting Anopheles larvae from tree holes), This
instrument can easily be made by connecting a rubber balloon to a short glass tube to
which is joined a length of about 70 cm rubber tubing, which again is connected to a
glass tube, about 6mm at the distal opening. If the water collections to be examined are
very small a Pasteur pipette may be used. The opening of the pipette should not be too
narrow, Both these instruments must be rinsed well after having been used for one breeding
place, in order to avoid mixing larvae from different places,

Collectiqzg of adult mosqztitoes may be done wherever they are encountered in the
act of biting or attacking, or resting indoors or in the open. As soon as the mosquito is
settled on the skin a glass tube is carefully placed over the insect and if it does not
fly up immediately to the end of the tube the latter may be moved very little over the
skin so as to disturb the mosquito. Sometimes mosquitoes may be caught in the same
way on walls, household articles, or tree trunks, grass, plants or soil. Another way of
obtaining the adult is to breed them from larvae. It is best then to collect fullgrown
larvae and pupae; these should be kept in a sample of water from the breeding place; if
food has to be given, dried and ground faeces of guinea-pigs is very satisfactory.
Breeding isolated larvae for the purpose of keeping the last cast larval and the pupal
skins should always be tried for diagnostic control. Each larval skin is given a number,
which is the same for the corresponding pupal skin and emerged adult. If the skins, or event-
ually whole larvae, are not immediately mounted they are best kept in small tubes with
alcohol to which a drop of glycerine is added : one larval and the corresponding pupal skin
per tube; of whole larvae there should not be more than IO per tube. To eliminate air
bubbles, the tube is filled with the fluid to overflowing and closed with a plug of cotton wool
which has been soaked in alcohol; a slip of numbered paper is insertedin the tube before
closing. The numbers are recorded together with full particulars of the contents of the tube,
The tubes are all collected in a wide-mouthed jar which is filled with alcohol. In due time the
jar is corked and parafhned. In this way desiccation of the contents is prevented. Corking
and parafhning of the individual tubes nearly always gives disappointing results.
Xomting of larvae and larval skim. Clearing of larvae before they are studied is
essential. This can be done by using a good conserving medium such as GXTER’S fluid.
Living larvae may be transferred from water to this medium, or they may be killed
first in hot water (60”-65” C). The mounts can be left to dry after covering them with
a thin slide; if too little of the medium has been used, a little at a time may be added
from the side of the covering glass. Never dispatch mounts which are not perfectly dry.
Larval skins may be handled in the same way. They require special care as the hairs
come off very easily, or the entire skin becomes entangled whilst being transferred from
water to slide. The skin should be arranged in a proper position with fine needles. Much
practice is needed to make a proper mount. It is preferable to mount larvae and skins
with the dorsal surface uppermost, as is done in mounting anopheles larvae; only the
siphon, eighth and ninth segment should be studied from a lateral view. The distal part
of the larvae is therefore cut off between the 7th and 8th segments before placing the
cover slide in position. Sometimes the head hairs do not show very well and in such a case
it may be necessary to cut off the head. Extensive information about preserving larvae
or larval skins has been given in BONNE-WEPSTER & SWELLENGREBEL (1953).
BREEDIXG PLACES. These may be divided into 3 groups:
(I) Breeding places bounded by earth, sand, clay, mud, rock and coral.
(2) Breeding places in dead or alive parts of plants or trees, as they happen to present
themselves in nature: rot holes in trees, holes in tree stumps, grooves at the foot of trees,
bamboo stumps, axils of different plants (Colocasia, bananas) ; Ne+zthes cups; coconut
shells, coconuts which have fallen and have a hole in them, cocoshells.
(3) Artificial breeding places, i.e., objects made by man and containing water. These
are innumerable. They nearly all may present a suitable breeding place to certain species
of cuzicini.
3

6
RELXTION TO DISEASES. Only positive no doubtful records are mentioned.
Usiszg the keys to adults ad larvae
To identify an adult or a larva it is not sufficient to identify the species by means of
the key. The descriptions and figures must carefully be compared with the specimens at
hand. Some characters, e.g. the branching of hairs, the exact number of teeth in a comb
or pec:en may vary within one species. If the description records 4-6 branches in a
hair and the specimen under examination shows 7 or 8, this may be an individual
variation. The same hair on the other side of head, thorax or abdomen may show
4-6. The specimen should be entered in the records with a note on this variation. It
should be kept in mind that the descriptions only apply to 4th stage larvae. Larvae at
younger stages are not very well known and may differ in many details. To be certain
that one is dealing with a fourth stage larva it may be bred to see whether it pupates;
if so the cast skin may be studied. If the pupal trumpets show through the skin of the
thorax of the larva there is no doubt about its being in its last larval stage; if other hairs
are showing, however, the larva is not full grown yet. It cannot be used for the purpose
of identification.
Abbveviatiom used in text altd in figures
ADULT
fs
flagellar segment of
antenna
t torus of
antenna
a@ anterior pronotal lobes
PPlL
posterior pronotal lobes
af
anterior forked cell
?V
posterior forked cell
h--t5 segments of tarsus
T I-T VIII abdominal tergites
S I-S VIII abdominal sternites
Dissectj’on for filnrin infectiom
L_kRV_1
isc
osc
III
I-VIII
inner (submedian dorsal)
caudal hair of anal segment
outer (submedian dorsal)
caudal hair
lateral hair on saddle or
chitinous collar of anal
segment
abdominal segments
So far as is known the only carriers of human filariasis in the region under consider-
ation are mosquitoes, Some of these carriers are known but our knowledge is rather
restricted. As vectors of Hrztcherevia malayi were found: (I) Species of ,Wawo~tioides
(genus Taelz~orJ~y?2cJ~,zls) ; (2) A~topheles vanus; (3) A1zopJzeles sinemis.-A. pmctulntus,
A. fnraztti and A. koliensis were found carrying mature larvae of Wucheveria bamvofti
and A. bamvofti may be a host for both species of TVz&evevin. It is quite possible that
other Culicine species may also prove to be good carriers, but the number of dissections
has been far too small. This is particularly true of mosquitoes which may carry- larvae of
WucJzereria banuofti. Since Cztlex fntigmzs is reported in all handbooks as the principal
carrier it soon became obvious that conditions in this region are different. C. fatigam is
mainly a town mosquito, while filariasis here is a disease of rural districts; moreover,
Wz~cJzerevia bamvofti has been observed in Sew Guinea in areas where Cztlex fatigam is
entire137 absent, Uuch research work still has to be done, especially outside the larger
towns. ‘4 great advantage is that no costly instruments are needed. Since the carriers

may be sought under the Culici~i as well as under the A?zopheZini rapid identification of
the most frequently encountered Culicine-species is of the utmost importance. The
mosquito which is to be examined for Wucheveria must be dissected as soon as possible
after being killed and the identification of the species must be done in the shortest
possible time. If too much time is taken in identification the dead mosquito becomes too
dry and is unfit to be examined further. A thorough knowledge of the common mosquitoes
of the region is necessary before starting on dissections.
The experimental as well as natural infections should be estimated.
(I) Expevinte&d infection
The best method would be to use ‘clean’ mosquitoes for this part of the research,
i.e., mosquitoes bred in the laboratory, so as to have exact figures of the specimens be-
coming infected without the possibility of the mosquito carrying a natural infection
already. This, however, is usually impracticable and ‘wild’ captured specimens have to be
used, If it is a good carrier the experimental infection-index is considerably higher than
the natural one.
The mosquitoes may be infected in two different ways: (I) A very large number of
mosquitoes are caught and placed in one or more cages; at 20 hours or later a person
with numerous microfilariae in his blood puts his arms in the cage and keeps it there for
about an hour. The gorged mosquitoes are
then removed and put into another cage. The
cages have to be kept very damp. For satis-
factory dampness a sheet of filter paper,
touching water in a bowl at the bottom of the
cage is hung in a vertical position inside the
cage. It is well to give the person to be bitten
an arm- and handrest inside the cage. The
cage used in our experiments was of the type
seen in Fig. 4. The inside should be covered
with white paper, except the glass cover. It
will be noticed that the cover in the figure is
not as tight fitting as it should be (see the
upper right hand corner) ! So means of escape
should be left to the mosquitoes. The feet of
the cage rest in small Petri dishes filled with
water against ants. The sleeve may be closed
with a clothes-pin. ,A small bowl with a piece
sleeve
Fig. 4. Cage for feeding mosquitoes. -It ‘slees-e’
the arm of the patient is brought in.
of cotton wool drenched in sugar water will serve the mosquitoes as food after the blood
inside their stomachs is digested.
Another method of obtaining infected mosquitoes is (2) to catch specimens which
are feeding on heavily infected persons, who offer the bare skins of their backs to the
bloodsuckers. He gives a warnin g as soon as he feels that a mosquito has started to bite,
A test tube is carefully place4 L over the mosquito so that its bloodsucking is not interrupted.
When the mosquito is entirely gorged it will extract the proboscis and fly up
inside the test-tube; it can then be transferred to a cage. If the supply of test-tubes is
sufficient the mosquitoes may be left in them and no transfer to a cage is necessary.
With certain species this gives less deaths. One should proceed as follows: Each tube

8
contain-ng a gorged female, is closed with a plug of absorbent cotton which has been
moistened in sugar water; the tube is then paraffined and placed upside down in an
empty tin. The tin should be protected from ants by placing it on a dish with water.
The tube must be put down with the moist plug undermost to prevent the sugar water
from running along the side of the tube, causing the mosquito to stick to the glass wall.
Mortality is usually large and it is very important to have a large number of mosquitoes.
The purpose is to obtain mature, very mobile Maria larvae in the head and proboscis
of the mosquitoes. If successful the mosquito may be considered a good carrier. The time
it takes for the filaria larva to reach this stage in the tropics is from 8 to 14 days and it is
for this length of time that our mosquitoes must stay alive. If IO per cent live longer than
IO days, the results may be considered satisfactory, provided one starts with a large
enough number of specimens. The mosquitoes which die prematurely are not entirely
without value, if they are not desiccated. They may contain living worms and may be
used for dissection. If, however, they have been dead for more than one day they are
useless. It is absolutely necessary to control test-tubes and cages once or twice a day
for dead specimens which may then be identified and dissected. Experimental infections
in our region were positive in the following Culicines (for W. ba~~~~fti) : Culex vishmi,
C. fuscocephalus, C, whitmovei, C. amulirostris and Aedes scutellaris.
What to do with the mosquitoes to be dissected?
(I) Identify the specimen, (z) Take it by a wing with pincers or with fingers and cut
off the legs. (3) Cut off the wings and the abdomen with fine scissors. Place the head and
thorax in a drop of 0.4 per cent NaCl on a glass slide. Use a dissecting microscope or, if
not available, a monocular one. In the latter case use a very low power. A magnification
of 25 to 30 times is sufficient. Larger magnification makes dissecting more difficult,
especially with a monocular microscope.
Sometimes, before dissection has started, larvae appear from the insertion of the
legs or from the proboscis. Dissecting is done with two needles, which should not be too
coarse. It is a good idea to keep two different sizes of needles: thicker ones and fine ones.
If no holders for the needles are available, they may be improvised by cutting off the
heads of mosquito pins, heating them and inserting the hot end in a small wooden stick,
just long enough to lie comfortably in the hand. Bending the needle 45 degrees at a
point about 8 cm before the tip will make it a good dissecting instrument. Pull the
proboscis off the head and the head off the thorax; open the head, but be careful not to
damage the eyes otherwise the pigment will stream over the mount. Now open the
thorax a,ld pull the muscles apart; be careful not to damage any of the tissues. If mature
larvae are present they have had three chances to show themselves: (I) when the pro-
boscis ar.d (2) the head were pulled off, and (3) when opening the thorax, These larvae
are very mobile and move about in the saline drop; they are I-I& mm long and even
with a magnification of 25 are very clearly visible; it is impossible to overlook them.
From an epidemiological point of view it is important to find these large, mobile, mature
larvae; incompletely developed larvae may be found in mosquitoes which are never
carriers because in these specimens the larvae die before they are mature. Mature larvae
are only found in head and thorax; the development of the larvae takes place in the
thorax between the bundles of muscles; the details of this process may be found in a
handbook on the subject. It is important, when searching for immature stages, that the

muscles should be split very carefully in longitudinal bundles; these must be as thin as
possible so as not to damage the larvae.
To make the search easier the mount should be covered with a cover glass and a
magnification of IOO is used.
(II) Xat~wal infection
Freshly caught mosquitoes are used and the procedure is the same as that described
above. It is not always easy to interpret what is found. It is always possible that the
larvae in the mosquito being dissected are not of a human filaria. Most animals may
harbour filarias and it may be that the larvae are from animals. Not much is known of
their morphology. It is usually impossible to solve this problem. Precipitin tests with
the blood contents of the stomach of the mosquitoes may show which animals supplied
their last meal, but all these details take time and care and it will often be found im-
possible to examine the hosts properly. Another problem is whether the mature larvae
found in the wild caught mosquitoes are those of Wuchereria bancrofti or TY. malayi. If
the population of the area where the survey is made is infected with only one species,
this fact will be decisive. In other cases the decision will be impossible. The presence of
two distinct nuclei in the tail (caudal nuclei) of the young sausage stage (only visible after
correct staining) indicates that it is a malayi larva, but the more mature larvae are
practically indistinguishable, All this diminishes the value of the natural infection index.
Nonetheless the investigation is necessary in order to interpret the experimental index,
if this has been established with ‘wild’ mosquitoes. Only then, when the experimental
index is much larger than the natural one, may the result be considered the outcome
of an experimental infection, It is important always to make a blood slide of the test-
person on the evening he furnishes a bloodmeal.
Genus Toxorhynchites Theobald IgoI
This genus was formerly referred to as Xegarhim~s Robineau-Desvoidy 18zy.
STONE (1948) found that the name Megavhiwus was preoccupied and the first available
name for it is as given above.
The mosquitoes of this genus are all large, with beautiful metallic colouring,
though dried specimens lose much of their metallic shine. They are easily recognized by
their size, colours and strongly curved proboscis; af is much smaller than ?f; there is a
V-shaped thickening at tip of vein 5, see Fig. ga. These mosquitoes do not suck blood.
The larvae are predaceous on other mosquito larvae. They are very large and reddish
in colour with a rounded, square head. The mouth brushes are not real brushes with
hairs, as in other larvae, but they consist of a number of prehensile, hooked lamellae
which are used to catch and hold their prey; thorax with heavily chitinised plates with
thick spinulose bristles ; abdominal segment VIII without a comb, but with lateral
chitinised plate on each side carrying two plumose bristles. Xo pecten on siphon.
It has been suggested that use might be made of the predaceous habits of the larvae
to eradicate or at least diminish the number of bloodsucking mosquitoes by introducing
Toxorhymhites larvae in their breeding places. PAYKE (1934) took eggs and larvae in
different instars of Toxorhynchites s@endem from Java to Fiji, where this species was
unknown. He succeeded in landing 238 healthy larvae at Suva. They were distributed
over several breeding places of the common &des species in Fiji which has been cun-
9

IO
sidered as the vector of filariasis in the Fiji Islands. After a careful follow up, he came
to the conclusion that at best the numbers of the filaria carrier in Fiji can hardly be
reduced by more than j per cent.
The breeding places of Toxorhy~zcMes are usually vegetable ones, though occasionall>
larvae have been found in artificial breeding places.
Aote. Females of Toxovhynchifes species are rather variable in colourational characters, Thus,
closely related species and varieties are sometimes difficult to identify. Xoreover, often sexual
differeiices exist in some species and larvae do not show strikin g characters to help in identification.
Males are not so variable and are easier to recognize.
Toxorhynchites splendens Wiedemann 1S19
A large, beautiful mosquito with well developed lateral tufts of yellow, black and
orange hairs on terminal abdominal segments and with the proboscis strongly curved
downIvards and backwards in the middle, basal
half rigid (Fig. 5b).
ADULT. Female. Head with the scales
brightly coloured: green and blue with purple
reflections, a narrow pale border to the eyes;
the stout basal portion of the proboscis purple
or dark blue, palpi purple, about as long as first
six flagellar segments of the antenna; antenna1
hairs rather short, fine ancl sparse.
z@y772
I horax. Mesonotum with the scales greenish
:
A
6
a b
Fig. j. Toxovlq~ucl~ites, details of adult :
(17) win;; with T’-shaped thickening indicated br asterisk; (b) head of male showing curved proboscis.
metallic on dorsal surface; the scales at the sides may be somewhat bluish, those on scu-
tellum bluish green; afin covered with brassy scales ivith bluish reflections, or the scales
are blue or green; p@z bluish above, silvery below, scales on pleura silvery. Wings with
the membrane brownish, especially anteriorly; scales at base of wing deep blue or
purple. Legs with front and mid-femora purple, pale golden ventrally and posteriorly,
hind -pair mainly pale golden, purple dorsally on distal half; front tibia purple, with
usually some pale golden scaling posteriorly, mid-legs with the tibiae mainly pale golden,
purplish at base and apex; on hind pair the tibiae are purple, with greenish reflections;
tarsal ;marlting T:ariable, t3-tj on front and hind tarsi dark, LI of front tarsi white, with
dark basal ring and sometimes dark tip, a basal white ring on tz variable in width;
ornamentation of tI-tj on mid-legs very variable: sometimes entirely white except
for a dorsal dark mark at base of tI and a dark tip to t5; in some specimens the white
markings reduced to a subbasal white ring on tr and a basal white ring on tz; tz of hind
legs dark or with pale scaling, forming a more or less complete basal or subbasal band;

tz often mainly white, but sometimes with a subbasal pale band only. Abdomen with
dorsum dark blue or green; TI-III and V with lateral pale yellow patches visible
dorsally, IT’ and VI with smaller similar markings; lateral outstanding tufts of hairs on
VI-VIII, those on VI yellow and black, on VII black, on VIII orange; S II, III, V and
VI pale yellow with median purple line; S IV, VII and VIII mainly dark purple.
Male. Palpi about as long as proboscis, purple, with yellow or white scaling at
apex of long segment subbasally and subapically, variable; antennae densely plumose,
~SI with a tuft of scales; t3-----tj of all the legs dark, front tarsi entirely dark or with pale
scaling at bases of tI and tz beneath, mid-legs with pale scaling near base of tI some-
times forming a broad band, tz with basal white band very variable in width, _tI of hind
legs dark or with pale scaling at base, t2 with broad basal or subbasal white band.
LARVA (Fig. 0). A very large larva, about 16 mm when in last stage ; colour reddish
Fig. 6.
details of larva: head and distal segments, (a) shape of thoracic and abdominal hairs.
or reddish brown; chitinised parts of skin brown; length of siphon about 1.5 mm, tuft
with 4 to 8 branches. For structure see under characters of genus.
BIOXO~ICS. Larvae have been found in treeholes, bamboos, or in domestic collections
of water: jars, large discarded tins, and similar water-containing objects, where they preg
upon other mosquito larvae. The number of full grown larvae of ToxovJqwcJzzites is always
very small in the breeding places. The adult is usually observed near the breeding places,
or hovering over flowers from which it apparently sucks honey; it does not attack man.
DISTRIBGTION. Sumatra, Java, and some of the smaller neighbouring islands; Sum-
ba, Alor, Amboyna, Sew Guinea.
Note. The closely related variety szrbzrlifey Doleschall dif3ers in the markings on the underside
of the abdomen: SV and S 1-I are almost entirely purplish instead of being yellowish white with a
rather narrow purple stripe down the middle.
DISTRIBUTION of variety : Celebes, Ceram, Amboyna, Waigo, Xisul, Kew Guinea,
II

12
Toxorhynchites amboinensis Doleschall 1S57
A well-marked ToxorhymJzites species which differs from T. .s@ee&zs in having the
tufts at the sides of abdominal segment VIII entirely black instead of orange coloured.
DIjTRIBUTION. Ceram, Amboyna.
Genus Tripteroides Giles 1904
AGULT. Vertex with flat, broad scales only, except for a row of upright forked
scales on the naoe. The oroboscis is verv long and slender in many species, though other
a
species have a much shorter one which may
even be shorter than the abdomen and
appear quite thick. Palpi in many species
short in both sexes. Antennae of male
plumose. Posterior pronotal hairs much
reduced : usually one or two or none;
spiracular bristles always present ; postspiraculars
absent ; sternopleurals much
reduced. The scutellum always has flat
scales, the scutal scales are numerous, broad
and flat in some species, or sparse and
narrow in others, Pleural scaling heavy,
the scales broad and flat. The species
belonging to this genus may be brilliantly
ornamented with silvery and coloured
(e
shining scales, or they may be dull coloured
without any silvery markings.
L=YRVA. Thorax and abdomen usually
covered with stellate hairs but not in all
species. The antennae are always short
and bare with a small shaft hair beyond
the middle. The metathorax usually has a
long and strong, dorsolateral spine inserted
Fig. 7. Triptevoides avairoides, details of larva:
(n) comb of VIII ; (b) preclypeal spines; (c)antenna;
on a separate plate (Fig. 7, a), which also
bears a small spine. Comb of the Sth
(d) spine of metathorax; (e) left dorsal half of
thorax showing stellate hairs ; the long hair marked
x is drawn much too stout (after BARRAUD).
segment usually consists of a single row
which in some species is attached to a
plate. Siphon variable in length, with many
scattered hairs and spines, the latter simulating a rather irregular false pecten. Anal fan
one pair of tufts, the distal margin of the saddle usually has a fringe of spines, Inner
submedian hair branched, outer submedian hair single. Anal papillae well developed,
often long.
BIONOMICS. The larvae are usually found in tree holes, Nepenthes and certain artificial
breeding places near human habitations. The adult, if attacking man, usually
does so in the daytime. Some species are really a nuisance in the bush, or even in houses.
Most species, however, are not commonly encountered.
Note. This genus falls into four subgenera. The species described below all belong to the subgenus
Tripteuojdes.

Tripteroides (Tripteroides) aranoides Theobald Igor
No strikingly coloured scales present except a narrow blue border to the eyes and
white scales on @zz and pleura.
ADULT. Female. Head mainly covered with large, dark brown, flat scales, a narrow
border of blue scales along eye-margins, palpi and proboscis dark brown, with sometimes
a bronzy shine; palpi about 1/6 length of proboscis. Proboscis long and slender, longer
than abdomen; clypeus partly covered with white scales. Thorax. Xesonotum covered
with broad, dark, greyish brown scales, no dorsocentral bristles present, scales on
scutellum flat, same colour as on mesonotum; white scales on np?z and ppn, pleura almost
entirely covered with similar white scales, integument of pleura brown or yellowish.
Legs unbanded, dark brown; femora with under-surfaces paler. Abdomen brownish
black dorsally with dark bluish reflections, white scales on venter with bluish reflections;
light scales forming a lateral straight border to tergites for entire length of abdomen.
Male. Similar to female except for the more plumose antennae.
LXRV_% (Fig. 7, after BXRRXUD). Head: antenna short and stout, shaft smooth, a
single hair at about 4/a ‘+ length from base, z small preapical spines very near tip, 2 small
spines at apex, and a papilla. Head hairs all fine and single (except A, which is usually
z-branched), 3 pairs placed well forward, fourth pair, longer than others, further back,
posterior to level of bases of antennae. Numerous stellate hairs on thorax and abdomen,
each hair with about 12 branches, the tips apparently blunt, but actually ending in several
minute points, some long lateral hairs also on thorax and abdomen; a strong
single, slightly barbed spine on mesothorax dorsolaterally ; a longer, double, strong spine
arising from a large chitinised tubercle on metathorax, branches unequal in length,
shorter branch variable. Comb of 8th segment of 10-12 pointed teeth, of which about
five are larger than others, a few towards dorsum, widely spaced; indications in most
specimens of a feebly chitinised lateral plate from which the comb arises. Siphon usually
darker in middle than towards base and apex, a narrow dark ring at base, 2*-3 times
length of width at base, no acus; a double row of z-branched hairs along posterior
margin, the pair nearest base usually q-branched; scattered, single and z-branched hairs
on lateral and anterior surfaces; false pecten of 5-S fine teeth, pointed and minutely
fringed, commencing some distance from base of tube and continued nearly to apex.
,\nal segment enclosed dorsally and laterally with chitinised saddle, the posterior margin
of which carries g-12 rather long sharp spines, osc single, smooth and long, isc with 5
or 6 fairly long branches, all about the same length, Zh about the same length as isc and
either z- or 3-branched or single, a pair of ventral hairs representing fan or brush each
5-6 short branches, both pairs of anal papillae nearly as long as lateral hair, tips
slightly rounded.
BIOXOMICS. Larvae were collected in bamboos, tree holes and Nepmthes.
DISTRIBUTIOX. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Bali.
Tripteroides (Tripteroides) bimaculipes Theobald 1905
This species can easily be distinguished even from close allies by the combination
of a blackish scutal integument with broad scales on nplz, narrow ones on p@z and a
silvery patch on mesepimeron, together with lateral silvery bands on apices of tergites
III--VII. T. bimnczdipes belongs to the group of highly ornamented TripteroilZes species,
I3

I4
which fiave bright silverv patches on the femora. The larva is very similar to that of
T. bvevipalpis (not included in this synopsis).
ADUI,T. Female, Head covered with azure blue scales in front, black behind. An-
tennae, palpi and proboscis from dark brown to black, proboscis very long and slender,
about 14 times as long as
the palpi which are very
short; tori of antennae may
be paler brown. Thorax,
ilplz and &!VZ yellowish
brown, for scaling see above.
Dorsally the mesonotum is
covered with very narrow,
black scales. There may be
a few broad, black scales
over the wing roots. Pleura
hrnmn -- - .’ --, the ---- d-w-nnnlwlrnn
-__-__r------large117
covered with flatlying,
silvery scales and a
white patch on mesepimeron.
This mesepimeral
patch I-aries in size: specimens
from Upper Digul
River have a very large
patch, specimens from Xen-
Guinea North Coast (not
Fig. 8. Tv’pteroides bimzcu?i#es,
details of larva:
(n) head, (b) preclypeal
spines, nore enlarged,
stated which part of it) have
the patch much reduced,
LEE (1945) mentions that
specimens from Hollandia
commonly had a reduced
patch; scutellum with flat
black scales forming a patch
on each lobe. Legs mostly
black: the coxae are yellowish,
with bright silvery
scales laterally; the femora
(c) distal segments, (d)
branch of stellate hair,
(e) mesothoracic spine,
have bluish white and silvery
markings as follows ::
(f) meta Ihoracic spine
front and mid-femora havewith
4 tcteth, (3) combteeth.
a silvery white spot just
beyond the middle and a
similar preapical one; the
mid-femora have also a silvery line from base to about halfway apex; hind legs with a
similar line extending beyond the middle and a silver>- preapical spot, Wings with small,
broad, dark scales. Base of pf closer to wing base than that of nf, Abdonwt black
dorsally and golden ventrally. As well as the ornamentation mentioned above there
is a large sil\-ery lateral area extending from base to apex of T II.

---
Male. Similar to female except for characters of the terminalia.
LARVA. Head rounded, preclypeal spines bent, thick; dorsal head-hairs all simple.
&Antenna short, straight, antenna1 hair subapical. Thorax and abdomen thickly covered
with stellate black hairs, 14 to IS branched, the branches sparsely and very finely
frayed and ending in 2 or 3 divergent tips. Mesothoracic spine simple (Fig. 8e), metathoracic
spine with 3 or 4 teeth (see Fi g. 8f) ; both BRUG and LEE mention 3 teeth; a specimen
from Ceram had 3 on one side and 4 on the other. Comb of the 8th abdominal segment of
over 20 teeth; BRUG gives 14 teeth of a different shape, the subdorsal ones very strong;
towards the venter they gradually decrease in size. The shape of the individual tooth is
irregular, as given by LEE, the more dorsal having a rather squarish basal plaque sur-
mounted by a strong pointed spine. Those towards the ventral surface are finely spinose,
particularly at the apex. The siphon is swollen on basal third, narrow on apical third,
with ten to twelve bifid ventral tufts and about IO pecten spines, and lthere is an irregular
series of dorsal and dorsolateral hairs which are from 2-6 branched. LEE gives these
hairs as z-branched, occasionally a hair is single. The saddle of the anal segment is
strongly chitinized but not all round ventrally. :Apical margin of saddle with a row of
strong large spines ; saddle hair 4-branched, -bifid as given by BRUG and by LEE, ventral
brush represented by a pair of 5-branched hairs ; isc y-branched and osc single (see Fig. SC),
Note. The above description differs from those given by BRCG (1934) and by LEE
(1945). It may be, that bimaczrZi$m larvae from different localities differ morphologically,
or several morphological differences may represent so many separate species or varieties.
The locality from which BRUG’S described larval skins came from, is not known. LEE
examined specimens from such widely separated places as Cairns (Australia), Milne
Bay (Eastern Xew Guinea) and Hollandia, and found them all fitting in with his
description. The description given above is of a larval skin from Ceram.
BIOXO~IICS. The species bites during the day in scrub and around jungli margin.
The larvae have been found in coconut husks, tree holes, bamboo stumps and in Sepelz-
thes; LEE adds artificial containers such as tin cans.
DISTRIBCTIOK. Xoluccas, New Guinea.
Tripteroides (Tripteroides) powelli I~udlow 1909
The anterior pronotal lobes are without brightly coloured scales; the femora are
spotted; wing scales not very dense and rather narrow.
,%DULT. Female. Head with a broad area of flat, metallic deep blue scales on anterior
half of dorsal surface, dark scales behind, forked on the nape; proboscis very long. A@
covered with dark brown, flat scales; integument of mesonotum dark brown in the
middle, pale in front and at the sides, but this colouring rather x-ariable. Scutal scales
dark brown and all narrow curved ; scutellar scales flat, dark brown; pleura from dark
brown to paler with white, flat scales. Legs with coxae and trochanters almost white,
with few dark scales; femora all light ventrally, dark brown dorsally, with 2 brilliant
white spots on the front legs; mid-legs with a basal white line extending nearly half the
length of the femora, with two white spots towards apex; hind femora, with 2 white
spots, otherwise the legs are very dark brown, though in certain lights they may seem
paler. Abdomen dark scaled dorsally with lateral silvery patches, which may form
complete bands on some of the segments. Sternites pale golden scaled except ST711
ivhich is dark scaled. Male. Antennae plumose, otherwise similar to female.
-
I5

16
LARVA (After BRUG, Fig. 9). Antenna short, one third as long as the head, somewhat
S-shaped, shaft smooth; shaft hair single. Preclypeal spines strong, curved, blunt ended,
yellow or brownish, Head hairs : A 3-j branched; B, C, d and e single; d attached near
the cly’peal border; B on a level with the antenna1 base, C more backward. Thorax and
abdomen covered with stellate, stiff, black hairs. Mesothoracic spine simple, straight
and barbed; metathoracic spine large, with 1-3 accessory branches, finely barbed and
with ragged tips. Comb of 8th segment consisting of one row 16-24 long scales, not on a
plate, the dorsal ones sharply pointed and smooth, the ventral ones more slender, blunt
with a long fringe on the tip and a short fringe over the whole length. Siphon: index
2+-3 ; no acus. Pecten of 4-5 slender, frayed or fringed teeth, usually in 2 groups: 2 or
3 before the middle and far away apically. Ventrally about II long, slightly plumose,
-4
CJ _. \
f
Fig. 9. ‘Tripteroides powelli; details of larva. ~a) antenna, (b) tip of antenna more enlarged, (c) spine
of meso- and (d) spine of metathorax, (e) comb of VIII, (f) siph on, (g) saddle of anal segment (after
BRUG) ; isc, ox only partly figured.
a-branched hairs in one row, except the basal pair which has 3 or 4, or rarely 5 branches.
Subdorsally some ten stiff, slightly plumose, scattered hairs, each with 2 or 3 branches
or sometimes single. Anal segment with the saddle almost complete, its apical border
with 6 or less large, minutely barbed spines and some smaller ones; isc longer than
siphon, frayed, 3-5 branched; OX longer, simple, frayed. Lh nearly as long as isc,
frayed, frequently with 3 branches, sometimes only two, rarely single. Fan represented
by a pair of s-branched hairs, often longer than anal segment, branches frayed and with
finely orawn out points. Anal papillae rounded at tips, fairly broad, dorsal pair longer,
over t&ice the length of anal segment.
BI~NOMICS. Larvae were collected in bamboo stumps and in a tree hole, at altitudes
of 700 m and 1,000 m.
DISTRIBUTION. Java.
No,‘e. The colourational difference between the variety indica Barraud and the type species is
found in the mesonotal scales : they are all yellowish in the variety and dark brown in the type. The

larva has the sTer’cra1 hairs of the siphon j-branched instead of z-branched. Larvae of the XTarietJ
were collected in Celebes from bamboo stumps. In a recent publication on the Philippine Tripteroides
BAISAS & UBALDO-P.GAPOS point out that there is reasonable doubt that the specimens from Jas-a,
identified as po-weZli are the same species as LUDLOW’S type; the description of alarva under that name
may not be that of a PoweZli specimen, as the larva of the type is unknown. Small differences apparent-
ly exist in Philippine larvae which produce powlli-like females.
Genus Topomyia Leicester 1908
Small mosquitoes. Palpi short in both sexes; antennae of male slightly plumose and
rather similar to those of female. Clypeus very narrow. A@, pleura and scutellum with
flat, silvery scales. Usually a median line of similar scales on mesonotum. Scutellum
very small. Abdomen laterally compressed. The larvae of Topomyin resemble in general
those of Hn+zgo~;lzyin, moreover, there are not many differences between larvae of
ToPonzyin species, except T. a~genfeowztralis which is distinctly different (see de-
scription). All the dorsal head hairs are simple; there are no sutural hairs; the antenna1
hair is simple, rather small and inserted near apex; two many branched, frayed hairs
laterally on prothorax; more or less S-shaped lateral hairs on segment I and II; stellate
hairs on segments III--VII; anal fan just one branched hair; a variable number of
spicules on distal border of anal segment, on the siphon two subdorsal rows of branched
hairs, ventrally a pair of hairs on the base and towards apex a row of unpaired hairs,
all or some simple; teeth of pecten more or less irregularly placed, so that the presence
of a real pecten is not apparent. In the larvae of typical Topomyia species (T. gracilis
and allies) the mouth parts are unmodified, but in 3”. argelzteowztvnlis the structure of
these parts suggests that this species is predaceous upon other mosquito larvae. Breeding
places were found in leaf-bases of Colocnsin, Pandamts and similar water-collecting leaf-
axils. Also in bamboo stumps. The adults are often found in the neighbourhood of
jungle streams; the species are not known to suck blood. It has been noticed that the pro-
boscis, when at rest, is apparently bent back beneath the body.
Topomyia argenteoventralis Leicester IgoS
The last three hind tarsal joints are largely dark beneath; the palpi are entirely
dark scaled; nf small, much less than 4 times as ion, (5 as its stem; the silvery median
mesonotal stripe not reaching as far backwards as scutellum; @JZ with golden scales;
TII with a large patch of white scales.
ADULT. Female. Head. -1 patch of broad white scales on the vertex, laterally down
the sides this spot is continued; a tiny spot of white scales on either side near eye-
margin, Remaining parts of head \I-ith black scales; on the nape a few upright, forked
scales, Antenna with t black, without scales, fs black with short, pale hairs and black
verticillate hairs. Palpi about I/S length of proboscis. Thorax. ;IprL black, covered with
pearly elliptical scales and with a well marked row of black bristles. Mesonotum black
with a median line of short, broad, silx-cry white scales, iridescent in certain lights,
lateral patches of white, longer scales on anterior part; remaining scales on mesonotum
bronzy-brown and narrow curred. Scutellum brolvnish black, mid-lobe covered with
broad, silvery white scales, lateral lobes with narrower dark scales, mid-lobe with 3
bristles, Pleura dark brown to black, a paler, more yellowish area beneath the wings and
between front and mid-coxa. ,A large patch of silvery flat scales on upper half of sterno-
pleuron, joinicg a similar patch on post spiracular area and on upper mesepimeron.

IS
Wings with dark brown scales, with metallic reflections; stem of njover one third of its
length. Coxae yellow-brown with numerous silvery, broadened scales on front and mid-,
pale but not silvery scales on hind ones; legs dark brown with purple shine, except the
hind femora which have a narrow line of pale scales. Abdomen with dorsum coveredwith
dark brown scales with purple shine, venter with silvery scales with bluish iridescence,
which may turn to yellowish in dried specimens; T II with a large silvery white patch;
T IV, and VI with a basal silvery white band broken up medianly.
Male. This differs from the female in having the antennae slighty plumose, T IV,
V and VI only slightly silvery marked.
LP.RVX (Fig. 10). The followin g description is after BRUG (rgjr), who was not quite
certain of the correct association of larva and adult. The most striking character is the
Fig. 10. ‘Topo~zyin ar~el22eovel2tvnlis, details of larva: (0,) head, (t)) modified maxilla, (G) detail of (b)
more enlarged, (d) lateral hair on abdominal segment I, (e) broom-like hair on abd. seg. III, (f) distal
segments (after BRUG).
appendz.ges of the maxillae (see note below) which are flexible, and visible from above if
the larva is viewed from the lateral side. On III--T’11 of the abdomen the stellate hairs
are replaced by paired, branched hairs, the branches nearly parallel, giving the impression
of being broom-like; these brooms are closely and finely frayed on III, on the other segments
hardly at all. Most of the unpaired hairs on the ventral side of the siphon have developed
into strong, long spines, the apical hairs are unchanged. Dorsally there are two pairs of

hairs, the apical pair being finely fringed at tip. Xinute spines at distal margin of anal
segment. Anal lobes very long and narrow. This larva has often been found in breeding
places from which nqelzteowztvnlis adults were reared. This is the only evidence we have
of the possible relation between larva and adult.
A70fe. The maxillae are mouth parts of larvae, otherwise not mentioned in this synopsis, lying
on the ventral side.
BIO~OMICS. Sfales, females and larvae were collected from CoZocnsin leaf ax&, one
larva from an overblown Rn~esin nmoldii Aower (altitude about TOO m) ; adults were
taken in the immediate neighbourhood of jungle streams (Leicester IgoS).
DISTRIBUTIOS. Sumatra.
Topomyia @acilis Leicester IgoS
The last three hind tarsal joints are largely dark beneath; the palpi entirely dark
scaled; nf small, much less than 4 times as long as its stem; these tarsal, palpal and wing
characters it has in common with T. nvgmteowztrnlis. The silvery mesonotal stripe runs
all over the mesonotum and
continues on the scutellum.
Female. Head: Black
scaled with a large silvery
white patch on the vertex
and some white scales late-
rally; bristles along eye-
margin, vertical bristles
black, Torus black, nude,
fs blackish-brown with
black, verticillate hairs.
Palpi and proboscis black
scaled, Thorax. A@ with
silvery white elongated
scales. Mesonotum dark
brown to blackish with a
silvery white median line of
broadly oval scales running
from anterior margin onto
mid-lobe of scutellum.
Remaining scales of me-
dorsal ventral
sonotum narrow, curved, ~,a. II. Topomyia gvncilis, details of larva: (n) head, (b) distal
dark brown. Laterally on segments, (c) spine at base of lateral thoracic hairs (after BRUG).
mid-lobe, and on lateral
lobes of scutellum dark brown scales. Pleura dark brown with broad white elliptical .
scales. I;S7ings dark brown scaled; nf with its base nearer to wing base than that of
fif; stem of nf more than 1/3 of the length of nf. Legs dark brown but coxae ochraceous
with silvery scales and femora silvery beneath. Abdomen dark dorsally, venter silvery.
No spots or bands. Male. This is only distinguishable from closely related Topomyin
species by the differences in the terminalia.
I9

20
LARVA (after BRUG). This species conforms to the genus characters as given before;
specific details can be found in I;i,. g II. Antenna slightly curved. Lateral thoracic hairs
with a strong spine, Curved lateral hairs on abdominal segment I and II; on III--VII
these hairs are stellate with 15-20 branches.
B~ONOMICS. Larvae were collected from Pn~z&znus and Colocnsin leaf ax&, at an
altitude of about 700 m.
DETRIBUTIOX. Sumatra, Bali.
Genus Harpagomyia De Aleyere agog
Occiput with broad, flat scales. Clypeus twice as long as broad, pointed in front.
Palpi short in both sexes, antennae equal in male and female. Mesonotum usually with a
median line of broad, flat, silvery white scales. Proboscis of peculiar structure (Fig. 12).
Fig. 12. Left : Hrtrpngomyin taking food
from ant’s stomach (from BARRAUD,
after JACOBSOX) ; right: peculiar pro-
boscis of Hnrfmgon~~~in.
Full grown larvae do not show any constant characters by which they can be distinguished
from Tofiovzyin larvae. From TrQ5tel~oide.s they may be separated by the absence
of large spines on the thorax. The absence of an anal fan is a common character in
Toponz~~& Triptelroides and Hnrpagomyin. Larvae have been found in leaf axils of
CoZocn:,in and similar plants, in tree holes and in old ants’ nests in which water had
collected.
The females do not suck blood, but feed on the contents of ants’ stomachs. They may
be seen hovering over a procession of ants, on which, from time to time, a Hn@ngonzyia
female alights. It places itself directly in front of an advancing ant, stops it, thrusts the
swollen tip of the proboscis (Fi,. 0 12) into the opened mouth of the ant and rapidly absorbs
the food. When not in use the mosquito proboscis is folded backwards under the body.
Harpa.$omyia splendens De Meyere agog
The peculiar proboscis brings this species at once into the genus Hnrpngomyin,
while the mainly black proboscis distinguishes it from the closely allied H. genwostris
Leicest er.

ADULT. Female. Head dark with a patch of silvery white, flat scales in front on
vertex and laterally a patch of similar scales. Remaining part of the head with dark
scales with purplish iridescence. Antenna brownish black, except the torus, which is
yellowish. Palpi very short, yellowish. Proboscis stout, basally yellowish, remainder
blackish brown, labella also dark, Apical third swollen and with two very long, strong
hairs, which are curved upwards, on each side at tip. The whole proboscis with hairs,
which are long and dark on dorsal surface of basal z/3, laterally and ventrally the hairs
are much shorter and somewhat pale. Except for the curved hairs at apex the swollen
part is covered with pale hairs, ventrally and basally long, remaining hairs decreasing
in length.
Thorax. Apst with silvery white scales. Uesonotum blackish brown with a median,
silvery white line, on anterior margin laterally a silvery white spot. Scutellum with
silvery white scales, all broad and flat ; posterior margin with long, blackish brown hairs
with yellowish shine. Numerous silvery white scales on the blackish brown pleura.
Coxae yellow with silvery white scales, especially on front coxae anteriorly. Legs otherwise
blackish brown. Abdomen blackish brown, scaled dorsally with purple iridescence;
ventrally yellowish with closely set silvery white scales except for a narrow apical
brown band on some of the segments. On tergites I and II, IV-VI large silvery patches,
very large on IV ; VII nearly all silvery white.
Male. Ornamented like the female, except that the median mesonotal line may not
be so well pronounced.
LARVA. No striking characters can be found in this Hnrpagomyin larva except that
the colour is bright yellow and that they are very frail looking. So proper larval skins
are at hand for a description.
BIOXOMICS. See under genus characters.
DISTRIBUTIOS. Java.
Xote. Of the closely allied species H. genwostvis Leicester and I
H. jncobsom’ Ewards, the former has been found on Sumatra, ; /

22
Palpi very short in both sexes and antennae never plumose. Mesonotum usually without
obvious ornamentation, but a+ and pleura usually with broad, flat, silvery white
scales, The two species from the region under consideration are very rare, but if encountered
prove to be vicious biters, especially in the forest. As far as is known the larvae
live in earthbound water
collections.
The species may be
distinguished as follows :
a. Abdomen with
large lateral silvery spots
on tergites I-III, V-VI;
that on V very large,
spreading on to dorsum
and nearly touching spot
of other side; fork cells
moderate ; margins of
eyes not broadly silvery :
El. quasisanguinae
tester ;
Leic
Fig. 14, Hodgesin wzln~~i; details of larva: (n) head, (b) distal segments,
(c) pecten-teeth, (d) comb-teeth (after BARRACD).
b. Abdomen without
any bands or spots; fork
cells long ; margins ot
eyes broadly silvery
white: H. malayi Leitester.
In .Fig. 14 the larva of Hodgesin malayi is given, as copied from I~ARRA~D.
DISTRIBUTION. Of Hodgesin malayi : Amboyna ; of H. quasisa~zgzhnae : Celebes,
Ceram, New Guinea.
Genus TJranotaenia Lynch Arribalzaga rSgr
Small species. They may be distinguished from all other genera by the very small
microtrichia on the integument of the wing, which require a magnification of more than
IOO x . Palpi short in both sexes; antennae plumose in male. Occiput and scutellum with
broad, flat scales. In the majority of species af is very short. In some species there are
white areas on the wing veins. Males of the species described below may show interesting
characters on some of the tarsi. In some species larval head hairs B and C are modified
into thick, lanceolate structures (Fig. qj.
Breeding places are either earth-bound or vegetable. The larvae may be superficially
mistaken for Anof&eLes larvae because their siphon is very short and they have a
habit of resting in a horizontal position, though not 072 the surface of the water but close
to it.
Uranotitenia atra Theobald Igo5
Bright blue markings on head, pleura and mesonotum and pale spots on the abdo-
men distinguish this otherwise small dark brown species; it differs mainly from the very

similar Urmotaexia vzicam in the absence of white scales on the wings and distinct
white markings on hind tarsi.
FEMALE. Head with a border of brilliant blue or bluish white, flat scales along eye-
margins, vertex with similar scales; behind these the scales are dark purple and on the
nape a few upright, forked, dark scales; laterally from vertex the blue scales are con-
tinued and form a patch. L%ntennae dark brown except t which is pale ochre yellow.
Clypeus pale yellowish brown. Palpi only slightly longer than clypeus and of the same
colour. Proboscis about as long as the abdomen, swollen at apex. Thorax: Aplt with
flat, blue scales which vary from pale bluish white to azure blue in different lights,
Mesonotum with brown integument, clothed with dark brown, narrow, curved scales
and long dark brown bristles; on either margin in front of wing root there is a line of
bright blue, longish, flat scales; scutellum brown lvith brown, flat scales with purple
Fig. 15s CI~o,~totaeizia nfra: head and distal segments of larva; note head hairs B and C (compare
fig. 3) being modified into thick structures; (a) teeth of comb; (b) teeth of i e&en.
iridescence. Integument of pleura dark brown on part nearest scutum, lighter on part
near coxae and on lower mesepimeron; a large patch of flat blue scales in middle of
sternopleuron. Wings with dark scales and af very short. Legs with dull dark brown
scales. ,4bdomen with brownish black tergites which have small, lateral, apical, white
patches, stemites mainly pale scaled.
MALE. Similar to female except that the antennae are plumose, the apex of the
proboscis is more swollen and some of the tarsi are peculiarly modified. See Fig. 16, a-b.
LARVA. Preclypeal spines short, stout. Antenna1 hair small, simple, hardly as long
as width of antenna, inserted at I/~-I/S the length from base. Subapical hairs implanted
close to tip, spine-like, one short, the other somewhat longer; at apex two more spine-
like hairs. Hair A j-branched; B and C simple, more like spines than hairs, finely frayed;
C rather far backwards and inserted slightly more towards median line than -6; d small,
23

24
2 or 3-branched, inserted in line with B; e simple, delicate, rather long. Comb of the 8th
segment of 6-g teeth at posterior margin of large comb plate. Each tooth pointed and
finely fj-ayed about the middle of its length. Siphon nearly cylindrical, at apex hardly
narrower than at base. Index about 3, Pecten on basal half with about 13 teeth, the
Fig. 16. U~~z~totne~tin nfvn: (a), (b) and (c) base of front tarsus, tip of middle tarsus and tip of hind
tibia of $ respectively, after BARRAUD; U. pnp~n: (d) head, (e) distal segments; (f) tooth of comb
and (g) too-:h of pecten of larva, (d)-(g) after LEE; li. diagotza1i.s: (I)) head, (i) tooth of comb and (j)
tooth of pecten of larva, after BRUG; I/T. quiizqltel~2acz4lafa: (k) mesonotum.
teeth weakly chitinized, with fringe at tip. Siphon hair at about half way between base
and apex with S-II bare branches, longest branch about r/3 the length of siphon.
Acus round, very small. Valves large. Anal segment somewhat broader than long,
chitinisation all round; isc and osc z-branched, longer than siphon; bare. Lateral hair
delicate, rather long, 4-8 branched. Anal fan well developed with about ten z-branched
hairs. Anal papillae short, oval, 1/3-z/5 as long as segment.

BIO~OMICS. Breeding places usually earth-lined in fresh as well as in brackish
water; also found in crab holes.
DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Kabaena, Alor; Tenimber Islands, _\ru
Islands, Amboyna, New Guinea.
Uranol aenia micans Leicester IgoS
The description is after LEICESTER.
This species has conspicuous white scales on the wings and some distinctly pale,
banded, tarsal joints.
FEULE. Head. Dark grey to brown. On the vertex, projecting forwards, is a tuft
of long, flat, white scales; diverging from this are two lines of bluish white scales. The
space enclosed by these two lines is entirely covered with light, olive brown scales in
front, dark cobalt blue ones behind. Few upright forked scales. The lateral scales, outside
the bluish white lines, are deep blue or dark brown, varying with the light. Vertical and
orbital bristles black. Antenna with a few white, narrow, curved scales on the inner
surface of t; flagellar segment blackish brown. Clypeus dark reddish brown, bare. Palpi
extremely short and close to clypeus. Proboscis nearly as long as the whole body, enlarged
apically. Thorax : As in other Uranotamia species the thorax is very much arched and
the mesonotum projects further forwards than in other mosquitoes. A@ muddy brown,
crossed obliquely from above downwards and backwards by a line of blue white scales
which are in one line with similar scales on the head and the pleura. Nesonotum light
brown; on either lateral margin a line of blue white scales which extends forwards from
the root of the wing to a little short of the anterior margin. The entire space between
these lines is covered with dark brown, narrow, curved scales. The bristles, as in most of
these small Uranotaenia species are of unusual length. Scutellum similar in colour to the
mesonotum. Pleura brown but paler than the mesonotum, crossed by a line of blue white
scales continuous with those on afin and ending behind in a patch of similar scales above
the hind coxae; there are also a few bristles. Wings with the scales on the costa broad
and dark brown on the basal half, then bluish white, then dark brown, then bluish white
again to the apex. The colour of the scales on basal half varies, being sometimes broken
by white. The subcostal and first long veins are scaled blue white for the first third of
the wing, then dark brown, then blue white to a little beyond the junction of subcosta
with costa; the first long vein is then black scaled nearly to its end; the second long vein
is brown scaled at the base and opposite the brown scales on costa and subcosta; it thus
forms with the previous veins two well marked costal spots, the first of which is longer
than the second and begins about the junction of basal and median thirds. There is a
line of dark brown scales on the third vein near its base and another on the stem of the
fifth and one on its branch and a patch of black scales on the sixth vein; the rest of the
wing is scaled with bluish white scales when seen by reflected light, but viewed by
transmitted light the scales are almost transparent. Coxae light brown with a silvery
sheen when dry, with a few bristles, but without scales; femora pale scaled beneath,
with dark brown scales above and laterally; these scales are purple in some lights; front
and mid-tibiae and tarsi dark-brown scaled; hind tibiae and tr also with dark brown
scales, but all the remaining tarsal segments have a broad creamy band at their base,
the last being all creamy scaled except for a patch of purple brown scales above at the
tip. These creamy scales become very dingy in the dried specimen, but are always
25

26
distinct. Abdomen: Dorsally clad with dark purple brown scales. Some of the basal
segments show apical white bandin, 0 which, though distinct in the fresh specimen, becomes
far less so in the dried state. The venter is pale scaled.
31.4~~. Head scaled as in the female. Antennae plumose, t dark brown; a white band
at the apices of all the other joints but the last. Verticillate hairs purple brown. Proboscis
very long; the apical fourth is enlarged and generally bent backwards, the whole proboscis
being carried at a right angle to the body and clad with long hairs on the upper
surface. The scales on the proboscis are dark brown with purple reflections as in the
female.
We have no larvae to describe. A single larva which pupated was collected from a
temporary rainwater pool. The subsequent male adult was U. ~~zz’c~zzs, the larval skin
is in too poor a condition to be described.
BIO~OMICS. A series of adults was caught near water in open marsh land. Also caught
indoor:; in towns.
DISTRIBUTIOK. Java, Borneo.
Uranotaenia Papua Brug 1924
A small, obscure species without any special ornamentation; proboscis very short,
The presence of pale, flat scales on the anterior border of the mesonotum in the absence
of such scales on any other part of mesonotum or pleura, sets this species quite apart.
FEMALE. Head covered with broad, flat, mouse-grey, somewhat transparent
scales; black, upright, forked scales behind and a narrow rim of white scales along the
border of and between the eyes. Antennae much longer than the proboscis; t yellowish
brown, other segments brownish black; small hairs evenly distributed over the segments.
Proboscis as long as the abdomen, dark brown, labella pale brown. Palpi short, length
one-nirith that of the proboscis, brownish black. Thorax: integument of mesonotum
pale bronzy brown, clothed with bronzy brown, narrow, curved scales, not forming a
definite pattern, and black hairs. Anterior border with a row of grey flat scales, somewhat
bluish in some lights. No row of flat scales in front of the wing roots, Pleura greyish
without ornamentation. A@ without scales, 3 large bristles present. Scutellum wholly
covered with flat, bronzy scales. Wing scales dark brown. Legs dark bronzy brown,
unbanc,ed. Abdomen short, truncate, dorsally with dark, bronzy black scales; venter
dark brown.
LARVA, Fig. 16 d-g (after Lee, Ig41), Head hairs normal, C trifid. Lateral chitinous
plates of Sth abdominal segment continuous dorsally. Anal papillae at least twice as
long as saddle. Siphon practically straight-sided, pecten teeth smooth spines.
BI~NO~IICS. The larvae were collected in rusty tins and in a tin helmet at Milne
Bay (New Guinea). Also in inflorescence of Curcztnzn sp,, Tanah Merah. Females were
caught indoors on Upper Digul River.
DISTRIBUTION. Sew Guinea, Haruku.
Uranotaenia diagonalis Brug 1931
Description after Brug 1934
FEMALE. Head with flat, dusky grey scales and some upright forked ones; a pale
margin along the eyes. Tori and clypeus brownish. Palpi black, very short, exceeding

the clypeus by not more than half its length. Proboscis black, shorter than the abdomne.
Xesonotal integument yellowish brown with brown scales, scutellum dark brown scaled.
Pleura pale yellowish, without scales, with a well marked, broad, dark brown line, be-
ginning just under the anterior spiracle, obliquely crossing the upper part of the sterno-
pleura, and the lower half of the mesepimeron and ending in the posterior lower edge of
the latter. Wing: Scales brown, no white markings; stem of nf almost three times as long
as the cell, that of $f I .5 times as long; the base of the latter nearer the wing base. Legs
dark brown. 14bdomen dorsally black, ventrally dark brown without any markings.
IkLE. I%-itennae plumose. Palpi and colouration as in the female. Xo special
structures on the legs.
LARVA. Head (Fig. 16, A) dark brown, round, antenna short and straight, antenna1
hair short, simple, near apex of antenna. Preclypeal hairs short, simple, no specialised
head hairs. Comb on 8th segment consisting of 4-7 teeth in a row, the bases of the
teeth fimbriated (Fig. 16, zJ, Siphon brownish, index z-2.5, nearly cylindrical but
tapering a little towards the apex. Pecten of 3-7 teeth, (Fig. 16, i), last tooth about
the middle of the siphon. Siphonal tuft beyond the middle, moderately large, with 4-7
branches. Anal segment with isc and OX simple and frayed, 112 4-6 branched, anal
brush consisting of 3 I-cry long, simple, frayed hairs, one bifid frayed hair somewhat
shorter, and a short 4-branched on each side. Anal plate much broader than long.
Papillae cylindrical, apices rounded, dorsal pair a little shorter than the siphon, ventral
pair two-thirds as long as the dorsal.
BIONOJIICS. Xany larvae were found in the axillae of the small leaves at the feet of
the flowers of Cz~rcz~za sp. (Zilzgibevncenej. At the foot of each flower there was one
small leaf that did not contain more than one ml. of water. The larvae, if stranded on
a moist surface, behaved quite differently from most other mosquito larvae in similar
circumstances: they did not show the common aimless wriggling, but moved, seemingly
intentionally in one direction, somewhat like fly larvae, thus covering relatively great
distances. It seems possible that in this way they may search for water, if their exceeding-
ly small breeding places are desiccated. The CWCZWZ~ was found in an open space in the
virgin forest near Tanah Xerah, Upper Digul River.
DISTRIEUTION. Xew Guinea.
Xote. The adult of this species can be easily recognised by the oblique, dark brown
stripe on its pleura.
Uranotaenia quinquemaculata Bonne-Wepster 1934
A small Uvalzotaenia with light yellowish thorax and dark abdomen, five conspicuous
dark brown, almost black spots on the integument of the mesonotum.
FEMALE. Head. Occiput clothed with broad slate coloured, flat scales with a faint
bluish shine. Sparse, dark brown bristles along margins of eyes, two long bristles of the
same colour projecting between the eyes. Proboscis dark brown, nearly black at tip, all
the scales with pale shine in certain lights. Palpi very short, twice as long as the clypeus,
dark scaled like the proboscis. Clypeus brown, with greyish lustre. Antennae dark brown,
long hairs light brown, short hairs grey, nearly white. Thorax: Integument of mesonotum
(Fig. 17, K) yellowish brown with five conspicuous, dark brown, almost black spots
situated as follows: one pair over roots of wings, one pair laterally on frontal third, and
one spot medianly behind, enclosing prescutellar space. ,4 pair of submedian lines, which

2s
in certain lights are orange coloured, running from front margin towards the dark
prescutellar spot. Dark, long and strong bristles present all over mesonotum, a median
line of much weaker bristles which are greyish in certain lights. Scales only on the dark
spots or quite close to these spots, and on median line. All scales very narrow, black,
showing a faint, slate colour in certain lights. Scutellum: yellowish brown; on mid-lobe
greyish, flat scales visible, all lobes with one or two (scutellum not perfect) dark brown
bristles.
Afin very light, with three dark brown bristles, no scales. Pleura very light, bristles
rather short, dark; on upper sternopleura four or five small, flat, whitish scales. Wings:
Outstanding scales long, lanceolate; these scales and scales of fringe transparent; af
about three-fifths the length of its stem, pf as long as uf, its base nearer the wing base
than that of af. Legs dark brown, upper surface of femora, tibiae and about one and a
half tarsal joints, with dark bluish shine, under surface and about apical three and a half
tarsal joints with lighter brown shine in certain lights. Abdomen, except first segment,
strongly laterally compressed, dark with dark blue and green shine,
BIONOMICS. A single pupa found in a rot hole of a fallen tree, together with a larva
of Ficalbia fwca. Hardly any water was present in the hole. Altitude 1,400 m.
DISTRIBUTION. Java.
Genus Orthopodomyia Theobald Igo4
Rather large mosquitoes, distinctly ornamented. Antennae of male plumose. Palpi
of male shorter than proboscis; apical segments short and not very hairy, palpi of female
I/Z-1,‘3 as long as proboscis. Wings with af and pf very long and with large, pale areas.
Tarsi of front and mid-legs peculiarly shaped. Legs with speckling and banding, some
apical I arsal segments of hind legs entirely white. The spotted wings of Oriental species
rather long female palpi and the white hind tarsal segments give the Ovthopodol~zyin
species a certain resemblance to spotted winged AtzopheZiG, but the attitude is typically
culicine.
Breeding places are tree holes, cut bamboos, leaf axils. Adults are hardly ever
encountered in nature.
Orthopodomyia andamanensis Barraud 1934
Description mainly after KNIGHT & KITTINGLY (Igjo), according to whom the
species is distinct by the extent of the hind tarsal white scaling.
AIIULT. ALALE. Head: Proboscis dark with a narrow, white ring below labella and
with a variable amount of the apical one-third pale scaled, a dorsal, dark spot present
at the apex. The apical pale area may vary. Palpi noticeably shorter than the proboscis
(3/4-4/j) ; dark, marked with a small, dorsal, white patch basally, and with white
rings subbasally, apically and in the middle, a total of one patch and three rings of
pale scales; apical segment markedly more slender and shorter than the others and
turned downwards; a very few stiff setae at the apices of long segment and subapical
segment, Antenna with numerous white scales on t; numerous slender, greatly elongated
white scales on fs 1-5. Vertex with narrow white scales over the dorsum and with a line
of similar scales along the eye-margins, a tuft of long, white scales extending down
between the eyes; the dorsum also bearing large numbers of pale, upright, forked scales,
which

emainder of the lateral aspect covered with broad, white scales. Thorax: Scutum with
numerous bristles; rather thinly covered with narrow scales which are whitish marginally
and with a variable pattern of brown, yellowish and whitish scales over the disc. Scutel- c:.
lum with narrow, outstanding, elongate pale scales. A@ with broad white scales; p@z F ”
with narrow, curved, pale scales along antero-dorsal margin, broadened pale scales over j
----_+
the posterior half. On the pleura many areas with a patch of broad, white scales. Wings i
dark with numerous pale areas on costa; some of these pale areas also present on other k$
veins. The basal, prehumeral, humeral and presectoral pale areas on the costal vein are
variable in size, apparently not confluent with the adjoining areas however; in some
cases one or more being completely absent on one or both wings. Legs: Coxae with
broad, white scales, some dark scales ventrally on the mid- and hind coxae, front coxae
with a patch of elongate, pale scales ventrally. Femora speckled and marked with pale
scaling, some apical pale scales usually present. Tibiae with varying amounts of scattered,
pale scaling, an apical white ring present; TV of each leg usually with scattered white
scaling ; TV of hind legs with the apical 0.01-0.06 white scaled, in male as well as in
female; t2 laterally and dorsally dark at base, but may be weakly pale scaled beneath,
the apical 0.06-0.17 white scaled; t3--5 all white. Abdomen with tergites dark, I and
II with a lateral band of white scales, III-VII with white spots, basally and laterally,
also apically and laterally; basal bands present or absent, some of the tergites usually
with a paired subdorsal median white spot. Sternites dark scaled with basal, white
bands on III-VII.
FEMALE. Differing from the male as follows: proboscis dark with a broad, white
band on the apical half, the latter modified or marked by a variable amount of dark
scaling. A specimen from Ceram has the apical portion all white except for a black spot
apically and another subapically. Specimens from Celebes and Java have the proboscis
all dark except for a pale spot just before the tip and another at about the apical
two-thirds. Palpi somewhat over one-third the length of the proboscis, with median and
apical pale scales, at least one or two white scales also present basally. Antenna with
elongate, white scales on _fsr only. Costa1 vein markings as in male. Hind t2 with the
apical 0.06-0.1s white scaled. Tergites marked approximately as in male, but markings
varying considerably.
LARVA. ,411 over the sclerotized portions darkly pigmented, the larva in general
being a mahogany red in colour. Head with hairs A, B, C and d j-6 branched, each
branch distinctly frayed; hairs B and C very long; e long and slender, single, not frayed.
-Antenna smooth, swollen subbasally, hair tuft inserted well before the middle; antenna
4.1-6.8 times longer than greatest width. _%ntennal hair with frayed branches. The
sclerotized plate on segment 1’111 ventrally incomplete (Ceram, Sumatra, Sew Guinea
specimens) or complete (Sew Guinea specimens). The basal band on anal segment
--_

‘1
30
incomplete dorsally, complete ventrally (except in Sumatran specimens where it is also
incomplete ventrally). Siphonal hair tuft inserted at 0.32-0.42 the length of the siphon
from the base. Siphon index 2.7-6.7 (2.7-s. I Sew Guinea specimens; G.I-6.2 Ceram
ve no properly mounted skin to
17Amhas bez%$gd froalbnXa the
siphon of the larva and the breathing trumpets of the pupa have been modified in such a
way that plant tissues can be pierced to obtain oxygen (see also under genus Taenio~hwcLs),
The females have never been reported to suck blood. The species of the genusFicaZbil7
described below fall in two easily recognized subgenera: (a) Minzomyin Theobald 1903
with (I) the scutellar scales narrow, often sparse; (2) fs I of 9 antenna usually elongate;
(3) nf shorter than its stem; wing scales very scanty; and (b) the subgenus Etorleptiomyin
Theobald 1904 which has the scutellar scales broad and flat; fs I of 9 antenna not
elongate ; palpi of 3 rather long and thin. FicaZbia elegam and F. fusca fall within the
subgenus Etorleptionzyin,
subgenus Mimonzyia.
while F. Jzybdn, F. metallica and F. modesta belong to the
Ficalbia
(Mimomyia) hybrida Leicester 1908
This is a brownish mosquito of rather small size with a conspicuous light-coloured
occiput, metallic bluish iridescence and narrow basal light bands dorsally on the abdomen
legs unhanded.
FEJIXLE. Head with the occiput closely covered throughout with numerous, ver)
light grayish-white, broad, flat scales, with pinkish and blue iridescence; the occiput in
living or freshly killed specimens is entirely dark; on the nape a patch of small, black,
upright, forked scales. Clypeus dark, with greyish lustre. Antennae with the torus and
fs I 1igfl.t brown, remaining segments blackish with grey sheen; t with minute, dark
scales on median surface; fs I very long, longer than 2 and 3 together, with long, black
scales basally and shorter scales on the outer side. Proboscis dark scaled with purple
iridescence, bent and distinctly swollen at outer third, labella large, brownish. Palpi
k.

about one-fifth the length of the proboscis, dark scaled with bluish iridescence. Thorax
with np?z light brown with dark bristles. Nesonotum dark, evenly covered with narrow,
curved, golden brown scales, lying rather flat, particularly so laterally. Four longitudinal
rows of coarse, dark bristles on mesonotum, most numerous over roots of wings.
Scutellum with long, coarse, golden bristles (G on mid-lobe, 5 on each lateral lobe) and
long, narrow curved, greyish and creamy-yellow scales, numerous on mid-lobe. Pleura
golden yellow with greyish sheen; one margin of lower sternopleuron with a row of
creamy yellow, rather long, flat scales. On upper sternopleuron a patch of flat, creamy-
yellow scales, many of which are rather small. Wings with the fork-cells rather short;
dark brown, small, broad scales, lying close to veins, somewhat lighter toward apex of
wing. Legs mostly dark scaled above, with greenish-blue metallic sheen; femora all
with creamy-yellow scales below and partly also in front and rear, basally light scaled
all round. Creamy-yellow at tibio-tarsal articulation on all legs; all tibiae with brassy
scales beneath; tarsi of mid-legs with brassy sheen beneath, t4 and tj on all legs in
certain lights with strong, brassy lustre on one side. Abdomen dorsally dark scaled with
violet blue iridescence; very narrow, basal bands of brassy scales on segments II-V;
V-VII with large, lateral, basal, golden-yellow patches, on IV only a few goldenyellow
scales visible laterallv at base. T’enter mostly covered with greyish scales which
have a brassy lustre. ”
M_ILE. Antennae not unusually elongated as in the female; the segments brown
with greyish lustre, basal ones with a row of long, black scales all round, t with minute
scales. Implantations of hair-whorls black. Proboscis at basal third and around the
bend lighter scaled than in the female, in certain lights even creamy-yellow. Palpi
exceeding the length of the proboscis by the apical segment, which is bent upward at
a right angle. On the basal part a rather broad, golden band and a long stripe of golden
scales just before the bent portion. Extreme tip of palpi with a few greyish-white scales.
Legs with the brassy sheen on the tibiae and tarsi not so distinct as in the female.
Abdomen with all the segments, except I, indistinctly basally banded; some of the
bands in certain lights hardly visible. The dorsal banding of the abdomen seems to
vary in different specimens. Xany golden hairs present.
Fig. I&‘. Ficalbia hybvida: head and distal segments of larva; (n) combtooth; (b) pectentooth
LARVA (Fig. 18). Head broader than long. Antenna with a multiple tuft beyond
middle; extension of antenna shorter than antenna; extension ending in a sharp spine
and bearing apically a flat, oblong appendage, a hair and a bristle; at the base of the
31 ’

extension are two long straight appendages, slightly longer than extension. Head-hairs
as follows: A multiple branched, branches moderately long, frayed; B long, three-
branc‘lled, branches frayed, C multiple branched, branches long frayed; d a small 4 or 5
branched hair, branches simple; hair e small, single; hairf small four-branched, branches
fine, Comb on the eighth segment a single row of 12 fine teeth. Syphon less than twice
as long as wide, apex modified to pierce tissue of aquatic plants; two pairs of short,
coarse spines present, more apically a pair of long, single hairs. Anal segment ringed by
the plate, about as long as wide, a row of sharp spines at hind margin; anal brush
moderate, hairs rather long, Zh single, frayed, isc a multiple branched hair, branches
simple, longer than anal segment, osc 4 simple branches, long. Anal papillae narrow,
pointed, about as long as anal segment.
BIONOMICS. Larvae found attached to Pistin in a fresh water pond; together with
Taeniorhymhus (Mausokoides) zt~aifownis.
I~STRIBUTION. Java, Celebes.
Fical bia (Mymomyia) metallica Leicester IgoS
FEMALE, after LEICESTER. Head deep purple, clad with broad scales, elongated, spatu-
late wI th concave ends. These scales vary in colour according to the direction of the light
from pale golden to peacock- or azure blue or peacock-green; in a fresh specimen they
may appear deep gold or rose-purple. There are a few black, upright scales on the nape,
f pyramidal in shape, blackish-brown and with a few scales on the inner face. Antennae
unusually long, fs I as long as any two succeeding joints. Remaining joints deep purple
with &ark brown, verticillate hairs. Palpi clad with golden scales at the base and black
at the apex. Proboscis clad with dark purple scales above, golden below. Thorax. A@
blackish brown in some specimens, light brown in others, clad with long bristles only,
Mesonotum deep purple brown in some specimens, in others light brown with deep
purple lines and patches; clad with black narrow, curved scales and bright golden
scales and bristles on either lateral margin. Scutellum deep brown with black narron-
curT7ed scales. Pleura bright ochraceous or light yellowish brown. M’ings with dark
purple scales; fork cells very short, of about equal length, nf narrower than pf, its base
nearer the wing apex, its stem nearly twice as long as the cell. Coxae and bases of femora
ochraceous; front and mid-femora ochraceous at the base and beneath; purple above;
tibiae clad with purple scales, the hind tibiae with a broad pale golden band at the apex;
k--t3 on front and mid-legs purple scaled with a narrow, apical band of pale golden
scales on each; h--t4 of hind legs with narrow golden band, last joint entirely clad
with golden scales, much brighter in the fresh specimen than in the dry, Abdomen-
First segment dark purple in the centre and ochraceous at the sides. A central, longi-
tudinal golden line runs the length of the abdomen from the second segment; the rest
of the dorsum being clad with bright purple scales. The venter is golden, but when dr>-
becomes golden-brown.
MALE. In a typical specimen the antennae are densely plumose, the hairs being
bright flaxen, but in others they appear more of a steel-grey. The proboscis is very long
and clad with golden scales with a black band at the apex. The palpi are as long as
the proboscis and apparently consist of only two joints, the ultimate joint being clavate
with black scales at its apex, golden-brown at its base, the penultimate joint bright
golden with a black band at its base, in its centre and at its apex.

LARVA (Fig. 19). Head large, dark brown to black. Preclypeal spines black, long.
Head hairs: A many-branched, the branches densely frayed; B with 3 or 4 densely
frayed branches; C with 5 frayed branches; d short with 5 delicate branches; e slender
with z branches. Hair B, C and d close together. A z-branched hair on ventral side of
head near base of antenna, this hair very long, nearly reaching tip of apical long hair,
Antenna1 shaft coarsely spinose, dark, except a pale area all round just above the black
base; tuft well beyond middle, many-branched, the branches coarse but fraying delicate;
subapical bristle placed well below tip, one slightly longer than the other; apically
one long and one short bristle. Comb of 8th segment: one long row of IS-zo teeth;
each tooth moderate, pointed; a second row of j--6 widely spaced, more slender,
sharply pointed teeth distally and a third row still more distally of j small, slender,
Fig. 19. Ficalbia metallica : head and distal segments of larva (anal
papillae missing) ; (a) combtooth; (b) pectentooth; headhairs o! and
e not shown (after LEE)
sharply pointed teeth. Siphon rather long, slightly curved towards apex, 6-7 times
diameter at base, s-branched tuft distinctly basally from halfway siphon. Pecten of
I or 2 strong short sharply pointed simple teeth on basal fourth or fifth of siphon.
A very small acus present. A very long, delicate hair, half the length of the siphon,
present on one of the valves. Anal segment with the chitinous plate all round, posterior
margin slanting; dorsally the segment is 3 times as broad as ventrally, posterior margin
sharply spinose; papillae small, pointed; Zh single, long, frayed; anal fan with about
6 long hairs, from 2- to 6-branched; osc a long and a shorter hair, 4- to j-branched;
isc shorter than 112, many-branched.
BIOSO~IICS. Larvae found breeding in swamps with P&in and ditches with
duckweed; often in breeding places of Ficnlbin ~z~~b~idn and Tne~tio~Jzy~zcl~~~ts species,
DISTRIBUTION. Java, Sumatra.
Arote. For difierences,vith F. mode&a see under that species.
Ficalbia (Mimomyia) modesta King 2% Hoogstraal 1946
MALE, after KING & HOOGSTRAAL. Head: Proboscis slightly longer than front
femur, apical half somewhat swollen, basal two-thirds with brownish-yellow scales,
gradually becoming darker on apical third. Clypeus dark, nude. Palpi longer than
proboscis by nearly half the length of apical segments, which are swollen, dark scaled,

and fused ; long segment slightly swollen apically, brownish-yellow scaled. Antenna about
as long as palpi, flagellum yellowish except for the two elongate terminal segments which
are dar C; dense, long pale hairs pointing forward, mostly in two planes; t dark with scatter-
ed, small hairs, Vertex and lateral surface of head covered with broad, white to dusky
scales Ivith a faint metallic reflection; a small patch of dark, upright, forked scales at
nape; long bristles along eye margin. Thorax: Scutum and @IL dark brown, contrasting
with the pale yellowish pleura. Scutum covered with slender, dark scales which have a
bronzy reflection in bright light, a few over wing base slightly paler, distinctly so on ante-
scutellar space; long bristles arising from the anterior and lateral borders. Scutellum with
scales similar to those on scutum, Postnotum dark, nude. Ap~t with long dark bristles,
apparently unscaled, Pjm with broad, translucent scales, appearing dusky white in some
lights, on upper half and posterior border; a row of five bristles along posterior border,
Sternopleuron with a patch of broad, white scales on upper posterior half, extending as
a line on lower half, and a row of long, fine yellowish bristles along upper and posterior
border. Mesepimeron with a patch of fine bristles in upper posterior corner and a patch
of fine hairs on lower half posteriorly. Propleuron with about IO bristles. Wing length
about 2.5 mm. ; wing scales rather sparse, all dark basally, slightly paler towards apex;
outstanding scales of veins z tot 3 short and broad, the apex of each either rounded or
truncate; of almost equal to its stem and arising distinctly closer to apex of wing than
the posterior cell; posterior cross vein more basal than mid by almost its own length;
tip of anal vein abruptly curved to posterior border of wing well beyond fork of vein j.
Legs dark scaled with metallic reflection, the undersurface of the femora largely pale.
Abdomen: Tergites with dark scales with a metallic reflection; tergites II to VII with
inconspicuous, basal, pale, lateral spots; long golden hairs arising apically from each
segmen:. Sternites pale scaled.
FEN-ALE. Similar to male except as follows: Proboscis dark scaled except ventrally
on basal two-thirds, which is mostly brownish-yellow; palpi one fifth as long as pro-
boscis, dark scaled, very slightly swollen at apex; antenna completely dark with a pale
pubescence, a whorl of about five bristles arising near base of each flagellar segment (the
first segment not elongate), scales on front part of vertex appear slightly darker than
those on posterior half; posterior cross vein closer to wing base than mid by about half
its own length; eighth abdominal segment short, cerci completely retracted.
L_uIv_~ unknown.
This species differs from Ficnlb~n metallica LEICESTER in at least the following
characters: distinctive area of yellow scales near wing roots absent, abdomen without
a continuous median longitudinal stripe, and first fork cell almost equal to its stem
rather than only half its length. F. metallica has not been reported from New Guinea.
BIC~XOMICS. Specimens (?, 3) were collected in a light trap at the edge of rain
forest al: an elevation of about So 11. Nothing else is known of the habits of the adult.
Ficalbia (Etorleptiomyia) elegans Taylor 1914
Description after T_AYLOR.
FEXALE. Head clothed with golden, narrow, curved and upright, forked scales in
front, with white upright, forked ones behind; black upright, forked ones on each side
of these, a small patch of white flat scales, then a patch of black ones followed by
another patch of white, flat scales laterally; antennae dusky, torus yellowish brown,

apically covered with small lvhite, flat scales; basal half offs I yellowish, covered with
white flat scales; fs z about one quarter shorter than fs I, all segments except torus
densely covered with pale pubescence, verticillate hairs black; palpi about one fourth
the length of proboscis, co\-ered with black scales, with a few pale ones in the middle,
apices also white-scaled, apical segment swollen; clypeus black; proboscis with a promi-
nent, black, basal band (about the length of the palpi), remainder of proboscis mottled,
with black and white scales abol-e, apical fourth swollen, its base with a prominent band
of orange coloured scales, labella reddish brown with dense, pale pubescence, the proximo-
central quarter ventrally clothed with creamy lvhite scales. Thorax covered with dense,
narrow, curved, black scales and a broad stripe about half the width of the scutum
posteriorly of golden ones, extending from the anterior margin almost to the level of
the wing roots, a few small patches of golden, narrow, curved scales scattered among
the black scaled area on either side of the golden stripe; a small patch of outstanding
black, almost lanceolate, scales on either side of the wing roots, a group of black setae
at the wing roots and a few golden, narrow, lanceolate scales at the posterior angles
of the median stripe; scutellum covered with black, flat scales, a narrow, bare area
between mid-lobe and outer lobes, and a small patch of moderately broad, pale scales
on the posterior margin of the lobes, particularly noticeable on the mid-lobe. Abdomen
clothed with dusky brown scales with violet reflections in some lights, first segment
with a fa,irly large patch of white scales, segments two, three and four with a small white,
median spot, decreasing in size to the fourth, all segments with apical golden hairs,
segments four to apex with prominent lateral patches of white scales; basal half of
venter white scaled, apical half mostlv white scaled with apices of segments covered
with dark brown scales. Legs with the fourth and apical tarsal segments of front and
midlegs with narrow, apical and basal banding, all the legs with conspicuous violet
reflections, Wings clothed with dark brown, broad scales (somewhat resembling those
of NaszsoGoides spp.) with numerous similar white scales disposed singly or in
patches on the veins, the median vein scales being about half the size of the lateral
vein scales.
XALE. Palpi about four-fifths the length of the proboscis, slender and slightly
swollen apically, gently upturned at apex, this apex white scaled with a black band
immediately behind, about four times the width of the white scaled area, their bases
with a similar black band, rest of palpi mottled with black and white scales; antennae
with torus, penultimate and apical segments dusky brown and clothed as in the 9,
joints brown, plumes dense, brown.
LARVA (Fig. 20). Head broader than long, clypeus yellowish brown, laterally and
basally dusky brown ; antennae covered with colourless spicules, more numerous on
the basal half; antenna1 hair with S frayed branches, two long subapical hairs, two
apical hairs, the shorter about one fourth the length of the longer; preclypeal spines
brown, stout, moderately long; hair d short, with 14 frayed branches, inserted very
slightly interior to C; A, B and C reaching well beyond the anterior margin of the
clypeus, A with eleven frayed branches, B with 4 frayed branches and C with four
frayed branches. Comb of Sth segment composed of seventeen small, fringed spines,
arranged in a transverse row; siphonal and anal tufts with their branches apparently
all plumed; siphon yellowish brown, base with a narrow black band, siphon-index
about 7 : I; the distal half gradually tapering to the extremity, a hair with two moder-
ately long branches toward the base of the middle third, no pecten.
35

Fig. 20. Ficalbia elegam : head and distal segments of larva; (a) combtooth; (b) pectentooth (after LEE)
BIONOMICS. Larvae were collected from hoofprints on the edge of a swamp (Aus-
tralia). Adults were taken in a light trap at Hollandia.
DXTRIBUTION. New Guinea.
Ficalbia (Etorleptiomyia) fusca Leicester Igo
Head covered with broad, purplish scales with a white patch on vertex; along eye
margins there are silvery scales and on the nape upright forked ones. Wing scales
unusually large, rather broad, asymmetrical as in Mafzsonioiales. Long, numerous hairs
on mesonotum, scales dark brown. Legs without definite bands or spots. Abdomen
dorsally purplish black with pale hairs on apical margins of segments, ventrally pale
yellowish with some dark purple scales at apices of segments.
FEMALE. Head with antennae dark brown to black; t almost black with small
broad silvery white scales on inner surface, fs I pale at base, black at apex with a narrow
band of small, black scales about the middle, remaining segments black with numerous
short h.airs, black on basal joints, white on others. Clypeus nude, black. Palpi and
proboscis black; palpi about one third as long as proboscis, which is slightly swollen
on apical quarter; labella pale. Thorax. The dark mesonotum has a paler area over the
wing base. Scutellum paler than mesonotum, densely covered with small, flat, purple
brown scales. Pleura dark brown with several small patches of silvery white scales.
Legs mainly dark: Coxae pale brown with silvery white, flat scales, femora dark above,
pale beneath for variable distances; apices of femora and tibiae narrowly pale; t4-t5
of hind tarsi pale creamy, but never white. ,Abdomen. Small, basal, white, lateral
patches on some of the segments, sternites pale except for some darker scales at apices,
MALE. Head with the scales laterally paler than in female. Antennae strongly
plumose. Palpi three-quarters the length of proboscis, very slender, no hairs present,
Apical 1 hird of proboscis much enlarged. Otherwise as in the female.
Nets. This species changes much after it has been dead for some time: the colours of the scales
become drab and the whole insect shrinks a great deal. It should be examined if possible soon after
it has bezn killed.

subapical hairs, long, branched, some of the branches branched again, one apical hair
similar. Comb of 8th segment of 30 teeth in a triangular patch, distal teeth long, sharp.
Siphon long, slender, sides nearly straight. Slightly narrowed on distal fifth, no pecten
visible, a 4-branched hair at z/j from apex. Anal segment very short, chitinization all
Fig. 21. Fictribin fusca: head (right antenna missing) and distal segments of larva; (n) combtooth
round, sharp spines at distal margin; lateral hair 3-branched; anal fan of z very long,
wavy hairs, all the hairs 4-branched; isc and osc long, wavy, 4- and multiple haired.
,Anal papillae over twice as long as segment, very narrow.
BIOXOMICS. Larvae found in a rot hole of a fallen tree at about 1,400 ‘M altitude,
together with a pupa of Um~zotnelzin qztilzq~tenzacztlata.
DISTRIBUTION. Java.
Genus Taeniorhynchus Lynch Xrribalzaga 1891
The proboscis is of moderate length and of uniform thickness, not swollen at tip
in either sex. Palpi of 3 as long as proboscis or longer in the known species; of $? not
more than a quarter as long as the proboscis. Antennae of $ distinctly plumose, with
the last two segments elongate; of 9 with moderately long verticils, all the flaggellar
segments about equal in length. Mesonotal bristles always strongly developed. Afin
widely separated. Several strong, posterior, pronotal bristles, no spiracuiars; post-
spiraculars present (Nazsolzioides) or absent (Coquillettidia) , Pleura usually with only
a few small patches of scales. Eighth segment of abdomen of 9 always short and broad,
cerci short. Hind tibiae with a more or less distinct row of fine hairs on inner side at
tip. No pulvilli as in Cztlex. Wings with many or all the vein scales broad, often broad
and asymmetrical (Fig. 22, b).
The larvae of this genus are easily recognized by the following characters:
(I) The peculiarly shaped siphon, which is adapted to pierce the roots of water
plants in order to obtain the necessary oxygen. The siphon is as given in Figs. 23, 25,

3s
27, 28; the valves are replaced by a strongly chitinised, black part which is shaped like
a, curvecl cone. A similar siphon has only been found in larvae of the genus Tne~ziorJzy~tcJzus
and in a Ficnlbin species (Ficnlbia Jzybdn).
(2) The antennae are very long; the strongly developed, subapical hairs inserted
well below the apes.
(3) The head is short and very broad.
(4) The comb on the eighth segment has only from z-S teeth.
(5) There is no pecten on the siphon.
The, characters under (I)-(3) are easily seen with the naked eye.
BIOS-• MICS. The eggs are laid in easily detected, rosette-shaped clusters under the
surface #of the leaves of water plants, By the shape of the female abdomen (Fig. 22)
the species is better adapted
to reach the peculiar site for
the eggs. These are glued to
the leaves. Apparently the
larvae are not continuously
b attached to the plant roots,
but may be found when
dipping at the botton of the
Fig. 22. Subgenm Jln~zso~zioides : ? abdomen and asymmetrical breeding place is done. The
wingscale (b)
usual way, however, to collect
T~~IL~OYJZ~~ZC~ZXS larvae is to take out several species of water plants and shake
their roots into a bowl with clean water. The larvae fall from the roots and can be
collected. For a long time Pistin was thought to be the only water plant that
harboured Tne~tiorJzyncJz~ts larvae in our region, but in the course of years many more
have been found to be the natural home of these larvae. There are probably still man3
more to detect.
RELATIOX TO DISEASE. In all Tae~ziovJzymJzz~~ species on which experimental
infection was tried, the microfilaria of W&wevin wzalnyi came to full development
with active larvae in the proboscis. The experimental infection rate was very high;
they were also found infected in nature. Where these mosquitoes occur in sufficient
numbers they must be considered as important carriers of WucJzeuevin mdayi. The rare
species 7‘. fiaptcelzsis and bomzeae of the subgenus Mansouioides have not been used in
experiments ; of the subgenus Coqzdlettidin only T. cvnssifles was tried as vector with
positive result (Oey, 1942).
The known Taem’orJtymJzzts species from our region fall in two subgenera which
may be characterised as follows:
(I) 3’ OS t- s p’ ira c u 1 ar bristles absent in adult; no ventral tufts piercing the ring of
the anal segment of larva . . . . . . . , . . . . subgenus CoqzdZettidia.
(2) Post-spiracular bristles present in adult; wing-scales nearly all very broad and
asymmetrical; eighth tergite of $ small and armed with teeth; ventral tufts piercing
ring of anal segment in larva; last section of larval antenna not as long as to comprise
half of the total length of the antenna, not very slender . , subgenus Malzso&oides,
Subgenus Coquillettidia Dyar Igoj
as
IVing-scales rather narrow, in some species nearly linear, No speckling on wings
in subgenus Mnltsowioides. Palpi of male as in subgenus Ma7tsoltioide.s. Seventh

abdominal segment of female large, eighth small, but not retracted and without chitinous
spines. Certain species are entirely or partly yellow or orange yellow in colour. The
known larval habits of the species are the same as in Ma~tso~nioides. It is a difficult sub-
genus for identification by external characters.
Taeniorhynchus (Coquillettidia) aureosquamatus Ludlow Igog
A dark mosquito of moderate size with purple and blue metallic, shining scales,
especially on the proboscis, legs and abdomen, and a clear, pale area on the mesonotum.
FEMALE. Occiput with dark, upright, forked and long, narrow, curved scales, the
latter from greyish-white to creamy yellow. The forked scales may appear from brown
to golden under certain lights, much so in front; on the occiput, posteriorly, the curved
scales are Trery small; laterally behind there is a patch of broad, flat, creamy yellow
scales. Some golden hairs along eye margins. Clypeus dark brown with greyish shine,
Antenna: torus with greyish shine, fs I dark with a pale brown base, remaining segments
dark with long dark and short greyish hairs. Proboscis dark with many metallic, blue
scales, distinctly so on apical third; this part is slightly curved downward. Palpi one-
fifth the length of the proboscis, dark with metallic, blue shine. Thorax. Aplz brown
with coarse, long, dark, stiff hairs which are golden yellow at apex in certain lights,
and much shorter, delicate golden-yellow hairs. Integument of mesonotum dark, The
greater part of the mesonotum is covered with long, narrow, curved, creamy yellow
scales, with coppery shine in certain lights; these scales lie close to the integument.
There are two distinct, bare lines submedianly. The pale scales are continued medianly
until the bare, prescutellar area and beyond this form two narrow lines on both sides
until the hind margin of mesonotum. The scales of these lines are shorter and \‘erJ
narrow. A large patch of narrow, curved, dark scales near root of wing, the pale scales
on lateral suface of the thorax just reach the wing root. The dark scales show a yellowish-
coppery shine in certain lights. The scales near the wing root apparently come off
easily, leaving a large area of the dark mesonotum bare. In some specimens the median
creamy yellowish line in front of the prescutellar area is rather dark. Long, stiff, dark
hairs present, numerous and golden yellow in certain lights near implantation of wing.
Scutellum with four golden, stiff hairs and a few small, narrow, curved, creamy yellow
to white scales on mid-lobe, each lateral lobe with six stiff, golden hairs, Pleura dark
brown, with a large patch of flat, white scales on sternopleuron and mesepimeron.
Wings dark with long, narrow and slightly broader symmetrical scales. Length of
wing 3.5 mm. Legs dark with metallic blue and purplish shining scales, strongly iri-
descent on femora and tibiae, less so on tarsi. ,411 femora have dull, greyish-white scales
on posterior surface, the mid-femora from base to apex, front and hind femora on more
than basal half. In certain lights the tarsi appear brownish, or they may seem more
yellowish coppery. A%bdomen. Dorsally covered with iridescent metallic, blue scales;
on III-1’111 a lateral basal patch of silvery white scales; this patch is small and dull
on II; 17111 with a basal band of pale coppery shining scales. In certain lights the lateral
patches have also a slight coppery shine; I with golden hairs all o\Ter segment, other
segments with such hairs on apices only. Yentrally, the abdomen is metallic blue scaled,
with yellowish to white basal bands on II-T’11 ; J’III with large, lateral, pale patches only.
~IALE and LARVA unknown,
BIO~OMICS. Xo records.
DISTRIBUTIOS. Sumatra.
39
. !

Taeniorhynchus (Coquillettidia) crassipes Van der Wulp IS92
A moderately large mosquito with the integument of the mesonotum orange
coloured or very pale, brownish yellow. Tibiae, tarsi and wings dark scaled, especially
the firsr with strong metallic shine, no bands.
FEMALE, Head with narrow, curved, small, pale creamy yellow scales on occiput
and scattered, upright, forked, golden-yellow scales, more golden brown in certain
lights. .4long the eye margins the curved scales are somewhat broader, lying rather
flat; laterally posteriorly there is a patch of rather broad, flat, very pale, creamy yellow
scales. Clypeus black. Antenna with torus and base of fs I yellow brown, remaining
segmens very dark; short, greyish and long, dark hairs present. Proboscis and palpi
covered with dark brown, nearly black scales, which have a beautiful, violet, metallic
shine. Labella black, Thorax. A+ bright yellow with golden-yellow, long and moderately
long, st?f hairs. In certain specimens n@z may be pale yellowish-brown, which may be
due to discolouring. Integument of mesonotum bright orange yellow, with a somewhat
darker area anteriorly and slightly laterally, and a similar area over root of wing. In
some specimens there is also a slightly darker area medianly. Scales on the mesonotum
not very numerous, curved, narrow, bright golden yellow. Longitudinal rows of dark,
stiff, long hairs which have a golden yellow tip in certain lights. Prescutellar area bare.
Scutellum bright yellow, without scales but with long, stiff, dark hairs as on the mesono-
turn. Pleura yellow to orange-brown with a few darker areas. On sternopleuron and on
mesepimeron a large patch of flat rather broad silvery white scales. Wings with long
rather r arrow scales, on vein I and 2 these scales are slightly longer and narrower than
on the other veins and are distinctly outstanding, especially in the central part of the
wing. Scales dull brown, on costa and subcosta with metallic purple shine, in certain
lights similar scales on basal parts of other veins. Length of wing 4 -mm. ILegs with
violet, metallic shine. Femora basally with some golden-yellow scales. Abdomen with
I dorsally dark with a purple or violet, metallic patch medianly, II and III entirely
covered with beautiful, bluish-violet, metallic scales; IV as III but laterally some
scattered, creamy yellow scales with a pink shine. In certain specimens a narrow, basal
band of similar scales on IV; V as IV but the scales aggregate in two large lateral basal
patches nearly reaching the median line, the pale scales are dull creamy yellow to golden
yellow. On VI, VII and VIII the golden-yellow, sometimes pink, metallic, shining scales,
are much more numerous than the violet ones. In certain specimens the three apical
segments are entirely pale scaled or there are indications of basal pale bands on II,
III and IV. Apical segments closely hairy, hairs yellow. The ornamentation of the
abdomen is rather variable.
Veri trally the segments are creamy yellow scaled, in most specimens there are
apically some bluish, metallic, shining scales.
>I_%l,E. Palpi longer than proboscis, apices of segments and all of last segment
very dark, violet-scaled. Many stiff, moderately long hairs on last segment, on inner
surface of sub-apical segment and inner surface of apex of long segment. Antenna
with t pale brown, fs I yellowish brown, with dark implantations of hairs, remaining
segments also yellowish brown. In certain lights all segments may be dark, except t
and fs I. The long hairs are very numerous, dark brown with paler areas in certain
lights. Integument of thorax somewhat paler in certain specimens, in others darker
than in the female. Sometimes the dark shoulder parts are absent. The flat, broad scales

on sternopleuron and mesepimeron are silvery white as in the female, but more numer-
ous, especially on the mesepimeron. Basal pale areas on femora are much more distinct
in the male than in the female. On the abdomen, in certain specimens, basal, creamy
yellow bands on all segments, except on I; the bands on II, III and ITI very narrow;
VII ventrally with a large bunch of very long hairs, VIII narrow on ventral side,
laterally with hairs, though not as long as those on VII. Dorsally VIII is very much
broadened medianly and covers as a triangular piece of chitin partly the terminalia;
moderately long hairs on hind margin. Length of wing 3.5 mm.
LARVA (Fig. 23). Head a little broader than long, slightly angular, preclypeal spines
long and slender. Antennae very long
and much more elongated than in the
subgenus _Mn~zso?zioides: the part from
base to subapical spines is much longer
(longer than the head) and the elonga-
tion itself is already much longer than
the rest of the antennae. Antenna1 hair
closer to subapical hairs than to base,
with 30 hairy branches, shorter than
basal part of antenna, subapical hairs
short, stiff; apical extension very long
and delicate, with pointed flexible apex,
a hair and a short leaflet, bulbous in
appearance. This extension has the
peculiar habit in the dead larva of
curling up permanently like a corkscrew
on exposure to air. From base to sub-
apical spines the antennae are moder-
ately covered with spines. Basal part
up to implantation of antenna1 hair
pigmented. Head hairs: A moderately
long, well developed, g-branched, B
shorter than A, T-branched, C a little
shorter than B, 6-branched, branches of
A4, B and C frayed; d though shorter
again than C, still I-cry well developed,
j-branched, branches bare, e a-branched,
slender. Comb of the Sth segment with
eight long, slender, sharp teeth, the
points of the teeth easily breaking off.
I r
===l
-
h
Fig. 23. Tnewiouhy~zchs cvnssipes; details of lawa:
head and distal segments with separate combtooth
Siphon very short, cone-shaped, provided with an apparatus to pierce tissue of aquatic
plants, this apparatus black, slender, a little shorter than the rest of the siphon with
a very distinct, sharp saw. ,4t its base laterally a single stiff hair, dorsally at its
base two flexible spines about as long as lateral hair. About the middle of the siphon,
which is I$ times as long as wide, there is a 4-branched hair, a little longer than half
the width of the siphon at base, moved away from the ventral line. No acus. Anal
segment distinctly covered with \Tery fine delicate hairs, slightly longer than siphon,
completely ringed by chitin, the chitinous ring being about z$. times as long as wide;
41

isc with about 12 bare branches, the longest much longer than segment, the shortest
shorter than width of segment at base; osc IO-branched, branches bare, equal in length,
nearly twice as long as anal segment; Z1z delicate, 4- or s-branched, inserted a little
distance from apical margin, half as long as the width of the segment at place of
insertictn; ventral brush very well developed, with eight y-branched unfrayed hairs. No
ventral hairs piercing the chitinous ring as in M~~zso~zioi&s. Anal papillae four, longer
than segment, slender with blunt apex,
BIONOMICS. Larvae found together with T. (Ma~z,so~zioides) Zolzgi@lfii.s in small
lake, near the roots of a common vegetable (Ifiomoen sp.) There is a record that adults
were caught indoors.
DISTRIBUTIOB. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Xew Guinea (Upper Digul) and on the
,-lru Islands.
RELATIOX TO DISEASE. In experimental infections with W. malayi 26 per cent
were positive (Oey, 1942).
Taeniorhynchus (Coquillettidia) giblini Taylor 1914
-5 rather large mosquito with dark-banded, yellow legs, yellow head, yellow-scaled
wmgs and a yellow-scaled thoracic integument, dull yellow with many darker areas.
FEMALE. Head with yellow-golden, narrow, curved and upright, forked scales, the
latter \,ery dark in certain lights, especially at the tips. The narrow, curved scales lie
rather flat along the eye margins. Golden hairs along eyes. Laterally posteriorly, a patch
of flat, not very broad creamy yellow scales. Antenna with t brownish, the excavation
of it and the base offs I yellowish, apex offs I and the remaining segments dark brown,
bright brownish in certain lights. Palpi yellowish brown, a few metallic, pale blue scales
present and dark brown hairs at apex. Proboscis golden on basal, yellow on apical half.
Tip bl~k, labella also black. Clypeus yellowish brown. Thorax: A@ bright yellow
with long coarse bristle-like hairs, and delicate ones about half as long. All hairs dark
brown, with a golden shine in certain lights. Integument of mesonotum dull yellowish,
with brownish and black areas as follows: on anterior third two large lateral brownish
areas, two blackish, submedian lines run from anterior margin of thorax to prescutellar
dull Jlellow, bare area; two large and one small, black area above implantation of wing,
two blackish lines run laterally from prescutellar bare area. Black areas bare, brownish-
black areas with hardly any scales; the golden yellow curved, very narrow scales lie
on the remaining part of the mesonotum. Rows of long, golden-brown stiff hairs present,
scutellum with the mid-lobe yellowish, lateral lobes black. If present, hair-like curved,
golden-,jiellow, sparse scales on mid-lobe. Four golden brown, bristle-like hairs on mid-
lobe, seven on each lateral lobe. Pleura dull golden, with three rather broad black
longitudinal lines; pplz brownish. About two or three pale, creamy yellow scales on
sternopleuron. Hairs dark brown with golden base. Wings with moderately broad, long
scales, golden yellow ; on the basal half of the costa, subcosta and vein I there are also
metallic violet blue scales, numerous on subcosta. Length of wing 5 mm. Front legs with
the femora pale, golden yellow with scattered metallic, violet-brown scales, a dark spot
at ape> ; tibia with golden-yellow scales; on the upper surface there are numerous
metallic, shining, violet-brown scales, a dark spot just sub-basally and a nearly com-
plete dark band at apex; tarsus golden yellow with apical violet-brown bands; broad
on upper surface, narrow or incomplete on under surface, on t5 very vague. Mid-legs
with th+: femora pale, golden yellow on lower surface, slightly darker at base and apex;

on upper surface golden yellow, speckled with metallic, violet-brown scales ; tibiae
golden yellow with scattered metallic, brown scales on upper surfaces, very numerous
on basal half, a dark spot at apex; tarsus golden yellow with a very small, dark spot at
apex. Hind legs with the femora very pale, golden yellow on undersurface, apex golden
yellow, on upper-surface golden yellow speckled with metallic, violet-brown scales
from base to apex; tibiae golden-yellow scaled with broad basal and narrow apical band
of metallic, violet-brown scales; scattered metallic, violet-brown scales present, not ver3
numerous; tarsus golden yellow with apical bands of metallic, violet-brown scales, very
broad on t2--t4, on tj not always very distinct. Abdomen with numerous golden-yellow
and violet-brown scales on the dorsal surface: I golden-yellow scaled with a small apical
median area of violet-brown scales; II, III and IV with a broad basal band of golden
yellow scales, an apical band of metallic violet-yellow scales ; this band is much broadened
medianly; on ST the apical band is very narrow, only the triangular apical median spot
being distinct; only a few metallic violet-brown scales are visible on the remaining
segments. Golden hairs on apices of segments. Ventrally the abdomen is entirely golden-
yellow scaled. In some specimens the pale scales on the abdomen are not quite golden
yellow, but more orange-coloured or even pale, brownish-yellow, In certain lights the
whole dorsal surface of the abdomen is pink iridescent.
NALE. Antenna with numerous, closely set, long hairs, except on the last three
segments, where only at the base of the penultimate segment are a few moderately
long hairs present. The long hairs are of a golden yellow to brown colour ; the segments
golden brown with greyish base. Short hairs whitish. Palpi longer than the proboscis:
orange yellow, in certain lights a slightly darker stripe visible on upper surface, last
two segments entirely covered with metallic, violet-brown scales, except a pale stripe
on the inner surface of the subapical segment; last two segments and apex of long
segment with rather long, orange-yellow hairs. Proboscis golden yellow with extreme
tip black. Labella dark with greyish shine. Otherwise the colouration of the male is
similar to that of the female with the following exceptions: the curved scales on the
head and the mesonotum are paler, lateral lobes of scutellum with only five stiff hairs;
abdomen with the dark dorsal apical bands very narrow, so that the dorsum of the
abdomen is very pale, the whole surface pink iridescent; VIII entirely creamy yellow,
pink iridescent. Length of wing j mm.
L_~Rv_A not known with certainty.
BIONOMICS. Nothing is known about the larval stages. Adults were caught with
other species of Tneniorltynckzts.
DISTRIBUTIOS. Sumatra, Celebes.
Taeniorhynchus (Coquillettidia) nigrochraceus Bonne-Wepster rg3o
Golden yellow to pale brown scaled mosquito with banded legs and pale-scaled
wings. Integument of thorax black.
FEXXLE. Head with narrow, curved, creamy yellow scales on the occiput; along
the eye margins these scales are larger; scattered between the narrow curved ones are
upright, forked, creamy yellow scales, which are yellowish brown in certain lights,
Golden-yellow, long hairs present along the eye margins. Flat, broad, creamy yellow
scales laterally posteriorly. Palpi pale brown. Clypeus brown with greyish shine. Pro-
boscis with extreme base brown, paler towards apex, apical half creamy yellow, except
the dark brown tip. Antenna with t greyish browr, fs 1-3 brown, remaining segments
43

dark Errown, except at insertions of hairs which are pale brown. Thorax: A@ without
scales, with moderately long, brown hairs with golden shine. Integument of mesonotum
black ‘,vith bare areas, otherwise pale, golden-yellow scales, somewhat darker on poste-
rior half. The scales are arranged as follows : two large patches on anterior part of
thorax, the broad median line being bare. On mid-third runs a stripe of scales on the
median line, On posterior half of thorax are two sublateral lines of scales. Over the
wing-root is a group of scales. Long, golden-yellow hairs on anterior margin and on the
poster or part of the mesonotum. Scutellum with scales the same colour as on the
meson&urn, much narrower and shorter. Pleura black, with greyish shine. Some scales
on me:;epimeron and sternopleuron. M’ings with pale, golden-yellow scales. Legs with
creamy to brownish-yellow scales. Apices of tibiae and tarsi dark, most distinct on the
hind legs, on front and mid-legs very vague on undersurface. Abdomen with black
integument. Dorsally with many golden-brown scales, especially numerous on apical
segments. Yellow hairs on apices of segments. *4bdomen ventrally with pale brown scales.
MALE and LARVA unknown.
BIONOMICS. Adults were caught together with other Taeniorhynchz~s species.
DETRIBUTION. Sumatra, New Guinea (Upper Digul).
Taeniorhynchus (Coquillettidia) ochraceus Theobald Igo3
A bright yellow mosquito with yellow wing scales and dark brown bands on the legs.
FEMALE. Head covered with creamy to golden-yellow, narrow, curved and upright
forked scales on occiput, the latter show a darker tip in certain lights. Posteriorly on
occipu: there are very pale yellow, small, hair-like scales. Laterally posteriorly, a patch
of broa.d, flat, creamy yellow scales. Antenna with t pale brown, base offs I of the same
colour, its apex and all other segments dark. In some specimens the whole offs I, fs z
and fs 3 are pale brown. Clypeus from yellow to dark brown. Proboscis slightly curved;
goldenyellow scales on basal third of upper surface, remaining part of proboscis creamy-
yellow scaled; pale, metallic blue, shining scales scattered between the creamy-yellow
ones. Extreme tip and labella black. Palpi with golden-brown scales and golden hairs,
tips of palpi dark. There may also be a few metallic, purple scales. Thorax: A@. yellowish
with long, stiff, bristles and moderately thin, golden hairs, which may appear dark
brown. Integument of mesonotum, bright yellow on anterior part, though medianly
this may be slightly darker; darker more posteriorly; more or less round black spots over
the wing implantation, in certain specimens four; in other specimens some or all of
these spots coalesce. The mid-lobe of the scutellum is bright, yellowish brown, lateral
lobes black. Mesonotum covered with narrow, curved, bright yellow scales and four
rows of long, stiff hairs of the same colour. Two bare submedian lines present. Prescutellar
area bare. Part of mesonotum around implantation of wing very sparsely scaled, Pleura
yellowish with greyish shine, darker areas present. A patch of four or five dull, yellowish-
white, long, moderately broad scales on sternopleuron. Wings with the veins closely
covered with moderately broad, yellow scales, slightly darker yellowish on subcosta
and vein I. Length of wing 4.5 mm. Legs with bright yellow scales; scattered scales
which are metallic purple in certain lights on upper surfa&. Front legs with femora
creamy. yellow on undersurface, a number of dark brown scales at apex; tibiae and tarsi
with dark brown scales around apex. Xid-legs entirely creamy yellow on under surface
except apical third of femora which is yellow; the metallic, purple scales on upper

surface are more numerous than on the front and hind legs; apical bands of tibiae and
tarsi are indistinct on upper surface, absent on under surface. Hind legs as front legs,
but the femora are yellow on undersurface on apical third, and the dark, apical bands
of tibiae and tarsi are much broader than on the front legs. A very small, dark, basal
spot on hind tibiae, very distinct in some specimens. Abdomen with integument of I
and II pale brown, remaining segments dark brown with black areas. Dorsally and
ventrally the segments are closely covered with yellow scales which in certain lights
have a metallic, purple shine. All segments dorsally with apical golden hairs, most
numerous and all over segment on I. Ventrally, all segments with scattered golden
hairs. On I the scales are yellowish brown.
XXLE. Antenna with t and base of all flagellar segments pale brown; apices brown,
apical two or three segments nearly black. Palpi golden-yellow scaled on basal and long
segment; subapical segment yellowish golden with a dark, longitudinal stripe on upper
surface; in certain lights the scales in this stripe have a purple metallic shine. Apical
segment dark with greyish shine. Last two segments turned downward, with long, stiff,
outstanding hairs; similar hairs presen+ L on apex of long segment. Legs. The dark,
apical ornamentations on the segments of the mid-legs are more distinct than those
in the female. Integument of abdomen on basal segments paler than in the female,
apical segments very dark, golden hairs very numerous; VIII with eight or ten short,
straight, stiff hairs on the distal margin ventrally. Otherwise colouration of male similar
to female. Length of wing 4.5 mm.
Note. The colouration of the mesonotum is variable. Some specimens have no dark spots near
implantation of wing, others are not as bright yellox- as described, but more yellowish brown. There
are also specimens in which all the lobes of the scutellum are yellowish brown. In the original
description of och~aceus no dark spots are described on mesonotum; this part is described as
ochraceus brown.
LARVA unknown.
BIOKOMIC~. Nothing is known of the bionomics of this species,
DISTRIBUTIOS. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, New Guinea (Upper Digul).
Taeniorhynchus (Coquillettidia) memorans Bonne-M7epster 1930
A violet, metallic shining mosquito with dark proboscis, palpi and wings; dark
thoracic integument, mesonotum with golden yellow and abdomen partly with metallic,
violet-blue and partly with coppery coloured scales. Rather large mosquito.
FEMALE. Head with creamy yellow, narrow, curved scales on occiput mixed with
scattered, upright, forked, dull yellow scales. The scales lie close together along the
eye margins. Laterally posteriorly flat, broad, somewhat creamy yellow scales. Long
golden hairs along eye margins. Proboscis strong, long, slightly shorter than abdomen,
apical part distinctly curved, covered with beautiful shining, violet-blue scales and
delicate golden hairs. Palpi about 1,‘~ length of proboscis, the scales darker than on the
proboscis, delicate golden hairs, and long stiff darker hairs. Clypeus dark with greyish
shine, Antennae : t dark brown with pale areas and greyish shine ; fine dark hairs on t,
rather numerous and regularly arranged on inner surface ; fs I pale brown on basal half.
Remaining segments rather dark with short grey and long dark hairs, the latter greyish
brown in certain lights. Thorax with nplz dark brown to black with long stiff hairs
from dark to pale brown and short, delicate, golden, small hairs. Integument of mesono-
45

turn brown with darker, nearly black areas. All scales bright golden yellow, narrow,
rather long, slightly curved, some scales entirely straight, nearly all scales lie irregularly
flat on integument. Long stiff hairs, from blackish brown to golden. Scutellum with
integument partly very dark, partly pale brown. Pleura dark with pale brown stripes;
$p+t with at least six golden hairs. X large patch of flat, broad, white scales on sterno-
pleuron and mesepimeron. Legs shining, metallic, violet-blue. All femora covered on
posterior surface on basal third with dull, brownish yellow scales, which are on the
front legs also visible from above and forming more or less a basal band. No other banding
on the legs. Wings. Along costa and subcosta and basally on vein I shining metallic
scales, On other veins dark brolvn scales, which in certain lights are paler on apex of
wing. Outstanding scales long, narrow, somewhat shorter and broader on apex of wing.
Length of wing 5 mm. Abdomen dorsally: I with dull, pale, brown scales, some of these
with violet shine. Many outstanding long , golden hairs all over the segment; II, III
and IV with shining metallic violet-blue scales; V, VI, VII and VIII with coppery
scales, some have a metallic, violet-blue shine. Golden hairs on VIII very numerous,
on other segments less so. On III and ITi laterally, basally a few coppery scales; ventrally
the abldomen is covered with metallic violet blue and coppery scales. The blue ones
more numerous on basal, the coppery on apical segments.
MALE and LARVA unknown.
B OSOMICS. Nothing is known of the breeding places or the habits of this species,
DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea (Upper Digul),
Subgenus Mansonioides Theobald Igo7
Broad, asymmetrical scales on the wing veins (Fi g. 22, b). Wings, except those of
T. pnpzte&s speckled with dark and pale scales. Abdomen of female blunt at apex;
distal segments turned upward. Dorsally only 64 segments are visible, as the 8th segment
is totally retracted and of the seventh only the apical half is visible (Fig. 22) ; apical
margin of VIII in 9 closely set with a row of strong teeth. The number and arrangement
of these teeth is different for each species. In the male the palpi are longer than the
proboscis; the apical segment is very small and pointing downward, subapical segment
pointing upward along a slanting line. Legs much ornamented with pale bands and
patche:;.
Taeniorhynchus (Mansonioides) annulatus Leicester Igo
A dark mosquito with speckled wings; on the wing veins broad, asymmetrical
scales; a striking ornamentation on the mesonotum (Fig. 24, c).
FEAIALE. Head, Proboscis dark-scaled with creamy yellow apex and a broad yellow
band on the middle. Palpi slightly more than 1/3 length of proboscis, dark with pale
tip. Occiput with a large patch of narrow, curved yellowish to nearly white scales and
scattered dark, forked scales; behind this patch and laterally very pale yellow scales;
a pale, creamy yellow margin along the eyes. Thorax. Mesonotum with small, narrow,
curved dark scales and slightly larger, creamy yellow ones, forming the ornamentation
(Fig. 24, c). Scutellum: mid-lobe with nearly white, narrow, curved scales; lateral lobes
dark, Pleura brown with creamy yellow, flat, broad, scales on sternopleuron and mesepi-
meron and a short line of narrow, curved, small, golden scales on pp?z. Wings with

speckling of yellow, broad, asymmetrical scales and narrower, symmetrical, dark ones.
Legs dark, with creamy yellow bands and patches as follows: front-legs : femur with
four broad bands, usually incomplete, pale scales at base on undersurface; tibia with
many pale scales on underside and a paie band and six patches and bands on upper-
surface; TV with a band about the middle and a few scales basally, t2 and t3 with basal
bands; mid-leg: femur with three bands and on inner surface a broad stripe of pale,
greyish white scales from subbasal to basal band; tibia with apical patch and six bands
and patches on upper surface; t1--t3 with basal band and tI with a band around the
middle; hind leg: femur as in mid leg and a subapical patch posteriorly; tibia with a
band and three or four patches; all tarsal segments with basal bands and tI with a band
around middle. A%bdomen. Tergites dark with lateral, creamy yellow patches on II--T-I ;
at apex of segments the patches are broad, diminishing in width towards base. Sternites:
I dark, II with lateral, large, creamy yellow patch, III and IT’ with basal and subapical
band, V-VII with basal band.
MALE. Bands around proboscis narrower than in the female. Palpi with a ver!-
narrow and a broad creamy yellow band on long segment, a few creamy yellow scales
at apex of this segment; next segment with a few creamy yellow scales at base and a
patch of white scales on inner surface; last segment with creamy yellow scales, exceeding
proboscis in length with a little more than the length of last segment. Abdominal tergite
VII with lateral, creamy yellow patches; sternite 1’11 creamy yellow on basal half.
Otherwise similar to female.
BIOXOMICS. Females were caught in great numbers in villages near swamps. So
Pistin was present in the slvamps, so probably the host plants were of a different species.
No larvae have been found so far. Huge swarms of adults enter houses, especially on
rainy nights, for a blood meal; they seem to be much attracted by light and many
are burned to death by too-close contact with hot lamp chimneys.
DISTRIBUTIOS. Sumatra and Celebes.
RELATIOK TO DISEASE. An important carrier of Wzfclwe~in nznlnyi.
Taeniorhynchus (Mansonioides) annuliferus Theobald rgor
Pale mosquito ; wings speckled ; mesonotum with four striking, silvery white
patches; mid-lobe of the scutellum with silvery white, flat scales.
FEMALE. Head. Proboscis with apical 113 brown with a few pale scales, otherwise
creamy yellow ; some of the yellow scales have a dark brown tip. Palpi with snowy
white tip, remaining part with creamy yellow scales of which some have a dark brown
tip. Occiput with numerous narrow, curved, pale, yellow scales, mixed with pale brown
forked scales; narrow curved white scales along eye margins; behind, laterally, pale
yellow broad flat scales. Thorax. Mesonotum covered with small, narrow, curved golden
yellow scales and larger, broader, silvery white ones; the latter form an ornamentation
as in Fig. 24, e. Scutellum lvith white broad scales on the mid-lobe and fewer narrow,
curved, small ones on the lateral lobes. Pleura pale with dark areas and patches of
white, flat scales on sternopleuron and mesepimeron; small, narrow, curved white
scales on p@z. Wings speckled with yellowish-white or white and brown scales. The pale
scales asymmetrical and very broad. Legs: femora with white and yellow scales, tibiae
with white and pale brown ones, tarsi with white and brown scales, Often the yellow
and pale brown scales have a brown tip. Front legs: femur with four white bands and
47

48
knee spot, on the under surface an additional patch; tibia with 5 bands; tI with a band
in middle, t2 and t3 with basal band, t4 and t5 entirely dark; mid-leg: femur with basal
white band and knee spot, in between three complete bands and two bands only on
under surface; tibia with basal white patch and four bands; tr with a band in the middle;
61, tz, and t3 with basal ring; hind leg: femur with basal 2,/3 of under surface entirely
white, five bands on upper surface, only the apical one complete; tibia with five bands,
all tarsi with broad basal bands, on t2 incomplete; an additional band present on tI in
the middle. Abdomen. Tergites with pale brown scales, darker submedianly; lateral
Fig. 24. l’aenio~7lymhzrs s&5. : mesonotal ornamentation; (n) and (b)
T. longipalpis; (c) T. aJ~)ztrlafzrs; (d) T. t~uifoonnis; (e) T. a~~nr~lifevzu,
(f) T. ivdiauzfs
white patches present, small on II and IV, large on III, V, and VI; VII entirely white
scaled; on VI the lateral white patches touch medianly. Sternites entirely white.
MALE. Palpi exceeding length of proboscis with about last two segments, dark
brown with white bands in the middle and at base of long segment; also white patches
on under and lateral surfaces of two last segments.
L.IRV_A (Fig. 25). Head about 14 times as broad as long, when seen from above
roughly rectangular with rounded base. Hair A large, with 5-8 flat, broad, usually
bare branches; seldom with some sparse fraying; hair B small with 5-8 broadened

are branches; C and a still smaller, with 3-6 branches; C and d are sometimes difficult
to detect. A, B and C placed in a slanting line; e small with three branches in line with A.
Preclypeal spines brown, moderately long. Antennae slightly longer than the head, about
straight, covered with spines; subapical hair placed well below apex (see Fig. 25).
Basal third of antenna brownly
pigmented. Antenna1 hair nearly
half as long as the antenna, with
12-15 branches; each branch
with long fraying, often all the
fraying on one side. Subapical
hairs longer than antenna1 hair,
strong; two small apical hairs
present. Comb on the 8th segment
with only two teeth, each tooth
blunt, and not much broader at
base than at apex. Siphon about
cone-shaped, index 2, no acus,
valves replaced by a hooked
apparatus that serves for piercing
and attaching. This apparatus is
entirely black and has a saw-
shaped edge which usually is
covered by other parts. Siphon
hair inserted about halfway length
of siphon, half as long as the lat-
ter, and with three bare branches.
Xo pecten. Near the base of the
hooked apparatus there are dor-
sally a pair of articulating, curved
spines and laterally on both sides
a flattened hair. Anal segment
nearly as long as siphon, three
times as long as wide with com-
plete chitinous band; no spines Fig. 25. Taeuiouhynchus anuulifems details of larva: distal
on apical margin ; isc and osc about segments with (a) enlarged combtooth; head
as long as segment, each with eight
bare branches. Lateral hair rather small with 2-4 branches, inserted well away from
apical margin. Anal fan nearly as long as the segment with eight hairs, each with 4-j
broadened branches. On the ventral side there are simple (seldom bifid) flattened hairs,
shorter than the width of the segment. Anal papillae carrot-shaped, slightly longer than
the width of the segment.
B~osomcs. So far, eggs and larvae have only been found on P&in, not on other
waterplants. The female is a greedy biter.
DISTRIBUTIOK. Greater Sunda Islands, Kew Guinea.
RELXTIOX TO DISE_%SE. Xn important carrier of T;5’uchemin malayi.
49

Taeniorhynchus (Mansonioides) longipalpis van der Wulp ISgz
A dark mosquito with speckled wings, the pale scales on the wing broad and asymmetrical;
mesonotum with white patches, sometimes two, usually five, six or seven
(Fig. 24, a, b); distinct bands on femora, no confluent pale areas on under surface;
tibia of front leg with six bands (Fig. 26, b). Flat scales on ppn smaller than on sternopleuron
and mesepimeron. A very variable species.
FENALE. Head. Occiput with numerous dark, forked scales, intermingled with
scattered white, narrow, curved ones; laterally well behind, a patch of broad, flat, white
scales. Proboscis dark, about middle an area
with golden brown scales; at apex a few
pale scales from greyish white to golden
yellow. Palpi less than 1/3 as long as proboscis,
pale brown with white tip. Thorax: afin with
numerous, narrow, curved white scales.
Mesonotum with very small, golden brown,
scales and larger white ones, all these scales
narrow and curved, the white ones arranged
more or less in round patches as in Fig,
24, n, b). The number of these patches is rather
variable. Scutellum closely covered with narrow
curved white scales, especially on the
mid-lobe. Pleura greyish brown with darker
areas; mesepimeron with one, sternopleuron
with two patches of flat white scales; ppn
with many white, narrow, curved scales, and
flat scales, smaller than those on sternopleuron
and mesepimeron. Wings speckled
with broad, asymmetrical, creamy yellow
and dark scales. Legs blackish-brown with
many scattered, creamy yellow and golden
yellow scales on the femora, and on all the
segments white scales in bands as follows:
on the front legs (Fig. 26, b) the femora have
Fig. 26. {n) front leg of Tae~tiovliy~zchats iu-
&anus; (b) front leg of T. loqyipalpis a knee spot and a band just before the apex,
also four incomplete bands which are visible
from above; tibiae with six incomplete bands on upper surface; tr with an incomplete
band on upper surface about the middle; t2 and t3 with basal band on upper surface;
mid-legs: femora with knee spot and subapical ring, a small subbasal patch on upper
surface; on under surface five patches and short lines which are partly continued on
front and upper surface; tibiae with six often incomplete bands, but always visible on
upper surface about the middle and at base, t2 and t3 only at base; hind legs: femora
on under surface as in the midlegs, further there is a subapical and a basal band, and a
complete band about the middle; tibiae with incomplete subapical band on upper
surface and two incomplete bands on under surface; 3 or 4 very small patches on upper
and posterior surface ; tI with white bands on upper surface at base and about the
middle, t2 with white basal band on upper surface, Q--t5 with basal bands, broad on

upper surface, and narrow on under surface. Abdomen with the tergites dark scaled
with creamy yellow median patches on I-III, latera patches of creamy yellow and
white scales on II-VII, often hook shaped; VII mainly white. Sternites: I dark, II
and III nearly all white, IV-VII white and yellow.
NALE. Proboscis dark lvith some scattered, creamy yellow scales. Palpi exceeding
length of proboscis with I& segment, dark scaled with two white bands on long segment,
a basal white band on subapical segment ; last segment entirely white; subapical segment
with a white longitudinal line on under surface; pplt with a few broad scales mixed with
the narrow ones. Abdomen with the lateral patch on tergite VII very broad at apex;
tergite VIII with apical white band; sternite VIII
dark. Otherwise as in the female.
LARVA (Fig. 27). Head much broader than
long, over I+ times, rounded; preclypeal spines
dark brown. Antennae longer than the head, as
in other :l~~~~zsorzioides, with the apical extension
a little less than 1,'3 of the entire length. The
antennae are covered with short conspicuous
spines, basally from the subapical hairs. ,4
distinct brown band at the base and around the
implantation of the antenna1 hair. Antenna1 hair
well developed with about IS--20 long branches,
frayed on one side only. Subapical hairs as long
as antenna1 hair, near apex a leaf-like appendage,
a spine and two hairs, much shorter than subapical
hairs. Head hairs : A with nine moderately
long, very flat branches, (Fig. 27, a) fraying
also much flattened at base; B short with six
frayed branches; C weak, 5 simple branches, d
very small three-branched, e delicate, about as
long as C, two-branched. Comb of the eighth
segment with two long, blunt teeth. Siphon coneshaped,
not quite twice as long as wide, apical
third black, provided with an apparatus to pierce
tissue of aquatic plants, a two-branched hair
about the middle of the siphon, over half as long
as siphon; a single, strong, lateral hair present
a little distance from base of black portion;
dorsally, about the same distance from this black
part two flexible, long, curved spines. No acus.
Fig.27. Taeniorhymhus longipalpis; details
of larva: head with (u) flattened branches
of hair A; distal segments
Anal segment with complete chitinous ring, the whole segment slightly shorter than
the siphon, the chitinous ring twice as long as broad. So apical spines; Zlz short, 4-
branched, some distance from apical margin; four ventral hairs piercing the ring, 2- or
z-branched, all rather weak, about as long as width of anal segment. Anal fan with
about 8 long hairs, longer than segment, each hair with 3 or 4 naked branches; isc
with 12 naked branches from longer than to about half as long as anal segment, OX
with 8 naked branches all equal in length, over I$ times as long as segment. Anal
papillae four, very slender and longer than segment.

BIONOMICS. Larvae were collected with those of T. crnssipes in a small lake, near
the roots of a common vegetable (Ipomoen sp.). Usually this lake is entirely covered
with Ezch,hornia crassipes. Never, however (in this lake) were any larvae found near the
roots 01 this plant. The adults enter houses as described for T. n~z~~~ulntzts.
DI~TRIBUTIOS. Greater Sunda Islands, some of the Xoluccas.
RELATION TO L>ISE_ASE. Even more important than T. amdatus, as it has been found
to occur in a much wider area.
Taeniorhynchus (Mansonioides) papuensis Taylor 1914
A rather small mosquito with black-scaled wings, the wing scales only slightly
asymmetrical; mesonotum without ornamentation; legs brown with yellow scales
forming indefinite bands and patches.
FEXXLE. Head. Proboscis with apical third blackish brown, basal 213 pale brown
on undersurface to near base; upper surface with numerous darker scales in between,
apically only few dark scales; in the middle a creamy yellow band. Palpi dark brown.
Occiput with many dark brown and sometimes a few greyish-yellow forked scales, with
scattered small, narrow, curved, creamy yellow scales; behind laterally a patch of broad,
flat, creamy yellow scales. Thorax. Mesonotum covered with small, narrow, curved,
golden-brown scales; in some specimens a few greyish scales over root of wing. Scutellum
with mid-lobe scaled as mesonotum, but paler; on lateral lobes there may be one or
two hair-like scales. Pleura dark, sternopleuron and mesepimeron with creamy yellow,
flat scales. Wings with only dark scales, the asymmetrical ones not so very much so,
and not very broad. Legs with front and mid-femora dark above, on undersurface with
creamy ,yellow scales; hind femur dark above with yellow patches and scattered yellow
scales, undersurface with basal 2/3 creamy yellow. Tibiae dark above, undersurface
with creamy yellow scales. Tarsi dark-scaled with indications of basal bands in tr and
t2 of mid and hind legs; TV of hind leg also has pale scales in the middle. The ornamentation
oE the legs is very variable, sometimes rather indefinite; in other specimens,
however. more definite than described above. Abdomen with the tergites dark with
creamy ;rellow lateral patches on II-VI, on IV very small. Sternites II-VI creamy
yellow. We have not collected males or larvae. To our knowledge there has been no
description of male or larva.
BIO;COMICS. Nothing is known of the breeding places. The adult sometimes attacks
man. Rare species.
DI~XRIBUTIOS. Xew Guinea.
RELATION TO DISE_~SE. Nothing is known about this.
Taeniorhynchus (Mansonioides) indianus Edwards 1930
A pz,le brown mosquito with speckled wings, the pale scales very broad and asymmet-
rical, the dark ones less broad. Xesonotum with five, six or seven pale patches (Fig 24, f),
Femora with at least the basal half of the undersurface continuously white; front
tibia with IO-15 scattered small white patches, undersurface entirely white (Fig. 26, a).
The flat scales on @IZ as large as those on sternopleuron and mesepimeron.
FEMALE. Head. Proboscis with the basal part dark brown, apical part with numerous
golden brown scales; just before the apex there is an area which is speckled with pale

and dark brown scales. Palpi less than 1/3 length of proboscis, pale brown with white
tip. Occiput covered with narrow, curved whitish scales; many dark brown, forked
scales spread all over occiput; laterally and well behind, a patch of white, flat, broad
scales. Thorax. A@ with narrow, curved, white scales. Mesonotum with narrow curved,
golden brown and white scales forming a pattern as in Fig. 24, f; the three patches near
1 the front margin may coalesce; the oval patch above the root of the wing may be
divided. Scales on scutellum similar to the white scales of the mesonotum; sometimes
they are very sparse on the lateral lobes. Pleura with flat, broad, white scales on the
sternopleuron and mesepimeron; on p@z scattered, narrow, curved, white scales and a
patch of flat, broad, white ones. Wings speckled, the pale scales broad and asymmetrical,
the dark ones not so broad. Legs: front legs with the femora with many pale scales and
a brown apex; five more or less distinct bands on the posterior surface of which the
middle three may coalesce ; on the undersurface the bands are quite vague, a few creamy
yellow scales present instead; on anterior surface not much ornamentation, on upper
surface only a distinct white patch near apex; tibiae on undersurface entirely white;
otherwise with numerous white patches and speckling; tI with white band in the middle,
tz and t3 with white basal band on upper surface; mid-legs with the femora with pale
and dark brown scales; 213 basally of posterior and under surface is white, on apical 1/3
two white patches; tibiae with numerous scattered white scales, speckling and banding;
tarsi with white patches on the bases of h-3 and in the middle of tI; hind legs: femora
with white speckling and banding; five broad and one narrow band on anterior surface;
posterior and under surface continuously white scaled on basal 2/3; a narrow band
on anterior surface; tibiae black with numerous white speckles and bands, which are
close together basally; all tarsal segments with a basal white band on upper surface;
tI with an additional band in the middle; all bands very narrow on undersurface, some
hardly complete. Abdomen. Tergites dark-scaled, I-III with median creamy yellow
patches, II-VI with hook-shaped, white or yellow lateral patches, T’II mainly white.
Sternites with numerous white and creamy yellow scales, few dark scales present.
MALE. Proboscis with fewer golden scales than in the female. Palpi exceeding
length of proboscis with 14 segment, dark-scaled with two white bands on long joint,
a basal white band on subapical segment; last segment entirely white; a white longi-
tudinal line on undersurface of subapical segment, Segment S-111 creamy yellow
ventrally and dorsally. Otherwise as in the female.
Note. Specimens from Upper Digul shox- less white on mid- and front femora.
LARVA. This differs from T. n~~zz~life~z~s in the following details: There are brown,
pigmented bands on the antennae, one at base and one at insertion of antenna1 hair,
Antenna1 hair longer, z/3 as long as antenna. Hair A with four to six branches with con-
spicuous fraying. Hair B much smaller, pale and with six frayed branches. Siphonal
index 2. Anal segment 2 2,‘3 times as long as wide, ventral hairs 2-branched and as
long as the width of the segment.
BIOXO~IICS. The larva has been found breeding on Pistin; the adult is a fierce biter.
DISTRIBUTIOS. Sumatra, Banka, Java, Flores and New Guinea.
RELATIOS TO DISEASE. A carrier of Wz&ewin mnlnyi.
53

Taeniorhynchus (Mansonioides) uniformis Theobald rgor
Wings much speckled, pale scales broad and asymmetrical; longitudinal pale stripes
of greenish silvery scales on mesonotum (Fig. ZLJ, d).
FEMALE. Head. Proboscis with a dull yellow to greyish brown band just before
Iabella, followed proximally by a dark band often not sharply defined on distal margin,
Fig. 28. Tae~tiorhymh~ts ukfornzis; details of larva : head and one head-hair more enlarged ; distal
segments and tip of siphon more enlarged
more proximally a bright yellow area as far as the dark brown basal band, Palpi slightly
less than 1/3 of length of proboscis, with brown and yellow scales, the latter scattered
or forming tiny patches apically, never, however, a well-defined pale patch at apex,
Occiput with creamy yellow, curved, narrow scales, behind also dark-brown forked scales,
laterall: cream coloured flat scales present. Thorax. Mesonotum with coppery brown
scales and longitudinal stripes of pale green, silvery, curved, narrow scales (Fig. 24, d).
There may be also a median pale stripe. Scutellum with similar pale scales, on lateral
lobes they are sparse or even absent. Pleura with patches of white flat, broad scales
on mesepimeron and sternopleuron; p@z with very small, narrow, curved, pale scales.

Wings. Veins speckled with yellow and dark brown scales, the yellow ones broad and
asymmetrical. Legs. Femora and tibiae with dark brown and creamy yellow scales, the
latter scattered or forming small patches, irregularly spread; there is a tendency to
form bands on the hind femora; hind tibiae with a preapical white band; inner surfaces
of femora and tibiae mainly with white scales; TV of all legs with creamy yellow or white
band on middle and basally; tz and t3 with creamy yellow or white bands basally;
hind legs with t4 and t5 with similar bands.
&LE. The part of the proboscis which is bright yellow in the female, is brown
with a speckling of yellow scales. Palpi exceeding length of proboscis with I& segment;
dark brown with cream-coloured bands at base and on the middle of long joint; a
cream-coloured stripe on undersurface of subapical segment, broadening basally, The
stripes on the mesonotum are less distinct than in the female. Abdomen with the tergites
dark brown, I with a yellowish grey, large, median patch over the whole length; II and
III with small, greyish yellow, basal, median, patches; II-III and V-VIII with
yellow lateral patches mixed with few brown scales. Sternites yellow with white, lateral,
apical patches.
LXRVX (Fig. 28). This differs from amzzdiferus as follows;
Hair A frayed; B stronger, more like A than C and frayed at apex of branches,
Antenna only with narrow, brown bands at base and at insertion of antenna1 hair,
The siphon is shorter with an index of I z/3; isc and osc with 12 branches. The four
ventral hairs of anal segment (those piercing the chitinous ring) are always split in
2-3 branches and as long as or longer than the width of the segment. Anal segment less
slender, about twice as long as broad.
BIONOMICS. This species has been found breeding on all sorts of waterplants,
floating ones as well as those which have their roots in the bottom of the swamps.
The adult enters houses during the night and is a greedy blood-sucker on man.
DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea.
RELXTIOS TO DISEZE. A good carrier of Wucherevia malayi.
Genus Aedomyia Theobald Igor
This genus is easily recognized by the shape of the antennae; they are 314 as long
as the proboscis, the segments broad and compact, in the male only slightly longer
(Fig. 29, a). Palpi short in both sexes.
Aedomyia catasticta Knab Igog
This is the only species of the genus Aedomyia which occurs in this region. There
has been much confusion about the proper name (LEE, 1944). This small mosquito is
easily recognized by the peculiar antennae and the scaling of the wings (Fig. 29, b),
abdomen and legs.
FEMALE. Head. Proboscis black with a white, subapical band, a white band about
the middle and a white spot on upper surface between middle band and base of pro-
boscis, Some of the black scales have a pale brown base, which gives the proboscis a
speckled appearance. Palpi about a quarter as long as proboscis, black with some
scattered, white scales and a tuft of white scales at apex. Clypeus with two rows of
white scales along the median line. Antenna1 segments short, thick and rounded, all
55

about equal in length, apical segments not elongated. Occiput covered with dark
brown, cream-coloured and a few white scales; some erect, brown scales on the nape,
similar scales, paler, more in front; pale scales between the eyes; along the eyes and
down tie sides laterally smaller, flat scales, brown and pale ones mixed. The occiput
has a rclughened appearance because all the scales are more or less outstanding. Thorax.
Mesonotum with brown, golden yellow and white scales, the golden scales longer than
the others. They produce a median broad band which is much expanded about the roots
of the wings. The small white and brown scales are scattered all over the mesonotum,
many white ones on the prescutellar area. Laterally about root of wing and beyond
Fig. 23. _A edoiiz)lia catnsticta ; details of adult: (n) antenna of male; (b) wing
this, many brown and a few white outstanding scales. APIZ with many scattered small,
yellowish white scales and some brown ones. Scutellum with yellow and brown scales,
the yellow ones numerous on mid-lobe; on lateral lobes nearly all the scales are brown.
Pleura with many white and creamy yellow scales. Wings with the veins closely covered
with brown, yellow and white scales, the white ones in patches together, the yellow
ones scattered. Legs: Dark brown, much ornamented with yellow and white scales.
Femora mainly white on posterior surface, at apices of hind and mid-femora a large
tuft of outstanding scales; these scales mainly brown, but apically also a few yellow
scales; tibiae with many small, white patches on anterior surface; TV and tz of front
and mid-legs with apical band, t2 and t3 with a basal band; there may be an apical
band on t3 and a basal one at t4; basal and apical broad bands on tI-44 of hind legs;
tj of hind legs entirely white; tI of all the legs with many white patches on the anterior
surface. Abdomen: Tergites dark brown with large, submedian, yellow spots on many
segments and white, lateral patches. Sternites brown with many scattered, white scales
which may form bands. On the whole very variable.

MALE. Antenna plumose, apical and subapical segments not much longer than
the others. Otherwise similar to the $?, the palpi are also short.
LARVX (Fig. 30). Head: broader than long. Hair A strongly developed, well pig-
mented, with nine strong, frayed branches; hair B much smaller, with six frayed
branches; hair C about as long as -4 with two frayed branches; d somewhat shorter
than B with eight bare branches; e rather well developed, simple, bare. Preclypeal
spines long and slender. Antenna longer than the head, flat and extremely broad,
strongly curved, closely set with long slender spines; on inner side, near the apex,
these spines are very long and slender, many close together resembling a bunch of hairs.
Fig. 30. _Aedojrz)ric! crrtnsfictn: head and distal segments of lan-a
Antenna1 hair about as long as the antenna, inserted about the middle with nine
pigmented, stiff, straight, frayed branches. Subapical hairs, longer than antenna1 hair,
at apex; the apical hair as long as subapical hairs, the three frayed and strong13
pigmented. At tip a brown digit-like projection which has a small, subapical spine.
Thorax and abdomen with large strong, much-pigmented, frayed hairs, inserted on
small chitinous plates; there are also pale, star-shaped hairs. Comb on Sth abdominal
segment with IO-II pointed teeth, without fringe, inserted on the edge of a roundish,
chitinous plate. Siphon peculiarly shaped, basal half about cylindrical, apical half
tapering and curved along ventral line, dorsal line of siphon straight; covered with fine
hairs over its whole length; index over 3. Xo pecten present. Siphonal hair inserted
slightly beyond middle of length, with six to seven frayed branches, which are longer
than the siphon; at apex there is a smaller hair, about 1/3 the length of the siphonal
hair, with four frayed branches. At tip a strong, curved spine.
On dorsal side a small simple subapical hair. I4cus narrow and straight. -Anal
segment longer than broad with complete chitinous ring (see Fig. 30), entirely covered
with small delicate hairs, longer on dorsal surface; isc and osc both simple, very long;
over twice as long as siphon, on one side with coarse side hairs which increase in length
57

towards apex, where they are
hair little longer than segment
branches frayed basally.
very long; 11b with three sparsely frayed branches, the
Anal fan with IO strongly branched hairs, some of the
B:oNohrIcS. Larvae have been found in pools and swamps with much vegetation
(Pistia strati&~). There is also a record of larvae breeding in wheel ruts. This may have
been accidental, Adults have been caught indoors from time to time. Nothing is known
i of its biting habits.
i
DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra, Billiton, Java, Borneo.
!
_m
L- -
Genus Aedes Meigen ISIS
I
208 This genus is a conglomeration of heterogeneous mosquitoes. They have no striking
characters in common and only those subgenera have been characterised where this is
possible, without making use of the characters of either $ or 9 terminalia.
Subgenus Mucidus Theobald IgoI
Large species, usually with conspicuous ornamentation on the legs (Fig. 31) ; scales
on vertex and scutellum narrow; dark clouds over cross veins on wing membrane.
Chaetotaxy, shape of 3 palpi, tip of $! abdomen as in subgenus Ochlerotatus. Bristles on
$9~2 numerous; lower mesepimerals
present, variable
in number from 1-12. Hind
legs very long. Larva similar
to that of Ochlerotatus, but
Fig. 31. Subgenus Mz~cidzcs: tibia of female.
mouth parts modified for
predacity; mouth brushes with reduced number of bristles. Anal segment with large
plate nearly all round segment. Ventral brush large. Comb scales in a large patch.
BIONOh~ICS. Larvae have been collected from ground pools; they feed on other
mosquito larvae. The female carries the abdomen curved forward beneath the thorax
(LEICESTER, 1908). We have not noticed that the $?$? attack men, but from Australia
it is re.qorted that they are severe biters.
Two distinct groups may be recognized:
(I) _&!z&&s with the $? palpi quite two-thirds as long as proboscis. Scales of meso-
notum greyish, long and twisted, giving a peculiar mouldy appearance. About 20-30
bristles on @n, some towards its dorsal margin. Scales of legs in all but one species
(A. Kerlnorganti) long and erect, especially on femora and tibiae.
(2) Pardomyia. The palpi of the 9 are barely a quarter as long as proboscis. Scales
of mesonotum normal; &L?U with 10-16 bristles, few or none toward dorsal margin
of p@z. Scales of legs lay flat. Pardomyias are orange-coloured mosquitoes, an exceptional
colour ‘n mosquitoes.

Aedes (Mucidus) alternans Westwood ~935
A large species distinctly shaggily scaled on abdomen and legs through long and
outstanding scales, first hind tarsal joint much shorter than the tibia, with a white ring
in the middle. Costa mostly dark scaled, but with a well-marked, yellowish spot above
the yellow-scaled stem of nf.
LARVA(FQ. 32, after LEE). A pale yellowish species. The very prominent dark and
heavily chitinized mouth brushes may be seen with the naked eye. The head is narrow
and rather small, the antennae are small with
a 2-3 branched hair. The lateral comb of the
Sth segment of about 30 lateral spines in a
patch, with small denticles on one side basally;
the siphon elongated and narrow; siphonal hair
IG-branched; pecten of 15 teeth; distal margin
of anal segment oblique, anal fan of about 20
branched hairs; 112 short, simple, isc and osc
moderately long, simple; anal papillae small,
pointed; chitinous saddle coarsely spinose.
BIONOMICS. This species apparently prefers
to breed in salt marshes, though larvae have
been collected from fresh water swamps. Adults
may be attracted to lights in houses, but the>-
are usually found by day sheltering in bushes
or grass. The female may attack man but more
probably they prefer cattle or horses grazing in the vicinity of the breeding places.
DISTRIBUTIOS. Timor, New Guinea.
Aedes (Mucidus) kermorganti Laveran IgoI
r”
d
Fig. 32. Aedes (Mucidzts) aZtemam, details
of larva: (a) head and (b) distal segments;
(c) comb-teeth; (d) pecten-teeth
(after LEE).
This species differs from other Mztcidzts species in that the scales of the abdomen
and legs lie flat. Otherwise an easily recognized species with white rings on the tibiae
as well as on the tarsi.
BIONOMICS. The larvae have been collected in shallow swamps.
DISTRIBGTION. Timor, Sew Guinea.
Aedes (Mucidus) laniger Wiedemann 1S20
This species differs from altemans in having TV of hind legs as long as the tibia,
without a white ring in the middle; there is a narrow white ring at base; t2 brown,
t3-tj whitish with tips narrowly brown. There is no white ring in the middle of front
or mid-tibiae, that on hind tibia less distinct or absent. All tibiae rather broadly white
at tip; tarsi of front and mid-legs ochreous brown throughout.
DISTRIBUTIOS. Sumatra, Java, Celebes.
Aedes (Mucidus) aurantius Theobald Igo7
While the species described above all belong to the group Mzccidus of the subgenus
Mz~idus, A. aurantius is from the Pdom)%a group with the special Pnrdomyin charac-

60
ters. The wings have the dark spots at the cross-veins very distinct, the wing scales are
scanty and t5 of hind leg is whitish. For larval details see Fig. 33 (after LEE).
D [STRIBUTIOL\;. Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes.
Fig. 33. Aenes (_I~ucidus) nz~~n12ti1rs: details of larva: (CL) head and (b) distal segments, (c) comb-teeth;
(d) pecten-teeth; (e) details of portion of mouth brush (after LEE).
Subgenus Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribalzaga ISgr
TE.is subgenus is difficult to separate from the subgenus Aediwzor~lizts. They have
many characters in common : numerous narrow, curved and forked scales on occiput;
palpi of the male long, with hairy apes and both last segments curved downwards
(towards proboscis). In Oclzlerotntzrs the eighth abdominal segment of the $? is wholly
retractile, the cerci (Fig. 34f) are long and narrow, in Aedinzorphzrs the eighth abdominal
segment of the $? is either partially or wholly retractile; the cerci are variable,
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) vi&lax Skuse ISSg
Femora and tibiae speckled, abdomen with basal bands; mesonotum without
definite ornamentation; tarsi of hind legs banded; palpi of male turned slightly down-
wards; undersurface of proboscis cream coloured from near base to just beyond middle,
apical part very dark. No pale scales present on the dark apex; the separation between
the pale and dark part is very definite (Fig. 34~). This is the most important ornamental
character by which this mosquito can be distinguished from Aedes vexnm. The character
of the shorter female palpi in -~igilnx is unreliable.
FENALE. Head: Proboscis (Fig. 34e) with yellow and dark brown scales on upper
surface, veqr variably distributed, undersurface with basal I/S and apical 113 dark-
brown, part between yellow. Palpi exceeding the clypeus by I-I& times its length; the
palpi are dark brown with pale yellow apes. Occiput with small cream coloured and
k
d

dark brown, forked scales in the centre, laterally alternating bands of cream coloured,
black and again cream coloured, flat scales. Thorax. Nesonotum with brown, shining,
curved, narrow scales; these scales become gradually paler towards anterior margin and
towards scutellum, until they are golden coloured. Pleura dark brown with patches of
cream coloured, flat scales. Wings. Veins dull brown scaled, often with dirty yellow and
pale brown speckling, which, however, may be entirely absent. Legs. Dark brown with
cream coloured ornamentation, Femora and tibiae speckled on outer surface, femora
pale on inner surface. Tarsi with basal bands: on front legs on tI-t3, on mid-legs on
t1-t4, on hind legs on tr-tj. Abdomen. Tergites with cream coloured basal bands on II-V
(or II-IV, or 11-1’1) and cream coloured, apical bands on V-VII or VI-VII; sometimes
these segments are entirely dark; white lateral patches at equal distances from base
and apex of each segment. Sternites white.
C d
VII
VIII
Fig. 34. Details of adult A&s mosquitoes: undersides of probosces (a)-(d) A&s (Aed’imw$l~m)
vexmzs; (e) dedes (Ochlevotnfz~s) vigilax; (f) part of 9 abdomen of vigihx.
MALE. Proboscis and palpi as in A&es vexn~zs. T VIII either completely dark or
with incomplete basal pale bands. Otherwise as in the 9.
LARVA (Fig. 35). Head broader than long. Hair A with 6-S branches, frayed;
B single, quite a distance from anterior margin of clypeus; C behind and about in line
with B, single or bifid, B and C both unfrayed; d hair minute, 3-branched; e small with
two branches ; preclypeal spines long, slender, brown. Antennae moderately long, slightly
curved, covered with very small spicules. Antenna1 hair inserted before middle, about
1!3 of length of antenna, with 3 delicately frayed branches. Subapical hairs close to tip,
the largest half as long as the antenna1 hair.
Eighth abdominal segment with a comb of about 20 small teeth arranged more or
less in three rows, each tooth with a sharp point and lateral fringe. Siphon very short,
not much longer than broad, acus very small. Pecten of S-II teeth on basal half of
siphon, basal teeth smallest, increasing in size towards apex, each tooth sharply pointed,
with about four lateral basal spicules. A large siphon hair present, implanted at about
halfway length of siphon with IO frayed branches, the longer ones reaching as far as
61

tip of siphon. Anal segment with hardly chitinized saddle; isc with IO bare branches
somewhat longer than segment; osc single, about three times as long, also bare; I/z rather
small, single. Anal fan large, of 14 hairs, each hair with 8 bare branches. Anal papillae
very sort and small.
BIOI+OMICS. Usually in salt or brackish water, but not uncommon in fresh water,
Usuall>~ in earthen-lined breeding places; also in a hole in mangrove trees, but we have
found them in large stone jugs. They have been collected in a tidal swamp, which had
no surface connection with the sea and from which all the visible water disappeared
Fig. 3.5. Cedes (Ochlevotatus) vigilax: head and terminal segments of larva,
(a) comb-teeth, (b) pecten-teeth.
during low tide. L4pparently the larva can live without water for
a number of hours in a moist soil. The adult female is a good
I
flyer, she attacks man and may be very troublesome.
DISTRIBUTIOX. Java, Krakatau Island, Madura Island, Celebes,
I Flores, Aru Islands, Tenimber Islands and New Guinea.
RELATION TO DISEASE. L4 relatively poor intermediary host for Wuchevevia bancrofti
TAYLOR, 1938).
(Subgenus Finlaya Theobald Igo3
The adult has the occiput with many flat, broad scales and usually a median line
of narrow, curved scales; scutellum with Aat, broad scales; cerci of female short and
broad, palpi of male at least half as long as the proboscis, usually longer, last two segments
of palpi bending towards proboscis; tip of palpi hairy. The larval characters are very
variable in the different species. Antennae usually smooth, siphon usually short;
chaetotaxy of thorax and abdomen very variable in different species.
Aedes (Finlaya) poicilius Theobald Igo3
Proboscis with distinct white band about the middle; wings with white speckling
(Fig. 36), femora and tibiae with many white rings; tarsi banded; abdomen with a pair

of small, white patches on each tergite. This species belongs to the Fidayas with spotted
wings of which kochi, zunllacei, and gn~zi are also treated in this synopsis.
Fig. 36. Aedes (Fidaya) +oicilirts: wing; distal segments and head of larva; (a) stellate abdominal
hair; (b) comb-teeth; (c) pecten-tooth; (d) and (e) large and small spines of anal segment.
FEMALE. Head. Proboscis black with a distinct white band just beyond the middle
and a narrow, white band at apex. Palpi black with white tip. Occiput with narrow,
63

curved, white scales in the median line, laterally from these flat, broad, black scales,
followed by flat, broad, white scales; a black and a white patch run down the sides. On
the nape are scattered, black, forked scales which spread a little in front. Thorax. A@
with many white, broad, slightly outstanding scales. Nesonotum with golden brown,
greyish white and white scales, the pale scales forming a rather indefinite pattern of
which only the anterior and lateral white margins are clearcut and constant. Slightly
before the wing root there is a patch of silvery white, broad, flat scales. On the scutellum
are shghtly outstanding broad, flat scales: black on apices and white on bases of lateral
lobes, white on mid-lobe, with scattered black scales. Pleura with black integument and
patches of white, somewhat outstanding, rather broad scales. Wings: Speckled with
rather broad, white and black scales; two or three white patches on costa (Fig. 36).
Legs black with many white bands and patches. All femora and front- and mid-tibiae
with pale scales at apex and about six white bands; hind tibiae with four bands. Tarsi
of all legs with tr apically and basally banded and white scales in the middle part,
t2 with band or patch, t4 entirely dark; tj white; t3 of hind leg with apical band; on
mid-legs this band may be present or missing; t3 of front legs black.
Abdomen blackish brown. On each tergite, except on I, there is a small, white or
yellow spot on each side of the median line, on lateral part of tergite there is a longish
white spot which is continued in a white patch near apical margin; on II and VII and
sometimes on VI a pale median patch at base. On sternites V-VII small tufts of out-
standing black scales.
KALE. Palpi rather hairy, about as long as proboscis; last two segments slightly
curved downward, while other segments are turned upward; black with six white bands
and a small pale patch. Lateral white spots on abdominal tergites less distinct than in
the female.
LARVA (Fig. 36). Head nearly round, slightly broader than long, Hair -4 with five
to seven branches, B with two branches; C long two- to three-branched, all hairs un-
frayed; d four-branched, nearly as long as B; both B and d near clypeal front margin,
C rather well behind B; e small, two-branched or simple. Preclypeal spines moderately
long, sometimes split in two or simple with a small knob near base, Antenna short and
plump, straight, one-third as long as head, without spines. Antenna1 hair inserted two-
thirds from base, nearly half as long as antenna with two bare branches. Subapical hairs
inserted about at tip, the longer hair one-third as long as antenna. Thorax and abdomen
with pale stellate hairs with frayed branches (Fig. 36a); the hairs are of equal thickness
over their whole length and end in a split tip. Eighth segment with triangular-shaped
comb of about 50 teeth; the distal teeth are large, with blunt tip and two denticles at
base, other teeth being smaller and pointed. Siphonal index about 3, Pecten of 7-13
teeth on basal half of siphon or stretching a little beyond; separate tooth blunt with
delicate fringe on one side along the whole length. Pecten hair inserted just beyond last
tooth, nearly half as long as siphon, with four frayed branches; no acus. Anal segment
with the saddle covering more than half the width; apically with a row of large spines,
which are fringed over their entire length; there is also a row of small spines present;
isc with four branches, 18 times as long as siphon; OX simple, twice as long as siphon;
both bare; Ih large, about as lon g as siphon, with two bare branches. Anal fan with
nine hairs, split in three or four branches at a little distance from base; the longest hair
is longer than the siphon. Anal papillae longer than siphon, slender, rather pointed
at tip.

RIONOMICS. Larvae were found in leaf axils of Colocasia and Cri~um sp.
DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Celebes, Noluccas, New Guinea.
Aedes (Finlaya) kochi Dijnitz IgoI
This species falls within the Finlnya group with spotted wings, together with
$oicilizbs, gani and wnllncei.
ADULT. Markings of head, legs and abdomen similar to those of poicili~ts. Thorax,
Nesonotum with an ornamentation of pale, narrow, curved scales, which often varies
in several ways from the following pattern: an indefinite band of narrow, curved scales
along anterior and lateral borders curving inward before implantation of wing and
meeting a submedian pale line which runs parallel with a median white line from about
the front margin to a patch of white scales in front of the scutellum; there are also
patches of white scales laterally above the wingroots. Apn and pplz with flat white
scales; pp~, with a few additional narrow, curved, white scales on the dorsal anterior
area. Legs similar to those of ~oici~ius. Wings similar to those of poicilz’zts, except that
the pale scales are not so purely white as in
poici1ius.
LARVA (Fig. 37, after IISRKS). Thorax and
abdomen with prominent stellate setae.
Head about as broad as long. Antenna1
tuft a single simple seta, half the length of the
antenna, terminal and subterminal setae all
a b c
placed at apex, one long, remainder short.
Hairs A, B and d arising in a curved line
towards anterior margin of head, their bases
about equal distances apart, B being anterior
to -4, and d at same level as, or slightly behind
B; C rising well back, more or less in line with
B. A is a stellate hair with six to ten slightly
frayed branches, some with forked tips, longest
about length of antenna; B with two to three
simple branches, slightly longer than antenna;
C long, single, frayed (fraying may be inconspicuous)
; d well developed, about length of
antenna, with two to three simple branches ; e with
Fig. 37. Aedes (Fidaya) Roclri: head and
distal segments of larva; (a), (b) and (c)
two and f with three to five branches. Lateral comb-teeth from distal, second and proxcomb
of segment VIII a triangular patch, of
imal rows respectively; (d) pecten-tooth;
(e) saddle spine (after MARKS).
about 65-80 overlapping teeth of three sizes,
arranged in four to six rows. Siphon index 2.3-3.0 ; close examination shows very
fine hairs in a fairly dense area around apex of siphon, also along the pecten and sparsely
scattered elsewhere. Pecten extending over basal half of siphon, composed of 7-14 evenly
sized and spaced spines. Siphon hair with two to three frayed branches. Anal segment
with saddle covering dorsal two-thirds of segment, finely pilose, bearing on distal and
ventral margins long, laterally fringed spines with rounded, fringed tips. Lh with two
to four frayed branches. Isc not frayed, four to six branches, osc single, not frayed.
Ventral A brush of ten multiple tufts, each with three to five branches, no bar, Anal
papillae unequal, bluntly pointed, variable in length.
6.5

G6
I~IONOMICS. Larvae were found in leaf axils of several species of plants (banana,
pineapple, Crinztm, Pcl;ltda~ztrs). Adults bite readily and A. kochi is a common pest species
in parts of New Guinea during the day and night.
DISTRIBUTIOK. Ceram, Xew Guinea.
RELATION TO DISEASE. An efficient intermediary host of Wuchevevin bnmvofti
(T_AYI,OR, 1943 ; HEYDON, unpublished investigation).
Aedes (Finlaya) wallacei Edwards 1926
1’ery similar to Aedes (Fizlnya) kochi, differing in the following points: Nedian ring
and apical spot on proboscis yellow instead of white, as also are the flat scales on a+,
as well as many of the mesonotal scales.
Pale markings of wings, femora and tibiae
suffused with yellow. Hind legs with TV with
two narrow yellow rings as well as the
narrow white one in the middle and the
broader white ones at the base and tip; tz
a b c d
and t3 mainly white, with a narrow black ring
at the base, followed immediately by a narrow
yellow ring. Pale areas of wing much more
extensive than the dark spots; there are three
conspicuous dark spots on the costa, but the
wing markings are doubtless variable.
LaRVil (Fig. 38, after NXRKS 1947).
Thorax and abdomen with prominent stellate
setae.
Head: About as broad as long. Clypeal
spines with three to four branches. Setae A,
B and d arising in a curved line towards
anterior margin of head, their bases about
Fig. 38. ,4edes (Finla~~cc) wallacei: head and
distal segments of larva; (a), (b) and (c) comb
teeth from distal, second and proximal rows
equal distances apart, B and d being anterior
to A. C rises well back, more or less in line
respectively; (d) pecten-teeth; (e) saddle spine
(after AIARI~s).
with B. A stellate with S-II finely frayed
branches with forked tips, longest about
length of antenna; B with three to four simple branches, slightly longer than antenna;
C long, single, simple or slightly frayed; d well developed, with five to six simple branches,
almost as long as B; e with two andfwith three to four branches. Abdomen: On segments
I-VI a pair of long plumose lateral setae; on segments I-II five-branched; on segments
III-V, three-branched; on segment VI three to four branched. Lateral comb a triangular
patch of about go overlapping teeth, of three sizes arranged in five rows. Distal row of
16-17 long pointed teeth. Siphon: Index about 2.6; strongly pilose. Pecten extending
over basal two-fifths to half of siphon, composed of eight to ten evenly sized and spaced
spines finely fringed along proximal edge. Subventral tuft with two to three plumose
branches at half length of siphon or slightly beyond. Saddle covering dorsal two-thirds
of anal segment, strongly pilose, bearing on distal and ventral margins long pointed
spines, the smaller of which have a definite lateral fringe, while the larger may be
sparsely fringed towards base. Lh bifid, shortly plumose. Isc four to five branched, OX

single. Ventral brush of ten multiple tufts, each with three to five branches; no bar.
Anal papillae long, tapering, unequal; upper pair 2&3 times saddle.
BIONONICS: It is reported (TAYLOR, 1934) to breed exclusively in the axils of the
leaves of various species of Padams. The species enters houses during the night to bite.
DISTRIBUTION. Sew Guinea.
Aedes (Finlaya) gani Bonne-Wepster rg4o
A species with speckled wings and legs, ornamentation of mesonotum in lines;
see Fig. 39 for ornamentation of female.
&IALE. This differs from the female in having the palpi dark brown to black scaled
with a broad, purely white band in the middle of the long joint, this band widening on
outer side; a faint, pale apical spot
on the apex of long joint above, a
well-defined small, bluish-white basal
spot on ultimate and penultimate
joint.
BIONOMICS. Adults were bred
from larvae collected in ATejmthes,
coastal region.
DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea.
~\~ote. This species falls within the
group of Aedes (Fiqzlaya) kochi in having
spotted wings and legs. The absence of
distinct outstanding scales on the abdominal
sternites and the most elaborate
decoration
apart.
of the mesonotum set it quite
Aedes (Finlaya) aureostriatus
Doleschall 1857
This species seems to have a
wide distribution in the region and
beyond. In India it was described Fig. 39. A edes (Finlaya) gapzi: (a) ventral view of proas
gJ/eeni (THEOBALD, Igoj), from
Amboyna as aztreostviatzts (DOLEboscis,
variable; (b) dorsal view of $? proboscis, with
palpi; (c) dorsal ornamentation of mesonotum; (d) hind
leg; le) xving; (f) d orsal and (g) ventral view of abdomen.
SCHALL, 1857).
The hind tarsi have all the segments basally banded, and some of the segments also
apically. Usually the scutum has three parallel, longitudinal, golden lines, and posteriorly
two oblique golden lines. Apparently this is a variable species or it may be that closely
related forms occur with slightly differing ornamentation, especially on the mesonotum.
LARVA. No perfect larval skins are at hand for an adequate description.
BIONONICS. Larvae live in tree holes and bamboo stumps.
DISTRIBCTIOS. Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Moluccas, Sumbawa, Timor.
Aedes (Finlaya) gracilelineatus Bonne-Wepster 1937
ADULT. The pattern on the mesonotum of the female is distinct (Fig. doa), but in
the male there are laterally all along the median golden line many small golden scales.
67

The tarsi are dark with very narrow basal white rings: incomplete and faint on t3-tj
of front legs; narrow but complete on t1-t4 of mid- and hind-legs. The bands on the
abdominal tergites are creamy white in the female, mostly silvery white in the male.
b
LARVA. Unknown.
BIONOMICS. Bred from larvae; no data on
breeding places.
DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea (_4nggi lakes,
2,000 $1.).
Fig. 40. Dorsal ornamentation of (a) Aedes
(Fi~zlaya) gracilelizeatus, (b) xotoscviptus.
Aedes (Finlaya) notoscriptus Skuse 1-889
ADULT. The vertex has a median patch
of silvery scales; there is a white band about
the middle of the proboscis. The scutal mark-
ings consist of an ornamentation of distinct,
narrow, longitudinal lines of pale scales (Fig.
4ob) *
SKUSE, in the original description, figures
additional submedian short lines which,
however, may be indistinct or entirely missing. All these lines are silvery white except
for the submedian ones which, if present, may be golden yellow or silvery. The scutellum
has all the scales broad, silvery-white. P@ with broad scales only. There are no scales
Fig. 41. Larval details of Aedes (Fiulaya) ~zotoscviptzts (a) head; (b) distal segments ; (c) comb-teeth
(d) pecten-teeth; (n)-(d) after LEE.
on the postspiracular area. Wings not spotted. Femora, tibiae and tarsi dark, a silvery
white line along anterior surface of femora and tibiae, and silvery white basal bands on
all the hind tarsal joints; t5 may be entirely white.
LARVA: see Fig. 41n-d, after LEE 1944.
BIONOMICS. Larvae have been collected in rock pools, tree holes, bamboos and
artificial containers.

DISTRIBUTIOS. Saparua, Xew Guinea, Kei Islands.
Note. The variety nzo~taxz~s (BRUG) differs in having the white stripe on the outer side of the
hind tibia only half the length of the tibia, and tapering distally, while in the type this stripe occupies
three-quarters of the tibia’s length and is equally broad all over.
BIONOSIICS. Larva found in a tree hole.
DISTRIBUTIOX, Java (Lembang, altitude 1,250 AI.),
Aedes (Finlaya) papuensis Taylor 1914
This species belongs to the Fidayn group which is characterized by having a large
area or a median longitudinal stripe of pale scales, either silvery white or golden on the
anterior two-thirds of the scutum; there is never a pattern of several narrow pale
longitudinal lines on scutum ; only @@e&s, n+zggiewis, nlticoln and toxopeusi are
treated in this synopsis. Some of the species also show a marked sexual dimorphism in
the thoracic ornamentation. The wings are not spotted. Femora and tibiae without
numerous spots or rings of pale scales as in poicilius and allied species; anteriorly no
lines of pale scales for nearly the whole length of the femora or tibiae as in gvncilelinentz~s
and nzweostGztz~.s, though there is speckling, and pale areas on part of them may be
present*
FENALE (after KISG 8~ HOOGSTRUL, Ig46a). Vertex of head with a white median
area of narrow, pale scales and an equal area of dark scales on each side; anterior half of
scutum nearly all white-scaled except for a narrow dark lateral border (Fig. pa) ;
pronotal lobes with flat, white scales above, narrower ones below; mid-lobe of scutellum
with narrow, pale scales apically, dark basally; some pale scales apicallp on side lobes;
abdomen with narrow, basal, white bands on segment II to V; hind tarsi with broad,
white, basal rings on all se,ments, those on 4 and j about half the length of the segments
(F@. 42c) *
MALE. Colouration generally similar to the female, except that the head is entirely
pale-scaled (Fig. 42b). The scales towards the side of the scutal patch and those on the
upper part of the posterior pronotum often have a golden cast.
LARVA (Fig. 42&g, after KIXG & HOOGSTRAAL). Head darkly pigmented, broader
than long; antenna heavily spiculate and almost as long as head; head hairs B and C
arising about in a line toward front of clypeus; hair A typically five-branched, B and C
usually six-branched; d close to C, very small. Comb of segment VIII a dense triangular
patch of about jo elongate teeth, apically bluntly rounded and fringed. Siphon with
sides tapered; from II to 14 heavy spine-shaped pecten teeth, each with three to six
prominent denticles toward base; hair tuft long, about six-branched, arising just below
base of apical pecten tooth; apical appendages of siphon with very long hairs, Saddle
large, not completely encircling anal segment, with long spicules and setae posteriorly,
132 usually single; anal papillae about one and a half times as long as saddle.
BIOXOMICS. Larvae were collected in tree-holes, shaded pools on a rock and in a
rock pool in a stream bed; in drum heads; in a sunlit rut in a coconut grove and in fresh
water in a sunlit coral pool.
DISTRIBUTIOS. New Guinea.
69

Aedes (Finlaya) anggiensis Bonne-\T7epster 1937
For general observations see under finpzte~is.
CULT. Mesonotum largely covered with long, narrow, curved, white scales and
small, Tlery narrow, golden ones forming a pattern as in Fig. 43~; remaining scales golden
\
%
a c b
Fig. 42. .4edes (Finlayn) papuettsis: (a) and (b) dorsal view of head, mesonotum and scutellum of
9 and 8 respectively; (c) distal hind tarsal segments; (d) head of larva; (e) distal segments of larva
with (f) comb-tooth and (g) pecten-tooth (after KIXG & HOOGSTRAAL).
brown, bristles golden and brown, sparse. Scutellum with all the lobes covered with
whitish curved scales. Livings with the scales on apical third pale golden, Legs with tarsi
of front legs dark scaled, distinct white rings on tI-t3, none on t4 and tj; tarsi of mid-
legs dark, distinct white rings on II-t3, narrow or indistinct on t4; hind legs with the
tarsi dark, with rather broad basal white bands on $I-t4; a tiny basal spot on t5.
f

LARKA. Unknown.
BIOXOMICS. A species from high altitudes (2,000 II.).
DISTRIBETIOX. New Guinea.
Aedes (Finlaya) alticola Bonne-Wepster Ig@
A very large-sized A&es of the subgenus Finlaya with banded legs and well marked
scutal ornamentation (Fig. 43a) ; see general remarks under fiapztemis.
MALE and LARYA
unknown.
BIONOMICS. Only
females were caught
at high altitudes
(2,850-3,800 &I.).
DISTRIBUTIOS.
New Guinea.
Aedes (Finlaya)
toxopeusi Bonne-
Wepster 1948
A large-sized
Aedes of the subgenus
Fig. 43. Dorsal view of mesonotum of (c) Aenes (Fi~lnya) n~tgg~e~~sis;
Finlaya with binded
(n) nlticola; (b) toxopeusi.
tarsi and a wellmarked
pattern of creamy golden sc.ales on mesonotum (Fig. 43b), falling within the
group of pafmemis, aqgiensis and alticoln. For general observations see under papueqzsis.
LARVA Unknown.
BIOXOMICS. Adults were caught in light
traps at an altitude of 3,800 Ii.
DISTRIBUTION. Xew Guinea.
-ITote. Three males have the mesonotal orna-
mentation white instead of creamy golden, while
in one 3 the ornament is not conspicuously
coloured at all, though the specimen is perfect.
Aedes (Finlaya) niveus Ludlow Igo3
From anterior half to z/3 of mesonoturn
silvery white, posterior part brownish
Fig. 44.
black, (Fig. H, left); tarsi without bands.
Dorsal ~~-ie~~* of mesonotum of (left)
Aedes (Fi~laya) xioezrs; (right) aibolcrteyalis. FEMALE. Head. Proboscis and palpi
black ; palpi very short. Occiput covered with
flat, broad, black scales, a few dark, forked scales present; a white border around the
eyes. Thorax: Mesonotum with anterior half to 213 closely covered with narrow, curved,
silvery white scales; sometimes three very narrow dark lines : one median and two lateral
ones in this white area. Remaining part of mesonotum brownish-black scaled; there may
be a few white scales bordering laterally the prescutellar area. Scutellum with dark

72
brown, flat scales; sometimes there are golden-yellowish ones in variable numbers, Pleura
with b:lack integument and a patch of silvery white, flat scales. Wings dark scaled. Legs
entirely black, except front femora which have a pale line on basal half of undersurface,
the mid-femora which have more white scales on undersurface and the hind femora,
which are white for 2;3 or more. Abdomen with the tergites black with large white
lateral triangular patches which cover part of dorsum on V-VII, thus forming narrow
Fig. #j. .4edes (Fixlc!yn) kueus and varieties, details of larva: head, distal segments, shape of siphon
comb-teeth (n) and pecten-teeth (b); I wkxs, II var. kueoides, III var. aZboGmt.s.
basal bznds. Sternites mainly dark, basal segments with white basal bands; V-VII some-
what protruding; VIII large, without scales.
MALE. Palpi black, somewhat shorter than proboscis, moderately hairy. Mesonotum
with a large patch of white scales near wing root, white scales in front of prescutellar
area, Ventrally, all the abdominal segments have white basal bands. Otherwise similar
to the female.
LARVA (Figs. 45 a& 46). Head. All hairs inserted rather far backwards; A with
12-16 branches; B, C and d with about 8 branches, all with long fraying, d the smallest
but still about 314 as long as B and C; A, B and d inserted on about one line, C behind

B; e with z bare branches, moderately large. Preclypeal spines slender, very long, about
as long as the distance between them. Antenna over half as long as the head, straight
or slightly curved, covered with very small spines, hardly visible at a magnification of
IOO X. Antennal hair, inserted at or below middle, with 8 branches reaching beyond
tip of antenna, each branch frayed at tip; subapical hairs inserted the width of the
antenna before apex; the longer one Q- 8 times as long as antenna, the shorter hair
Fig. 46. A&es (Fi~Inyn) niveus and varieties, details of larva: head, antennae (a) and stellate hairs (b) ;
I ziaeus, II I-ar. zCae&es, III var. albouioezrs.
slightly shorter; at tip a hair about as long as the shorter subapical hair. LAbdomen
with brown, strong, stellate hairs, the branches with short fraying; eighth segment with
a comb of 14-16 teeth, each tooth fringed from base to apex. Siphonal index 2, no acus
present, valves small or moderately large. Pecten reaching from base to just beyond
basal half of siphon; 17-21 teeth, each tooth with a strong lateral denticle at about half
itslength and a row of very small denticles from here to base; apex of each tooth pale;
the more apical teeth are the longest; siphon hair inserted just beyond apex of pecten
with Y-II branches with long fraying, the longer branches nearly half as long as the
siphon. Anal segment with the saddle covering z/3-3/4 of the width of the segment and
73

71
with numerous, well-developed, sharp spines at apical margin; isc with 8-12 bare
branches, about as long as the siphon; osc simple, bare, and over twice as long as isc;
Zh with two bare branches, as long as anal segment. Anal fan with IO hairs, each hair
split near base in 7-8 bare branches, the longest hairs about 18 times as long as the
siphon. Anal papillae carrot shaped, shorter than the segment.
BIONOMICS. The larvae of niccus and the following varieties have been found in
treeholes and cut bamboos. X single specimen was found in a large swamp which was
overgrown with grass. There are no records of the females attacking man.
DISTRIBUTIOK. Sumatra, Celebes, Java.
Noie. Two closely related
which emerged either from the
larval varieties have been collected. No differences
type form or these varieties could be found.
Aedes (Finlaya) niveus var. niveoides Barraud 1934
in the females
The larva (Figs. 45 n;?td 46) of this species may be distinguished from the type form
by the :Sollowing characters :
The antennae are slightly more curved and the spines are longer. The antenna1
hair ha; 10-13 finely frayed branches; branches of hairs 13, C and d more numerous
(12-19 C om b on the 8th segment with 7-10 teeth, each tooth only slightly frayed at
base. The siphon is much longer with an index of 5. Pecten with only IO-IS teeth, each
tooth with a basal denticle; the apical teeth diminish in length. The pecten occupies
only the basal half of the siphon. Siphonal hair with only 3-6 branches and inserted
beyond apical pecten tooth. Isc with only 3 or 2 branches; Z/z 1-3 branched. Spines on
apical margin of saddle much smaller. Instead of IO there are 8 hairs in the anal fan,
each hair split in 3 or 4 (5) branches. Anal papillae very variable, the dorsal pair sometimes
shorter than the segment, sometimes nearly twice as long.
BIONOMICS. Breeding places as for ~ivezts.
DIZ;TRIBUTION. Sumatra, Java.
Aedes (Finlaya) niveus var. alboniveus Barraud 1934
LAIWX. This larva (Figs. 45 nna 46) may be distinguished from the type species by
the following characters:
The antennae are rather strongly curved and thickened on the part proximal to
insertion of antenna1 hair; the spines are well developed. The antenna1 hair is distinctly
frayed. Hair A has only g-12 branches. The stellate hairs on the abdomen are weaker
developed, the branches more pointed. The comb on the 8th segment has 8-13 teeth,
each tooth fringed on basal half. Siphonal index 2+3. Pecten with 16-26 teeth, each
tooth with a lateral denticle about half the length and a pale apex; pecten about half
as long as the siphon, Siphon hair 4-7 branched, inserted beyond apical tooth of pecten.
Dorsal pair of anal papillae twice or more than twice as long as segment. Hairs on anal
segment as in var. ~zz’z~oz&.s.
BIONOMICS. See under type species.
DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Bali and Flores.
Aedes rtiveus var. albolateralis Theobald Igo
This variety differs from the typical lzivezts by having the white area of the mesono-

turn partly or entirely divided by a broad, median, dark stripe (Fig. 44, Gght) ; this is
more pronounced in the female than in the male.
DISTRIBUTIOK. Sumatra.
Safe. The expression ‘form psettdo?ziueus’ or szrbzivetrs is sometimes used for specimens which
have a silvery white patch on the anterior surface of the midfemur. This character may be present in
albolaferalis. Similar specimens were collected on Sumatra; psezfdo?zivezrs Theobald occurs on Borneo.
Subgenus Stegomyia Theobald Igor
Mesonotum with black and white ornamentation; tarsi with white bands; proboscis
black; wings dark scaled; occiput and scutellum with mainly broad, flat scales except
in A&es (Stegomyia) albolinentm which has a patch of narrow scales between the eyes.
Palpi of the female short, in the male about as long as the proboscis, curved upwards
and not hairy. In alboli~zeatzts the palpi of the male
are less than half the length of the proboscis. The -
-1
general characteristics of the larvae are: Antennae
usually smooth, with a small simple hair on the shaft,
and rather short, Hairs B and C placed one in front I
,/’
/
,’
/’
of the other, Meso- and meta-pleural plates usually I
carry a spine (Fig. 47). Comb teeth usually in a single : s.p.n ,’ :
straight row. Siphon short, no acus; pecten without
detached teeth apically, tuft well before tip of siphon.
Anal saddle usually rather small. Ventral brush of
anal segment often much reduced.
BIONOMICS. The breeding places are usually of
,y,
d
$3
:
the vegetable kind or artificial, less often earthen lined. -i
Apparently the eggs are resistant to desiccation as ’ - -
soon as the larva has developed inside the shell. If the Fig. 47. Subgenus Stegolttyia: right
eggs are dried before the larva has developed they die half of larval thorax (dorsal)
when removed from the water. Under laboratory
conditions apparently the eggs are laid mainly on the
wall of the receptacle about a third of an inch above
showing meso- and metapleural
plates carrying a spine (s.p. II,
s.p. III).
the water surface, In the moist atmosphere the larvae develop within the egg shell and
only hatch when the surface of the water rises. If the water level falls, the outside of the
egg dries but the larvae stay alive inside until the water rises again and reaches them.
This is probably what happens in the natural breeding places; it has often been possible to
breed larvae from the dry scrapings of dried-out breeding places (tree holes, bamboo
stumps) by placing the scrapings in water. The mosquitoes that hatched from larvae
were quite normal and produced normal offspring. It is obvious that this mechanism
prevents the extinction of species breeding in small, easily desiccating breeding places.
Most of the species are day-flying mosquitoes.
Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti Linnaeus 1762
An easily distinguished species with a lyre-shaped ornament on the mesonotum
(Fig. 48a), basallv banded legs (Fig. dga) and in the female broad, white scales on the
_I
clypeus.

FEMALE : Head. Occiput clothed with dark broad, flat scales, a silvery white median
stripe which is continued forward between the eyes as far as the base of the antennae;
many pale yellowish, upright, forked scales well back on the nape. Clypeus brownish,
clothed with broad, silvery white, appressed scales. Antennae with the tori blackish,
clothed with broad, silvery white scales nearly all around. Proboscis black. Palpi black,
about one fifth the length of the proboscis, tip very broadly white scaled above, Thorax,
A+ with a large patch of silvery white scales, many black bristles present. Mesonotum
Fig. 48. ~;ubgenusStego~~2yia, mesonotal ornamentation :
(a) aegypi, (b) sczttellavis; (c) paullusi; (d) albopicta:
(e) albolineata ; (f) amaudalei; (g) desmotes; (A) gavdnevi.
clothed with narrow curved, golden
scales, bronze or brassy brown scales,
silvery white rather broad, flat lying
scales and somewhat narrower
curved white scales; all these scales
together form a lyre-shaped pattern
as in Fig. 48n; the strings of the lyre
are pale golden, the curved lines
silvery white; ante-scutellar space
edged with white, a short median
very light yellowish stripe before
ante-scutellar space; a white patch
at roots of wings. Scutellum densely
clothed with silvery white scales,
except apex of midlobe, which is
brown scaled. Pleura brown, clothed
with patches of silvery white, flat
scales. Wings with brown scales.
Legs. Femora black ; more than basal
half of hind legs whitish beneath; of
front and mid-femora about basal
half; the white scales on hind femora
also in front and rear; front and
middle pair with a fine, white line
above from base to apex, hind pair
with the white scales from the base
as a broad line continued towards
near apex ; knees white; tibiae
brownish black; hind tarsi with
rather broad, white rings at bases
of joints, very broad on t4 and tj,
last joint entirely white or almost so
(Fig. 4gn); front and mid-tarsi with
white incomplete rings at bases of first two joints only, last joints with coppery
reflection. Abdomen black dorsally with a slight greenish reflection, a narrow white
band not reaching sides at base of III-VI, a row of silvery white, basal, lateral,
more-or-less triangular spots, the top of the triangles touching the bases of seg-
ments, on I the lateral patch square; otherwise I yellowish white scaled, a few
scattered black scales and many fine pale hairs; on II an incomplete basal, white band.
Venter yellowish, silvery white scaled with a few black scales intermixed, sixth segment

with broad, apical, black band, seventh segment black. Length of body about 4 mm;
wing 3.5 mm.
&hLE. Antennae plumose, the last two joints long and slender, black, the others
short, whitish, with black rings at insertions of hair-whorls; hairs of whorls fine, rather
dense, brown. Palpi exceeding the length of the proboscis by half the last joint, slender,
uniform, black with four white incomplete bands situated at base and middle of long
joint and at bases of last two joints, the one at middle of long joint broad, those on long
joint mostly on upper surface, those on subapical joints on lower surface. Clypeus
without scales. Colouration otherwise similar to that of the female. Abdomen: Dorsally
II-VI with laterally abbreviated, basal white bands, no bands on VII and VIII; I-VIII
with lateral or sublateral silvery spots; ventrally VII and VIII black scaled.
b
e
i h j
Fig. 49. Subgenus Stegontyia, hind tarsi: (a) aegypti; (b) aZbopicta; (c) scutellavis; (d) pazrllztsi;
(e) albolineata; (f) amandalei 3 and (g) 8; (II) desnzofes; (j) gardneri.
LARVA (Fig. SO). Head rounded, wider than long, widest at eyes. Antennae small,
cylindrical, slightly curved, smooth, a single hair at middle, a very long hair, a spine,
a flattened appendage and a small digit at apex. For head hairs see Fig. 50. Subventral
processes four, on mesothorax (Fig. 50, s.p. II) each process with a long stout spine and
numerous smaller ones at its base, on metathorax (Fig. 50, s. 15.111) a large, stout spine
with two smaller ones at base. Lateral comb of the eighth segment (Fig. 50, c. VIII) of
eight to eleven scales in a single row, the scales elongate, a long apical spine and curved
stout ones more basally, decreasing in length. Siphon stout, short, strongly tapering on
outer half, less than twice as long as wide at base; pecten of about 14 teeth running
nearly half way from base to apex, followed by a single tuft of three hairs; single pecten
tooth a rather long spine with small denticles at the basal part. Anal segment about as
long as wide, not ringed by the plate, isc with a long hair and a shorter one, OX long,
single; ZJz almost as long as segment, double; ventral brush moderate; anal papillae long,
the tips rounded.
77
, ’
__ -1 ,i

78
Variability itz colour muvkiugs. In the adults the hind tarsal markings differ. The
white on t4 and t5 may be less extensive, sometimes only the basal halves of these
segments are white scaled; apical halves black. This is very markedly so in a number
of males from Taruna. THEOBALD’S variety ~ztcie?zsis shows the same characteristics.
Very often specimens are found with the abdominal segments II-VII having a very
narrow dorsal, apical, yellowish white band (one row of scales). In some specimens these
bands are wider, sometimes connected by median light stripes with the basal bands;
sometimes the apical bands are extremely wide, even joining the basal bands, thus
leaving the whole of the dorsum light scaled. This is the variety queem2mhsi.s Theo-
Fig. 50, A&s (Sz’egowyia) aegypti, larval details: head and distal segments; subventral process (s.p.) ;
(v.b.) ax.1 fan; (p) saddle of anal segment; (1.h.) lateral hair; (d.11.) isc and OX; (cVII1) comb of 8th
segment, and comb-teeth more enlarged; (pet.) pecten of siphon and pecten-teeth more enlarged.
bald. Intermediate stages are very common. On the other hand, specimens are found
which have the basal, dorsal bands obsolete or missing altogether.
It has also been noticed that the thoracic clothing may be rather pale brown in
colour, with the lyre-shaped ornamentation present on the lateral edges, but the sub-
median longitudinal lines of pale scales are only visible in certain lights and with great
difficulty.
BIGNOMICS. The biological characters of this mosquito are largely an expression of
the high grade of domestication it has attained. It is the easiest mosquito to breed; for
experimental purposes any desired number can be cultivated. Its breeding places are
only exceptionally earthen-bound, rarely vegetable, and mostly artificial. The latter may
be very small, containing only some ml of water. Every container may serve, no matter
whether it is of wood, concrete, cement, brick, tin or any other metal, porcelain, glass,
earthemvare, etc. Larger breeding places are roof-gutters, cisterns, water-tanks, bath-
room tanks, etc. The food for the larvae is often furnished by leaves or other organic

matter, To the vegetable breeding places of A. negyfiti belong bamboo stumps, but
larvae in this position are exceptional. They have been repeatedly demonstrated in rot-
holes in trees, but they have never been recorded from tree holes in the region under
consideration, Whether the breeding place be artificial or natural a certain amount of
contamination is needed to make it attractive for egg-laying. Breeding places are usually
situated very near inhabited houses. Eggs can be kept dry for a long period and mag
be sent by mail without precautions. It is rare that anyone is bitten by A. negyfiti out-
side a house; man is mostly preferred as a source of blood, but animals (birds, mammals)
Fig. 51. Subgenus .Sfego~~z)*in, lateral view of thorax: (n) albopicfa; (b) sczffelloris; (c) pnzrllzfsi.
are not despised. It is mainly a daytime feeder, but in lamplit rooms and even in dark
rooms it has been observed to bite man.
DISTRIBUTIOS. Greater and Lesser Sundas with surrounding islands, Moluccas, Sew
Guinea.
RELATIOX TO DISEASE. One of the most efficient carriers of yellow fel-er and dengue.
Aedes (Stegomyia) scutellaris Walker ISjg
A well-marked species with silvery white stripe on the mesonotum (Fig. @b) and
sharply defined, silvery white lines on the pleura (Fig. 51b). Head, abdomen and legs
with silvery ornamentation (Fig. 49~).
FEMALE. Palpi dark brown, about half the
palpi silvery white scaled above apically ; beneath
very little white scaling apically. Thorax: Apn
with a conspicuous line of silvery white, rather
broad, slightly elongated scales, running more or
less diagonally from front margin backwards
where it is continued as one of the white lines on
the side of the thorax. Mesonotum covered with
dark, golden brown, narrow curved scales,
a 0
79
Fig. 52. Subgenus Stegomyia, abdominal
tergites of (a) sczrfellavis; (b) albopicfcr.
adorned with light markings as in Fig. 48b.
Pleura greyish black with definite lines of silvery white scales (Fig. 51b). Wings dark
brown scaled. Legs with hind tarsi as in Fig. 49c, the white on td may be a little more
or less than is given in figure. :Abdomen covered with brown scales and white markings
(Fig. gza).
MALE. Palpi with two silvery white patches on long segment above, z&. a larger
one on basal fourth, partly going all round, a smaller beyond middle, a tiny spot on
base of next joint below, a small one on base of last joint below. Abdomen as in the
female, but VII dorsally dark scaled, lateral white ornamentation present ; VIII dorsally

80
entirely white scaled, Ventrally II-VI dark with a white basal band; VII dark, with
some white scales at apex; VIII dark throughout.
LARVA. For head hairs see Fig. 53. Four subventral processes; on II a group of large
spines and at base of and lateral from one of these a number of very small spines (s. p. II) ;
on III a number of small spines, besides which there are slender, sharp, large spines
situated on a more-or-less separate, handshaped structure (s. p. III). The comb teeth on
eighth segment may be connected as in Fig. 53a.
BIONOMICS. This species bites indoors as well as in the open; it uses artificial and
vegetable breeding places and it spreads far beyond the boundaries of the zoogeographical
Fig. 53. A&s (Stego~yia) scutellnris, details of larva: head, dorsal and ventral vie\v; distal segments
with (CVIII) comb and enlarged comb-teeth; (a) connected comb-teeth; (pet.) pecten and enlarged
pecten-teeth; subventral processes (sp. II, sp. III).
region from which it originated. As artificial breeding places ,4. scutellaris uses the most
different objects, such as bottles, tins, shells, cement drains, wells, beached canoes, etc.
The following vegetable breeding places are mentioned in the literature: tree holes,
papaya-tree stumps, coconut shells and husks, steps cut in the stems of coconut trees,
tree wells, i.e. holes cut in coconut stems in order to collect rainwater, cavities in buttress
roots, coconut fruits still hanging on trees in which rats have made holes, etc.; the
following earthen-lined breeding places are mentioned: crab holes, pools in coral stone,
pools in lava-rocks. The larva can remain living with very little water if there is a certain
degree of moistness. Adults may be found inside houses as well as in virgin forests and
in bushes or in coconut plantations. In some areas they do not appear to attack man at
all as was observed in Ceram, where plenty of larvae could be found. In other islands it

was generally observed to be a very bloodthirsty insect, fond of human blood and biting
mainly during the day. The mosquito always keeps to the shadow; it never bites in
direct sunlight.
DISTRIBUTION. Alor Islands, New Guinea, Moluccas, Celebes, Lesser Paternoster
Islands, Alor, Sumbawa, Sumba; small Islands off the Coast of Java, Sumatra (only
two records).
RELATION TO DISEXE. On New Guinea it was found to be a vector of dengue.
Related forms are vectors for Wucheveria bnwrofti.
Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse 1895
An easily recognized species with a silvery white stripe on the mesonotum (Fig. 484,
silvery white dots on pleura (Fig. 51n) and silvery white markings on head, legs (Fig. 4gb)
and abdomen. From Stegomyin scutellnris which it resembles in having a mesonotal
stripe, it may be differentiated at a glance as the latter species has distinct lines instead
of dots on the pleura (Fig. 51b).
FEMALE. Head: Occiput clothed with flat scales, a broad area medianly all silvery
white. Antennae very dark, tori broadly silvery white scaled on inner surface, less so in
front. Proboscis shorter than abdomen, dark brown scaled. Palpi about one fifth the
length of the proboscis, about apical half silvery white scaled above. Thorax. Afin with
a patch of broad, flat, silvery white scales. Xesonotum clothed with dark, golden brown,
rather small, narrow, curved scales lying close to the integument, medianly a conspicuous
silvery white line of narrow curved scales (Fig. 484. Scutellum clothed with
broad flat silvery white scales on all lobes, apex of mid-lobe with some black scales,
Pleura with patches of silvery white scales (Fig. 51a). Wings : scales on veins uniformly
brown. Hind legs with tz-td silvery white banded basally, tj all silvery white (Fig. Jgb),
Abdomen dorsally dark brown scaled, all segments with some golden hairs very numerous
on I; on I three or four bluish white scales may be present medianly basally, II-VI with
narrow silvery white basal bands, rather obsolete on II, the bands broadening laterally;
on VII the basal band is rather uniformly broad, sometimes reduced to a white median
square. In occasional specimens the white band on VII is distinctly removed from base
and extends down the sides of the segments. Sometimes the white dorsal bands are
entirely missing or are only present on VII. Large, silvery white, lateral patches on all
segments, on I from base to apex, on II-IV basally, on V-VII somewhat removed from
base; the lateral patches are not connected with the dorsal bands. Venter dark brown
scaled with white bands on III-VI; on III and IV the bands are basal, on V-VI in the
middle of the segment; on I there is no band but a rather large basal patch of silvery
white scales at the sides; II entirely white scaled except for a dark, submedian, apical
spot; on III there is an apical median white spot. Length of wing more than 3 mm.
MALE. Antennae very plumose, hair whorls fsz-13 abundant. Torus large, black,
white scaled as in the female. Palpi curved upward, exceeding length of proboscis b3
about last segment, four silvery white patches, two on long joint, above and nearly all
round, one on base of subapical segment, and one on base of apical segment, the last
two patches on lower surface. Last segment pointed, with two spine-like bristles at apex.
L_~RvA. See Fig. 54.
BIONO?~~ICS. Although nlbopictus is not as domesticated as A. negypti, it is more so
than most other mosquitoes. It breeds as well in vegetable as in artificial breeding places,
81

82
without any marked preference for the one or the other. It may occur in any artificial
breeding place in which A. aegypti lives. As with the latter species it is not averse to
dirty water. As regards the vegetable breeding places, we found the most prolific to be
bamboo stumps, holes in trees, tree stumps and leaf axillae. In fallen coconuts, in which
squirrels had made a hole, we usually found many Armigeres larvae (A. obtzwbans and
A. malayi) but few A w albopictus larvae; probably most of the latter had been eaten by
the former. The finding of A. albopictus larvae in earth-bound breeding places is a rare
occurrence. We found a single larva in a large swamp, overgrown with water-plants, in
Borneo. The greatest altitude at which we found A. aZbofu&rs was 1,100 M. above sea-
level. Whereas A. aegypti mostly stays indoors, and only leaves the house to lay eggs,
a
FQ. 54. Aedes (Stegonzyia) albopictus, details of larva: head;
distal segments with (b) comb-teeth more enlarged,
(c) pecten-teeth more enlarged; (a) subventral processes.
A. albofdctus is usually found in the open, coming indoors to feed on blood. It will rarely
be found in closely built quarters of a town, but it is frequent where the houses are
surrounded by gardens. A. aZboPictzts bites in the open as well as indoors, in the first case
in shadowy places, The female is just as bloodthirsty, tenacious in her attacks and
cautious as A. aegyfiti.
D::STRIBUTIOK. All over the Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas, New
Guinea.
RZLATION TO DISEASE. -4. aZboPictus is an important carrier of dengue. (Experimen-
tally ii. has been shown to be a vector of yellow fever (DINGER et al., 1929).
Aedes (Stegomyia) albolineatus Theobald rgo4
A beautiful black and white mosquito with a distinct median white line on the
mesonotum (Fig. @e), a very large white patch on the pleura, and the last two hind
tarsal joints dark throughout (Fig. dge).

FEMALE. Head. Occiput medianly clothed with a broad, perfectly straight line of
broad, flat, silvery white scales which have a distinct blue shine in certain lights. In front
the median white line continues as a triangular patch of narrow silvery white scales.
On the nape upright, forked, black and sometimes a few creamy yellow scales. Antennae
with tori black, densely scaled on inner surface, the scales broad, small, flat, silvery
white; some black ones at base of white patch. Proboscis dark scaled, as long as or
longer than the abdomen, very slender. Palpi short, dark scaled throughout. Thorax.
A@ black with narrow, long, and broad, dusky brownish scales. Mesonotum clothed
with narrow, curved, brownish black scales, except for a broad line of silvery white
scales medianly (Fig. 48e). Scutellum covered with broad, flat scales, black on lateral
lobes and on extreme tip of mid lobe, remaining part of mid lobe silvery white scaled.
Fig. 55. Aedes (Stegomyia) albolixeatus, details of larva: head and
distal segments; (a) stellate hair of body; (b) subventral processes;
(c) comb-teeth; (d) pecten-teeth.
Pleura blackish with a large elongated patch of silvery white, broad, flat scales near
margin of mesonotum and a much smaller patch on hind margin of lower sternopleuron.
Wings. Scales on veins from dark brown to black. Hind legs: tarsi dark scaled, t2-t3
with a silvery white basal spot above (Fig. #ge). Abdomen. Black scaled with bronzy
lustre. Tergites I, II, III and IV unbanded, V with a few scattered, silvery white scales
basally; VI and VII with a rather narrow, silvery white, basal band. On I-VI large
lateral silvery white basal patches, the patch on VII (if present) very small. As far as is
visible all segments ventrally with basal white bands. Length of wing nearly 3 mm.
MALE. Antennae with last two joints long, no conspicuous whorls present on these
segments, Palpi shorter than half the length of the proboscis, very slender, black scaled.
Colouration similar to that of the female. Length of wing nearly 2.5 mm.
LARVA. For head hairs see Fig. 55. Subventral process of the second thoracic segment
with a strong sharp spine and a number of mostly very small ones at its base; on third
segment the large spine is much shorter, stout, sharp and has a large number of small
\
83

84
spines at its base. The entire body of the larva covered with multiple tufts of short stout
spine lilte hairs, giving the larvae a shaggy appearance.
BIONOMICS. Larvae were collected in tree holes, bamboo stumps, leaf-axils of sago
palms; a tub, a tin, coconut-shells. On Ceram the larvae were also found in steps cut
in coconut-trees, in rot-holes in trees, in a fallen leaf, in beached canoes, in a tree stump,
in the leaf-axillae of a Colocasia, and not uncommonly in earth-lined breeding places,
rock holes, lagoons, pools in jungle. Although the larvae were found in artificial breeding
places, this species is by no means domesticated. In Ceram, where breeding places were
numerous, the adults were only encountered near the breeding places. The species does
not appear to attack man, but may be induced to suck human blood in captivity.
DISTRIBUTION. Borneo, Riau, Tarakan, Sangir Islands, Ceram, Saparua, Verlaten
Island,
Noie. BRUG (1939) described a closely related species, Pseudalboli~Leatus, which has the three
lobes of the scutellum white and in the female more white on the hind tarsi than is found in albohea-
tus. In fact t3-t4 may be entirely white in pseudalbolizeatus. Larvae were found in bamboo-stumps,
dead bamboo, tree holes in virgin forest and in a hole in a mango-tree; also in a broken bottle. It
occurred at an altitude of 1,000 AI on Celebes, also at sea-level (Kabaena; Sangir Islands).
Aedes (Stegomyia) paullusi Stone & Farner 1945
Th.s species has been described as an aberrant form of A. sczttellaris from the Sangir
Islands (BONNE-WEPSTER & BRUG, 19x2). The mesonotum is mainly as in A, sczttellaris
but it has an additional distinct, fine, curved, silvery white line, beginning laterally at
front margin and running backward with a slight but distinct curve toward the line of
creamy yellowish scales which lies between the root of the wing and antescutellar space
and whfch at front part curves outward (Fig. 48~). There is a white line on the anterior
surface of the mid-femur in both sexes. The white on t4 of the hind legs is very extensive
(Fig. 49d). The abdominal markings differ in so far as the dorsal bands are in most
specimens quite basal, on the caudal segments the dorsal bands are cut off from the
lateral hooks, very distinctly so in the males, sometimes even on all the segments which
are banded; where there remains only a square or oblong patch of silvery white scales
dorsally, the lateral markings are not always distinctly hook-shaped. The pale scales on
the underside of the proboscis are rather extensive on the apical third in the male, in
the female the white scales are sparse on underside of proboscis. The male palpi are as
follows: long joint white above on basal third, only a small part of this white spot going
all round the joint; a white band beyond middle; a white spot beneath, at basal third
of penultimate joint; apical joint white beneath on basal three fourths. The abdominal
tergites of the males are as follows: VIII nearly all white, apically with a very narrow
dark band; VII dark with lateral white patches (these patches just in the middle of the
segmeni) ; ventrally the last segment is dark with very few scattered pale scales; VII
with a more or less distinct white subbasal band.
LxIw;~. Similar to that of Aedes sczttellads.
BIONOMICS. Larvae were collected from the same breeding places as Aedes scutellaris.
DISTRIBUTIOK:. Sangir Islands, Sumatra, Ceram.
Aedes (Stegomyia) annandalei Theobald IgIo
A black mosquito with silvery white markings, most conspicuous on mesonotum,
where there are three large white areas (Fig. @f).

Tarsal banding of hind legs in the male different from that in the female (Fig. qgf-g).
LXRVX. See Fig. 56.
BIO~OMICS. Tree holes, bamboo stumps; very often in the hills (Soo-1,100 31.) in
the latter breeding place. This mosquito is a vicious biter just after sunset, under trees,
in villages. The attacks cease in the open plain. Apparently it is a jungle mosquito, not
at all despising human blood.
DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra, Java, Bali, Flores, Ceram, Buru.
Fig. 56. Aedes (Sfegomjlin) mtmutdalei, details of larva: head; distal segments with (a) enlarged
comb-tooth.
Aedes (Stegomyia) desmotes Giles 1904
A typical Stegomyia with a striking mesonotal ornamentation (Fig. 48g) ; the last
two hind tarsal joints are wholly white (Fig. &z).
LARVX (after BOREL) : of moderate size; the head, siphon and anal segment rather
weakly chitinized. The subventral processes strong, simple, long, sharp (Fig. 57).
The comb teeth on the eighth segment are of the same shape as in Aedes aegypti, but
they are inserted on a semi-circular chitinous plate. Siphon longer than wide. Pecten of
two teeth only, short, stout, with lateral denticulations. Siphon hair slender, three-
branched inserted nearer to apex than to base. Anal segment : chitinous ring incomplete,
isc and osc of equal length, single, slender; Zh two-branched moderate, Anal papillae
long, pointed at apex. Hairs in anal fan sparse, six single ones only.
: .-

BIONOMICS. Larvae have been collected in bamboo stumps.
DISTRIBUTIOS. Borneo, Sumba.
Aedes (Stegomyia) gardneri Ludlow Igo5
A well marked Stegonzyia with a conspicuous white spot on the mid-femora in front
and the hind tarsi with all the segments basally white banded (Fig. #gj). Mesonotum
brown scaled with a conspicuous white ornament of semi-flat, rather broad, curved scales
as in Fig. @h. Scutellum white scaled,
BIOXOMICS. Larvae were found in tree holes and
bamboo stumps.
DISTRIBUTION. Alor, Sumba, Celebes.
Subgenus Aedimorphus Theobald Igo3
For remarks on subgeneric characters see under
subgenus Ochlerotatm.
Aedes (Aedimorphus) alboscutellatus Theobald
1905
Proboscis, palpi, mesonotum and tarsi brown;
the mesonotum often with four small yellow spots.
Scutellum silvery white, very conspicuous. Apices of
mid- and hind femora and tibiae silvery white. Ab-
Fig. 57. Aedes (Stegontyia) demotes, domen dorsally unbanded or sometimes with very
larval details: (a) antenna; (s.p.) narrow bands.
subventlal process; (cVII1) comb
on plate; (pet.) pecten-tooth (after
FEMALE. Head. Palpi and proboscis brown.
BOREL). Clypeus brown. Occiput with narrow, curved, golden
brown scales, laterally small, flat, cream-coloured
scales; delicate forked scales on the nape. Thorax. Mesonotum with dark coppery
scales; often four small golden yellow patches, two near the anterior margin and two
more caudally; the latter are sometimes missing. The scales on the mesonotum are
small, narrow and curved. Scutellum closely set with flat silvery white scales. Pleura
bright brown with three spots of silvery white, flat scales. Wings with brown scales, a
white area at base of costa. Legs brown, apices of tibiae and femora of mid- and hind
legs silvery white. Abdomen. Tergites black with white basal lateral patches, sometimes
visible from above; occasionally there may be narrow, pale basal bands. Sternites with
broad basal creamy yellow bands.
KALE with the palpi exceeding the length of the proboscis with nearly two segments.
Otherwse as the female.
LXRVA. The description is from PEW (Ig4g)#
He,zd (Fig. 58) about two-thirds as long as wide, lightly pigmented. Antennae
simple, slightly curved shafts, about three-quarters as long as the length of the head,
with a number of small spinules scattered along their lateral sides from base to apex.
Antenna1 tuft consisting of seven to nine frayed branches which reach about threequarters
of the way to the apex of the shaft, and inserted about middle. Hair A with
six to nine frayed branches, B with three or four frayed branches, C subequal to B in

length, two to four frayed branches, most often three-branched; d very short, four- or
five-branched; preclypeal spine stout, simple, curved inwards; e small, two to fourbranched;
f small, two to five-branched above base. Abdomen. Comb of eighth segment
with the teeth in a triangular patch
of two to three rows, and consisting
of about 25 teeth, each tooth blunttipped,
with a fringe of short, fine
hairs. Siphon lightly pigmented,
index averaging 3.6; pecten of 16
to 23 teeth, most commonly of IS
or Ig teeth, situated on basal half
of siphon, with most distal two or
three teeth somewhat detached from
the others. Each pecten tooth consists
of a long, narrow spine with
one or two small, basal teeth on the
ventral side. Siphonal tuft situated
just beyond the last pecten tooth
and consisting of a very small,
simple hair. Anal segment with
Fig. 58. Aedes (Aedimovphus) alboscutellntws, details of
larva: head; distal segments with (a) combtooth and
dorsal plate incomplete ventrally;
ventral fan of about 12 branched
(b) pecten-tooth more enlarged (after PESN).
hairs, three detached from bar; IF, small, three or four-branched; isc 14 to I7-branched,
OX single, both hairs not frayed, osc more than four times the length of isc.
BIONOMICS. Clear pools in jungle.
DISTRIBUTIOS. Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Ceram, Xorotai, New Guinea.
Aedes (Aedimorphus) caecus Theobald IgoI
Proboscis, mesonotum and wings dark brown; scutellum with white scales; pleura
pale brown; abdomen basally banded; tarsi with very narrow, pale bands (Fig. 5gn).
Fig. jg. Subgenus AediFxovpIzzls, hind tarsus of (a) caecus and (b) impvimem.
FEXILE. Head. Proboscis dark brown, sometimes an indefinite pale patch about the
middle on undersurface. Palpi dark brown, occiput with a large median patch of curved,
golden scales and scattered dark brown, forked scales; more laterally flat, broad, creamy
yellow scales. Thorax. Afin with narrow, curved, creamy yellow scales. Xesonotum with
the integument dark brown with bright, brown, narrow, curved scales. Scutellum with
white scales sometimes on all the lobes, sometimes mainly on the lateral lobes; on the
mid-lobe the scales (if present) are narrow, on the lateral lobes they are rather broad.

Pleura with three large patches of greyish white scales on a pale brown integument.
Wings with brown scales. Legs dark; femora without speckling, pale scaled on undersurface,
tarsiwith narrow, basal, pale bands: on hind legs on tI-t5, on mid-legs on tI-t3
and on front legs on tI-tz. The bands on the hind tarsi are much narrower than in
Aedes ~m~ri~zze~zs (Fig. 59). Abdomen. Tergites blackish brown with narrow, basal, pale
bands and lateral, basal, pale patches on all segments. Sternites with dark, narrow,
apical bands on some of the apical segments.
?d.lLE. Palpi exceeding length of proboscis by the length of last two segments, a
pale band in the middle of long segment and narrow pale bands at the bases of subapical
and apical segment.
LihRV=l (Fig. 60). Head about I+ times as long as wide. Hairs A, B and C inserted
on a slanting line, A rather away from antenna1 base, B and C rather well behind, all
Fig. 60. Aedes (~-ledi~~ovphz~s) cnecus, larval details: head and distal segments with (n) comb-tooth
and (b) pecten-teeth.
hairs lvell developed. A with 10-13, B with 4-5 and C with 6-7 frayed branches; d very
small with 4-6 branches; e somewhat longer with 2-3 branches. Preclypeal spines soft,
hair-like, very long with flexible apex. Antenna 2/3 of length of head, rather strongly
curved covered with spines. Antenna1 hair inserted about the middle, slightly less than
half the length of the antenna with 6 delicately frayed branches. Subapical hairs inserted
close to apex, one long and one short one, the long one half as long as antenna1 hair,
Comb on eighth segment with 12-20 teeth with a long fringe over the whole length,
forming an oval patch. Siphon index about 3, pecten with 15-17 teeth inserted on basal
half, the two apical teeth very large, without lateral denticles and wide apart; other
teeth with 1-3 basal denticles. Siphon hair inserted subapically, very small with about
6 branches. About the middle of the length of the siphon, subdorsally a large patch and
at the apex a collar of numerous small spines. No acus. Anal segment about as long as
broad; saddle nearly encircling segment, weakly chitinized; isc short, not much longer
than width of siphon, with about g bare branches; osc as long as siphon, bare, simple;
112 short, bare, simple or two-branched, Anal fan with 12 hairs, each with about 8
branches, Anal papillae conically shaped, 16-2 times as long as segment.
BIONOMICS. Wheel-ruts, pools in jungle are known as breeding places of this species.
DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra, Java and New Guinea.

Aedes (Aedimorphus) imprimens Walker 1S61
This is a larger species than A&s caecats and darker; the bands on the hind tarsi
are broader (Fig. 5gb) and the pleura dark brown, pale brown in cczec~s; otherwise it
very much resembles A. caeczls.
FENALE. Head: Proboscis brown. Palpi brown, less than 1/4 of length of proboscis,
Occiput with narrow, curved, creamy yellow scales and scattered, dark, forked scales,
laterally down the sides a patch of creamy yellow, flat scales. Thorax. Apn with creamy
yellow, curved, narrow scales. Mesonotum with narrow, curved, brown-golden scales ;
around the prescutellar area creamy yellow scales. Scutellum with narrow, curved,
creamy yellow scales. Pleura with patches of pale, flat, oval scales on dark brown integument.
Wings dark brown scaled. Legs: Brownish black. Femora without speckling,
basally and on undersurface pale. Tarsi with basal bands; narrow on TV and tz of front
and mid-legs, on t3 of mid-legs a small basal patch; on hind legs broad bands on h-t3
and narrow ones on t4 and t5 (see Fig. jgb). Abdomen. Tergites dark, indefinite basal
bands on II and III; pale basal lateral patches on all segments. Sternites cream-coloured
with apical dark bands on I, II and III.
KYLE and breeding places unknown.
Brosoar~cs. Adults have been caught in houses, stables and in the woods.
DISTRIBUTIOS. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Ambon, Ceram.
Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans Meigen 1S30
Proboscis with yellow and dark brown scales, forming a very variable ornamen-
tation, but the undersurface is always different from what is seen in Aedes vigilax
(Fig. 34). Otherwise difficult to distinguish from the latter species.
FEXALE. Head: Proboscis with distal 1/4 dark brown, on proximal part there are
also more-or-less yellow scales, especially on undersurface, speckled or forming patches,
on the whole very variable. Palpi dark brown, apex pale yellow, a very narrow, pale
yellow band at base of last segment; the length of the palpi exceeds that of the clypeus
by 1&2 times the length of the latter. Occiput: in the centre golden to cream coloured,
curved, narrow scales and yellow to pale brown, forked scales; more laterally alternating
patches of dark brown, cream coloured and dark brown, flat scales. Thorax: Mesonotum
with areas of brown and golden yellow, curved, narrow scales which, however, do not
form a distinct pattern.
Scutellum with cream coloured, curved, narrow scales. Pleura dark brown with
patches of cream-coloured, flat scales. Wings: Veins with dull brown scales, often with
a few speckles of yellow or greyish-brown scales. Legs. Dark brown with cream-coloured
pattern. Femora with speckling on outer surface, pale on inner surface, hind femora
with outer surface sometimes entirely white. Tibiae: outer surface dark or speckled,
inner paler, sometimes with apical bands. Tarsi 1-3 of front and mid-leg yellow banded,
hind leg with h-t5 basally banded. Abdomen. Tergites dark brown, II-VII with creamy
yellow, basal bands, sometimes partly or entirely interrupted in the middle, and lateral
large basal patches; on VI and VII sometimes also indications of apical bands. Stemites
with brown and yellow scales, usually the pale ones more numerous.
MALE. Proboscis brown, paler in the middle. Palpi slightly longer than the pro-
boscis; last two segments turned downwards; dark brown with cream-coloured bands,

90
close tc. the base and on the middle of the long segment; also at bases of last z segments,
which are very hairy. Legs: -Apical bands on tibiae missing; tz-t3 of front and mid-legs
basally banded, t1-t4 of hind legs also. Abdomen. Tergites dark, II-VII with basal
cream-coloured bands, narrow medianly, laterally broader, especially on apical segments;
on VI and VII apical median patches, which are only indicated on IV and V. Sternites
cream-coloured. Otherwise as the 9.
LARVA (Fig. 61). Head much broader than long. Hair A well developed with 5-7
frayed branches; hair B and C simple, bare, about as long as antenna; d very small,
with 2 branches, inserted medianly from B; e simple, rather long. Preclypeal spines long
and slender. Antenna half as long as the head; towards base rather broad, all covered
Fig. 61. A&s (Aedit~zorphtts) V~XLWS, larval details: head with (u) tip of one antenna enlarged and
distal segments with (b) comb-tooth and (G) pecten-teeth.
with spines. Antenna1 hair inserted at 1/3 to 1/2 of antenna1 length from base with 5-7
unfrayed branches which do not reach tip of antenna; subapical hairs inserted very
close tc apex, spinose, one short and one longer one, the latter less than 1/4 as long as
the antenna. Comb of the 8th abdominal segment with 8-g teeth, more or less forming
a row, the teeth pointed and fringed on basal half. Siphon index over I;; the acus is
round. Pecten with 12-16 teeth, occupying about half the length of the siphon. The two
apical teeth are larger, more curved and inserted well apart from the others. On basal
half of the teeth I or 2 larger and o-3 smaller spicules. Hair of siphon inserted beyond
half of length of siphon. Anal segment broader than long. The saddle nearly encircles
the whole segment; isc with 6-8 bare branches, a little more than half as long as the
siphon; OX simple, bare, about as long as siphon; Zh simple, bare, moderately long. Anal
fan of :c4 hairs, each with about 8 branches, the more dorsal part of the fan of short
hairs and nearing base of anal segment. Anal papillae pointed, 1/2-2/3 as long as siphon,

BIOXOMICS. Larvae were found in unshaded pools and ditches, in salt and brackish
and in fresh water; also in pools in alang-alang. The adult enters houses and feeds on
man, but in warm countries is never the pest to man and cattle as it is in temperate
zones where it occurs in large numbers.
DISTRIBUTIOS. Greater Sundas and some of the smaller islands surrounding these;
Sumba, Timor, New Guinea, some of the Xoluccas.
Subgenus Banksinella Theobald Igo7
ADULT. Dark species with unbanded tarsi, but usually (as in our single species)
with the sides of the scutum broadly yellow or whitish-scaled; scales of vertex narrow
Fig. 62. Aedes (Bmksimdla) Zineatopemis: (right) mesonotal pattern of adult; (a)-(d) larval details:
(o,) head, (b) distal segments, (c) comb-teeth more enlarged, (d) pecten-teeth more enlarged; (a)-(d)
after BARRAUD.
and usually bright yellow, those of scutellum and pronotal lobes also narrow. Eighth
segment of 9 abdomen small and completely retractile; cerci long.
LARVA. Antennae spicular, with branched hair on shaft. Frontal hairs B and C
variable in position, almost side by side or obliquely one in front of the other. Siphon
rather long; tuft well beyond middle; pecten with detached teeth outwardly. Comb-
teeth in a patch. Ventral brush of anal segment well developed.
BIONOMICS. So far as is known the species breeds in temporary ground pools, as in
the related subgenus Aedz&o~~fi1~~.
Aedes (Banksinella) lineatopennis Ludlow rgoj
This species comes in the subgenus Bauksimlla which has only one representative
in the region. It is a small, dark species with conspicuous, lateral yellow scaling on the
mesonotum (Fig. 62) ; part of vein I continuously yellow scaled (in the 9 also part of
vein 5). The cerci of the 9 are long and narrow; palpi of male long, curved upwards,
top hairy.
91
, ’ L

92
FEMALE. Head. Proboscis and palpi dark brown. Palpi one-fifth as long as pro-
boscis, Occiput with a median patch of bright yellow, narrow, curved and forked scales;
laterally from this patch are a few dark brown scales and down the sides black flat
scales, Frontal tuft of long yellow hair-like scales, reaching base of antennae. Thorax.
Mesonotum with dark brown, narrow, curved scales, paler in front of scutellum, lateral
margin of mesonotum broadly golden yellow with narrow, curved scales (Fig. 62).
Scutellum with dull brown, narrow, curved scales. Pleura dark brown with patches of
white, flat scales. Wings with greyish yellow scales on vein I except at apex; similar
scales on vein 5; there may be scattered pale scales on subcosta, especially on apical
part; otherwise the veins are brown scaled. Legs dark brown, inner surfaces of femora
pale. Abdomen. Tergites dark brown with cream-coloured basal bands, broadest on
median line, on II-VI; on II this band is often incomplete and represented only by a
basal median patch; creamy yellow, basal, lateral patches on IV-VI, which may be
abseni. Sternites with dirty yellow and brown scales.
M4LE. Mainly similar to female with the following differences: The length of the
palpi exceeds that of the proboscis by less than the apical segment. The long segment
is the subapical one, which is unusual for a culicine with long palpi in the $, Palpi
turned upward, apical segment and tip of long segment strongly hairy; vein 5 of the
wing usually entirely dark scaled, sometimes a few pale scales on part before bifurcation.
LARVA (Fig. 62). Antennae dark with strong spines all over the shaft except at
extreme apex ; antenna1 hair about the middle, many branched, just reaching tip of
shaft. Preclypeal spines slender, pale. Head hairs well developed; A shortest, many-
branched, B and C with five or six branches; d very small, at a level with B, three-
branched. Comb of eighth segment of six to eight large, sharply pointed teeth, hair-like
fringe at base, in an irregular row, Siphon with pecten extending well over half its length
with the apical teeth more widely spaced; 12-16 teeth, pointed and with one or two
denticles laterally on basal two-fifths. Hair very small, 2 to 8-branched, inserted just
beyond pecten. Anal segment with large saddle; IF, two-branched, rather long, delicate;
isc about half as long as OX, many branched; OX long, single, Anal fan moderate; beside
the fan which is inserted, as is usual, on a bar, there are four or five small hairs branched
subbasally, inserted on the membrane between fan-bar and base of segment. Aqnal
papillae very lon g, narrow, pointed.
BIOXOMICS. Larvae have been found in a small river and in open pools (BARR_iUD,
1934). The female attacks in the evening indoors, but is not very troublesome.
CIISTRIBUTIOX, Greater Sunda Islands, Sumba, Timor, Ambon.
Subgenus Diceromyia Theobald 1911
ADULT. Rather small, dark mosquitoes, without conspicuous ornamentation on
mesonotum, but with two white bands on head either side of middle line. Vertex of
head, @lz, and scutellum with broad, flat scales. Usually one or more lower mesepimeral
bristles, Segment VIII of $J abdomen not completely retractile; cerci short and fairly
broad.
LARVA. As far as is known resembles those of subgenus Stegomyia, but comb-teeth
are usually blunt-edged and fringed, and pecten-teeth have lateral denticles along one
side for whole length.

Aedes (Diceromyia) iyengari Edwards Igq
FEMALE (after BXRKND). Head: flat-scaled, a very few upright scales on nape; two
patches, or bands, of pale scales on vertex, well separated by central dark area, another
pale patch each side laterally. Palpi and proboscis dark brown. Thorax: mesonotal
scales dark brown, with some paler ones intermixed, and a pale border to front margin.
Scutellar scales broad, flat, brownish black. Broad pale scales on a@, and a broad line
of flat, white scales running from this across pleurae to upper part of mesepimeron;
a small patch of similar scales on ppsz, and one on lower part of sternopleura. Two lower
mesepimeral bristles. Wings: scales dark brown and dense; some pale scales at extreme
base of costa. Legs dark brown with creamy or white markings. Femora with pm-apical
pale rings, a row of three to four spots basal to ring anteriorly, and small pale knee-
spots. Tibiae with about six pale markings, some not forming rings, and pale scaling
over tibio-tarsal joints. Segment I of tarsi of all legs with two pale markings in middle
third not forming rings, and a few pale scales at tip; remaining segments dark brown.
Abdomen dark brown, with pale markings. Tergite I with patch of pale scales on apical
border in middle line and large lateral silvery patches; II with lateral pale markings
curving on to dorsum and meeting at base in middle line; also a pair of submedian round
white spots near apical border; III-VII each with a pair of similar spots, and small
lateral white markings, not visible dorsally. Sternites with basal pale bands. In some
specimens the round white spots are absent from tergites II-IV and VII. Various inter-
mediate specimens may be encountered.
MALE. Differs from female as follows: Palpi about length of proboscis, tips slightly
turned downwards and moderately hairy; a pale ring in middle of long segment, and pale
markings at bases of last two segments. Proboscis dark brown, with narrow white ring
at about middle. Antenna1 plumes directed chiefly dorsally and ventrally. Mid- and hind
legs with a few pale scales at tips of tz and t3.
LARVA (Fig. 63). Preclypeal spines fairly long and slender. Antenna rather short,
about six times as long as broad. A six to eight-branched, B double, C single; d fairly
large with about 12 fine branches, e small, single. Comb of five to eight large teeth in a
single row. Siphon 2-28 times as long as width at base; pecten-teeth variable in number
(6-14), fringed along one side and at tip. Siphonal hair single frayed, at middle of siphon.
Anal segment with moderately large saddle, with posterior edge smooth; Zlz single, at
lower corner of saddle; isc six-branched, osc single, twice as long as isc. Papillae long
and thick, about three times as long as segment, with rounded ends.
BIONOMICS. Breeds in bamboo stumps and tree holes.
DISTRIBUTIOK. Java, Sumba.
Subgenus Aedes Xeigen ISIS
The species of this subgenus are normally small and dark, or reddish brown, with
very little ornamentation of pale scales. This ornamentation is usually restricted to
lateral pale patches on the abdominal tergites; sometimes there may also be pale bands
on some segments on the dorsal surface of the tergites; the sternites may show more-
or-less pale scaling, but these characters are not sufficient to distinguish the species.
The distinguishing characters for the subgenus are as follows: Occiput mainly with
broad, flat scales; scutellum with narrow, curved scales; proboscis, palpi, legs and
mesonotum Ivithout ornamentation; palpi of male and female very short; antennae of
93

94
male lvith very few long hairs, not more than in the female; outstanding wing scales
narrow, all wing scales dark. Only one species, described below: A&s (Aedes) Zineatus
shows some ornamentation and is easily recognized. To identify the other species of this
subgenus it is necessary to mount and study the male or even the female terminalia,
which sometimes offer a number of important distinguishing characters. The scope of
this paper however, does not allow further details.
d
9 t e
Fig. 63. Aedes (Dicevonzyia) iyegzgari, details of larva: (a) left dorsal half of head; (b) antenna more
enlarge?; (c) distal segments, (d) comb-tooth more enlarged; (e) pecten-tooth more enlarged (after
BRUG).
Aedes (Aedes) lineatus Taylor 1914
EE:sily recognized by the ornamentation of the mesonotum as in Fig. 64, Abdominal
tergites with subbasal bands. Proboscis and legs dark.
FEMALE. Head: Proboscis and palpi black; the palpi very short, Occiput with
broad, flat scales, yellowish along median line; submedianly there are black scales and
more laterally pale ones; eyes pale rimmed; a row of black forked scales on the nape.
Thorax. Afin with narrow, curved, yellowish scales; a few broad scales may
also be present; fip~z with narrow, dark scales on upper part and usually a few broad,
pale scitles posteriorly. Mesonotum with narrow, curved, golden-brown and pale yellow
scales; the pale scales are arranged as in Fig. 64. Scutellum with dark and pale golden,
curved, narrow scales, forming a pattern as in Fi g. 64. Pleura with large patches of dull
white scales. Wings with dull brown scales. Legs with the femora pale on underside;
otherwxe the legs are entirely blackish brown. Abdomen: Tergites dark brown; II-VI
with a distinct though narrow, pale yellow, subbasal band which curves laterally towards

ase and joins the pale basal lateral patch; on VII the band is incomplete or absent,
Sternites dark brown, pale broad basal bands on all segments.
MALE. Similar to the female in colouration, short palpi and antennae which are
hardly more hairy than those of the Q; the white scales on afin are all broad; the ab-
dominal bands are often incomplete on some of the segments.
LARVA (Fig. 64), after KISG 62 HOOGSTRUL, 1947. Head-hair B with three branches,
the middle branch longer and stouter than the others; C four-branched, set well back of
and inside B; d minute, e single, f four-branched. Comb of 8th segment of about ten
scales in a row, rounded and fringed. Siphon comparatively short; pecten of 15 spines,
the apical one or two more widely spaced, simple, the others usually with one large and
a smaller basal denticle; tuft three-branched; ix with about eight sub-equal branches,
Fig. 64. Aedes (Aedes) hteatzts, left: mesonotal pattern of adult; (a)-(d) larval details: (a) head,
(b) distal segments, (c) comb-tooth more enlarged, (d) pecten-tooth more enlarged (after KIXG &
HOOGSTRASL).
BIOXOMICS. Pools in alang-alang; “partly shaded ground water” (TAYLOR), A com-
mon species. It attacks and bites viciously in daytime, in and near the woods.
DISTRIBUTION. Sumba, Moluccas (Ceram), New Guinea.
Note. This species has been known for a long time in the literature as Aedes (Aedes) fzmeYezls
var. ornatzts Theobald.
Subgenus Cancraedes Edwards 1929
Small, blackish brown mosquitoes with little or no ornamentation as in the subgenus
Aedes. In certain species the abdomen, ventrally and laterally has dirty yellow scales.
This subgenus may be distinguished from subgenus Aedes by having broad, flat scales
on the scutellum. Palpi of male short as in the female, antennae sparsely hairy.
BIONOMICS. Pools and crab holes in mangrove forests are usual breeding places.
One species has been observed to bite man fiercely in the neighbourhood of crab holes.
Aedes (Cancraedes) cancricomes Edwards rgzz
The adult is difficult to identify by ornamental characters. See under subgenus
characters.
L_\RT’_~ (3’;s. 65). Head very broad, I+ times as broad as long. Hair A with about
b
95

96
12 rather long branches, with long fraying; hairs B, C and d implanted well behind;
B two-branched, very long, with long fraying; C two or three-branched, nearly as long
as B, also with long fraying; a small with four to seven branches from near base; e simple,
moderately long, Preclypeal spines wide apart, long, slender. Antennae about two-thirds
as long as the head, curved, covered with slender spines. Antenna1 hair inserted just
below middle, with about eight branches, the latter with long fraying; the branches all
close together, making it difficult to disentangle them; antenna1 hair reaching to about
tip of antenna. Subapical hairs inserted very close to tip, one very short, the other one
more than a quarter as long as antenna; at tip a slender hair about as long as the longer
subapic,al hair, Comb on eighth segment oval-shaped, consisting of about 50 teeth; each
Fig. 65. 4 edes (Cafwaedes) cawviconles, details of larva : head ; distal segments
(b) pecten-tooth, (c) acus ; (n)-(c) more enlarged.
b
with (a) comb-teeth
tooth with narrow base and broad apex, which has a fringe of about five hairs. Siphon
index nearly 3; acus slender, hook shaped. Pecten with five to six teeth, each with two
to four long denticles, inserted on apical three fifths. The pecten occupies about the
basal third of the siphon length. Siphon hair a good distance beyond last pecten tooth,
with four to five bare branches, which are much shorter than width of siphon at point
of insertion. Anal segment: Saddle covering less than half the anal segment; isc with
six to njne branches, osc simple, both hairs bare; osc about 13 times as long as siphon,
isc over half as long; Zh. simple, bare, as long as saddle. No spines on apical margin of
anal segment. Anal fan shorter than siphon, with ten hairs, each hair with six to eight
bare branches. Anal papillae very small, bulbous or oval.
BIOXO~IICS. Larvae have been collected from crab-holes.
DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra, Java, Celebes.

I
The other lesser sub-genera of the genus A&s,
Pseudoskztsen Theobald,
occurring in our region are:
j
Z
Skusea Theobald,
Leptosonzatomyia Theobald,
Madeaya Theobald,
Rhinoskusea Edwards,

L.t~v.4 unknown.
B.~ONOMICS. See under genus description.
D [STRIBC’TION. Sumatra.
Heizmannia pilosa Brug 1931
This species was bred from larvae collected in a tree hole at sea level. A $? caught
in virgin forest in the neighbourhood of the tree hole might belong to this species. There
is no white vertical spot; the vertex has broad, flat, black scales, with a metallic blue
shine in certain lights; there are a few white scales, anteriorly between
the eyes, Afin black, but in certain lights metallic bluish green. Legs dark
brown with coppery hue ; on t2 and t3 of hind legs of 8 there are numerous,
II outstanding scales, forming a comb which is most conspicuous on t3
(Fig. 66). No other Heizmaneia has been seen with this character, The
abdomen is dark, adorned with white lateral spots as in communis; it is
difficult to see the exact situations of the spots in dried specimens.
III DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra.
IV
V
Fig. ti6.
Heizntamin
@osa: hind
tarsus of 8
(after BituG).
Heizmannia aurea Brug 1932
This species is readily distinguished from any other species of the
genus by its general pale brown appearance. There are also some minor
colourational differences. Only known in the 9,
DISTRIBUTION. Halmaheira (Moluccas).
Genus Armigeres Theobald IgoI
Moderately sized to rather large mosquitoes with no distinctive
ornamental characters. Flat, broad scales on occiput and scutellum;
proboscis and legs unbanded, as also is the dorsum of the abdomen, Proboscis somewhat
curved downward at about apical third, from there onwards towards tip slightly flattened
laterally. Palpi of 3 a little longer than the proboscis, turned upwards, sparsely hairy or
bare on last two segments. Palpi of ? variable in length from 1/5-2/3 as long as proboscis,
The larva has no pecten on the siphon. There are two rather distinct subgenera, separated
by the length of the ? palpi and the presence or absence of post-spiracular bristles.
Subgenus Armigeres Theobald IgoI
Palpi of 9 less than 1/Q as long as proboscis. Area behind prothoracic spiracle with
several bristles and some white scales posteriorly, but no black scales.
Armigeres (Armigeres) obturbans Walker 1860
Clypeus without scales. Mesonotum with pale margin; outer surface of hind femur
cream-coloured to apex; abdominal sternites as in Fig, 67, b.
FEMALE. Head. Proboscis and palpi brown; length palpi about 1/4 of proboscis,
Clypeus bare. Occiput with mostly only flat, dark brown scales ; along eye-margin a border
of yellow scales; on the nape, medianly a small patch of yellow scales ; well behind on the

nape and difficult to detect a few dull brown, forked scales; laterally down the sides pale
yellow, flat scales. Thorax. A@ with yellow scales, mixed flat, broad ones and curved
scales. Mesonotum with golden brown and dark brown, curved, narrow scales, not form-
ing a definite ornamentation; along the margin broader bright yellow scales; in front
of mid-lobe of the scutellum often yellow scales. Scutellum with flat scales, usually yel-
low, a few black. Pleura dark brown with patches of white flat scales. Wings with dark
Fig. 67 Subgenus A rmigeres; sternites of: (a) co?tfuszcs, (b) obtzwbms,
(c) malayi, (d) deubesfeni, (e) moultoni
a
Fig. 68. Subgenus A V-
&geyes; hind femora of
(a) moulfo~1i, (b) obtwbms,
(c) deubestetzi
brown scales on the veins. Legs entirely dark, except outer surfaces of all femora, which
are nearly all creamy coloured (Fig. 68, b) and the inner surfaces of hind femora, which
are dirty yellow. Abdomen dorsally unbanded.
MALE. Palpi sparsely hairy, turned upward, exceeding length of proboscis by half
of last segment. Otherwise similar to 9.
Note. The colour of this mosquito is generally dark brown with white to yellow ornamentation;
the description given above is that of a paler specimen ; other pale specimens have the pale scales
snowy white, especially on the abdomen. The males are often pale, the occiput may then mainly be
covered with pale, greyish scales ; the yellow scales on the thorax may predominate and often form
a distinct ornamentation: a median line on posterior half and two lateral, curved lines.
LARVA (Fig. 69, LZ, b). Head round. Hair A moderately long with 3 branches; B
rather small, simple, inserted close to clypeal border; C close to B with 2-3 branches,
small; d very small with 3-4 branches; e moderate, simple. All hairs without fraying.
The most conspicuous hair of the head is the transsutural hair (f) which is longer and
darker than the other hairs with z or 3 bare branches, pointing backwards. Clypeal
spines slender. Comb of 8th segment in two indefinite rows, altogether S or g teeth, with
short fringe at tip and lateral margins. Siphonal index slightly over I ; no pecten; on 114
length from apex a small simple or 2-3 branched hair; no acus. Anal segment with isc
and OX with 2-3 finely frayed branches, 14-z times as long as siphon. Lh very small,
simple or with 2-3 branches. Saddle covering only half of segment. Anal papillae longer
than siphon, very conspicuous. Anal fan well developed.
BIOXOMICS. The larvae may be found in artificial or vegetable breeding places; old

arrels, tins, rainwater receptacles, fallen coconuts, coconut shells on the ground, cut
bamboo, hollow trees, seldom in pools on the ground. The water of the breeding places
is often extremely dirty and often thick with decomposed organic matter. To a certain
Fig. 69. Subgenus Avnzigeres, larval details of (a) obtzwbam: head and dista1 segments; (b-e) comb
teeth of obturbacs, dexbesteni, malayi and ~o~~fust~s, respectively
extent I he larva is carnivorous and even cannibalistic. The $2 attacks out of doors about
sunset; she usually disappears after Ig hours, The bite is very painful, but as the mos-
quito is rather careless in her attacks, she may be easily killed before the bite.
DISTRIBUTION. Greater Sunda Islands, Sumba, Flores, Alor, Moluccas.
Armigeres (Armigeres) denbesteni Brug 1925
Cllrpeus bare ; outer surface of hind femur with a white line to apex; abdomen
ventrally as in Fig. 67, d; mesonotum with narrow white margin.
FEKALE. Head. Proboscis and palpi black; palpi less than r/4 length of proboscis.
Clypeus without scales. Occiput with black, flat scales; a narrow, white border to the
eyes, sometimes a white patch medianly on occiput; on the nape a few black, forked
scales.
Thorax. Aflu with white scales on anterior and upper surface and black scales poste-
riorly. Mesonotum with brownish-black scales and a narrow, white border. Scutellum
with flat scales, white on centre of mid-lobe, otherwise dark brown. Some specimens have
the wh,ale scutellum dark scaled; others have white scales in front of the scutellum,
narrow and curved anteriorly, flat posteriorly. Pleura black with patches of white, flat
scales. Wings dark-scaled. Legs dark; undersurface of femora with a white line from base
to apex, covering part of the anterior and posterior surface. For outer surface of hind
femur see Fig. 68, c.
Abdomen with triangular, basal, lateral white patches on tergites, nearly reaching
apices of segments; on VIII the lateral patch is apical; VII basallywhite, apicallyeither
black or white. Sternite III may be entirely white.
MALE. Palpi longer than proboscis by length of last segment. Sternite VIII basally
white, ;.pically black. Otherwise as in 1.
b
/
9
C

LxRv_~. This is very much like the larva of obtztrbans. In the comb of the 8th segment
the teeth are less pointed at apex and the fringe is apically somewhat longer (Fig. 69, c).
BIOKOMICS. Larvae have been collected in dirty, slow-running water with much sago
debris; coconut shells, tree holes, a hole in a sago stump, cut bamboos, and in a prahu
hauled ashore.
DISTRIBUTION. Ceram, Saparua.
Armigeres (Armigeres) malayi Theobald Igor
Clypeus with scales; abdominal sternites as in Fig. 67, c.
FEMALE. Head. Proboscis and palpi dark brown; the latter half as long as proboscis.
Clypeus with two submedian patches of white, flat scales. Occiput mainly with flat scales,
a small, white patch medianly on the nape, awhite border to the eyes, broadening laterally
over the whole occiput; down the nape a few dark brown, forked scales. Thorax.
Apn with white flat scales anteriorly, posteriorly dark brown, curved, narrow scales.
Mesonotum with dark brown, curved, narrow scales; along the margin white scales forming
a narrower band in front, broader laterally. Scutellum with broad, flat, grey and
black scales, Wings with dark brown scales along the veins. Legs entirely darkbrown
except inner surfaces of all femora and outer surfaces of hind femora, which are creamcoloured.
Abdomen dorsally dark brown, for ventral scaling see Fig. 67, c. Large, white,
basal, lateral patches are present which sometimes reach apical margin of segments.
MMALE. Palpi as in A. obtztrbam. Otherwise similar to 8.
LARV_~. Easily distinguished from the larva of A. obtztrbam by the following characters
:
Hair C rather well developed, 5 -branched; hair e has 7-9 small branches. Lateral
hairs on all abdominal segments 2-3 branched. Comb on 8th segment with 4 or 5 teeth
without fringe (Fig. 69, d) ; isc and osc unfrayed.
BIONOMICS. All sorts of small breeding places of vegetable origin: fallen coconuts,
coconut shells, tree holes; banana stumps; overblown Raffksia.
DISTRIBUTIOX. Greater Sunda Islands, Alor, Ceram, Saparua.
Armigeres (Armigeres) milnensis Lee 1944
After LEE (1944a)
XALE. Thorax. Dorsally, the scutum is very dark brown and clothed with bronzy,
dark brown, narrow, curved scales, but there is a narrow line of pale scales along the
anterior margin, broadening to a distinct, silvery, lateral stripe which extends to the
level of the base of the wing. There are also some pale scales in the triangular area before
the base of the scutellum, and centrally and laterally on the scutellum itself. So central
or dorso-central bristles are obvious on the scutum, giving it a rather sleek appearance.
A@ and &z57z are clothed laterally with rather loose, white scales, whereas there are
closely applied dense white scales over much of the sternopleuron, mesepimeron and
postspiracular areas. Propleuron largely pale-scaled and with a group of pale brown
bristles. Legs: The femora are dark scaled above and pale beneath. Those of the hind legs
are pale from the base on the outer lateral surface nearly to the apex (see Fig. 70, b).
The apex however is always dark scaled. The tibiae and tarsi of all legs are entirely dark
scaled. The legs are spinose and this is particularly noticeable on the tibiae and first

102
tarsal segments. M’ings. The costa, subcosta and vein I are clothed with broad, dark
scales; the scaling of the rest of the wing is also dark but less obvious; the base of af is
nearer the apex of the wing than the base of $f. The anterior and middle cross-veins are
in a line and distal to the posterior cross-vein. Abdomen as in related species clothed
dorsally with closely applied, overlappin,, u broad, dark scales which are iridescent in some
light and give a distinct velvety appearance. Segment VIII has a natch of white scales
on the dorsum. The tergites have rather triangular, lateral patches’ of pale scales on all
segments but these are seldom visible dorsally. For venter see Fig. 70, n.
Fig. 70. A. (_i .) miluensis; (a) sternites, (b) outer surface of hind femur, (c) larl-al head, (d) distal
segments of larva, (e) comb-teeth (after LEE)
FEMALE. Apart from sexual differences, the $? is essentially similar to the j”. The
palpi are scarcely a quarter the length of the proboscis and dark scaled. There are usually
no more than two or three pale scales on the central dark area of the head and these are
quite irregular. The pale scaling on the scutellum is also irregular and may be absent.
The basal pale band dorsally on segment VIII of the abdomen covers the greater part
of the tergite.
LARVA. The larvae of this species conform in general details to other members of
the gen,_rs: hair A (Fig. 70, c) is bifid or trifid, B is simple, and C has 1-4 branches; hairs
A and C are very finely frayed. Lateral comb of 8th segment consists of ten or eleven
fringed scales (Fig. 70, d). The siphon is short and stout with a minute 3-4 branched
dorso-lateral hair. No ventro-lateral tufts or pecten are present. There is a minute branch-
ed saddle hair; the anal papillae are very large, between three and four times the length
of the anal segment, sausage-shaped. There are five minutely plumose hairs in isc and
three si,milar hairs in OX. No bar is present; the hairs of the ventral brush (anal fan) are
minutely plumose. The terminal segments are illustrated in Fig. 70, a.
BIONOBIICS. No records.
DI:;TRIBUTIOK. Xew Guinea.

Armigeres (Armigeres) confusus Edwards 1917
Clypeus bare, mesonotum with pale border, narrow in 9, broad in &; S II-VI
entirely white, VII black (Fig. 67, a).
FEMALE. Head. Proboscis black. Palpi about 114 of length of proboscis, black. Occiput
covered with black, flat, broad scales, posteriorly a few greyish blue ones, a pale margin
along the eyes. Clypeus bare. Thorax. A@ with silvery white, broad, curved scales
around anterior margin and dark, narrow, curved ones posteriorly. Nesonotum covered
with narrow, long, nearly straight, golden brown scales; a narrow border of broader,
curved, white scales from wing root to wing root along anterior margin of mesonotum.
Scutellum with blackish brown, flat, broad scales. Pleura black with large patches of
white, long, broad scales. Wings dark scaled. Legs with bluish black scales; femora of the
hind legs mainly white scaled on undersurface and anterior surface. Abdomen. Tergites
entirely black dorsally; laterally with basal white patches on all segments except VIII.
MALE. Palpi longer than the proboscis; the white margin to the eyes on occiput
somewhat broader than in 9; the white border on the mesonotum much broader; pre-
scutellar area white scaled like the mid-lobe of the scutellum. Otherwise as in 9.
LARVA. This resembles the obtztrbam larva except that the comb-teeth are less
pointed, basally as well as apically (Fig. 69, e).
BIONOMICS. Breeds in tree holes, bamboo stumps, once found in a running brook.
The latter is very unusual for Armigeres.
DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra, Riou, Sias, Borneo.
Armigeres (Armigeres) moultoni Edwards 1914
Clypeus without scales, No white scales around margin of mesonotum. White scales
. of outer surface of hind femur do not reach apex (Fi,. g 68, a). Abdominal sternites as in
Fig. 67, e.
FEMALE. Head. Proboscis and palpi dark, palpi less than 1/4 of length of proboscis.
Clypeus bare. Occiput with broad, flat, black scales, along the eye margins a creamy
yellow or white line; sometimes there is a small white patch behind on occiput.
Thorax. A@ with flat scales, white along entire margin, remaining part with flat
dark brown scales. Mesonotum black scaled with dark coppery shine, without pale mar-
gin, Scutellum black scaled. Pleura with cream coloured patches of flat scales. Wings
dark scaled. Legs black, with narrow, pale lines on undersurfaces of mid- and front fe-
mora; hind femur entirely white except for a dorsal black line and the apical fifth which
is black all round (Fig. 68, a). Tibiae all about equal in length. Abdomen with the tergites
black with lateral basal white patches, except T VIII which is all white.
M_~LE. Palpi longer than proboscis, otherwise as !&
BIOXOMICS. The early stages and breeding places are unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Greater Sunda Islands.
Subgenus Leicesteria Theobald Igo4
The palpi of the $? are at least half as long as the proboscis. On the postspiracular
area of the pleura there is a patch of mainly black, flat scales. The anterior mesonotum
usually produced over the head. The thorax is often very narrow, laterally compressed,
=03

A. (L.) flavzls differs from all species in having a few scales and short hairs on postnotum ;
one or two strong lower mesepimeral bristles; hind tibiae markedly shorter than the
middle pair.
LARVA in all respects as in certain species
of the subgenus Armigeres: siphon short and
very stout, without pecten; tracheal tubes
greatly enlarged in siphon, but in thorax and
abdomen not abnormal.
BIONOMICS. As far as is known, all species
of this subgenus breed in water in bamboo
stumps, or in bamboos which have been bored
by the larvae of a beetle, or more rarely in
broken coconut shells or pitcher plants. A.
(L.) flaws has been observed to have its eggs
glued together in a mass on its hind legs
(Fig. 71) ; the head of the young larvae project
from the eggs (STRICKLAND, 1917). If water iS
available, even when difficult to reach, the
female dips her hind legs methodically into it
and the young larvae emerge of the ova mass.
The females bite viciously by day.
Three species of this subgenus are rather
common in part of the region.
Fig. 7r. A. (L.) p avus; part of hind leg showing
cluster of eggs(n) (after STRICKLAND); nmz~li-
pnlpis: .Jariation in larval head hairs (b, c);
comb-teeth (n), after BRUG
Armigeres (Leicesteria) flavus Leicester
1908
FEULE, A large mosquito, Palpi all dark,
about half as long as the proboscis. Anterior
margin of mesonotum with a band of golden
scales. Postnotum and hind tibiae as described
above. Ventral surface of femora golden brown,
apex of each tibia with a creamy-yellow band,
a similar band at the bases of jr-f4 of hind leg. Apices of TI-TV with a small band of
yellow scales convex on the proximal side, laterally a large creamy triangular spot on all
segments; venter, except SI, entirely creamy scaled.
MP.LE. The antennae are plumose and the slender palpi about as long as the proboscis
with a creamy yellow band in the middle of the penultimate joint and one at the
base of apical joint. Otherwise it is similar to the 9.
LARVA with hair-like preclypeal spines which are set on large tubercles. Dorsal head
hairs placed well forward. Comb of 8th segment of about IO small teeth in a patch, each
tooth with pear-shaped base. A unique feature of this larva is the presence of a ventral
chitinous plate on the anal segment.
BIONOMICS : see under subgenus characters.
DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Armigeres (Leicesteria) annulipalpis Theobald rgo1
FEMALE. A mosquito of moderate size. There are no scales or hairs on the postnotum
but the clypeus has z conspicuous rows of rather long, narrow, creamy white scales. The
palpi are a little more than half the length of the proboscis with a white ring at about
the middle, and a few pale scales on upper surface near base. The mesonotum has a bunch
of long, narrow, curved white scales medianly in front, a broad white scaled margin in
front and a narrow one at the side towards the roots of the wings. All femora with a large
white area on under surface and a distinct white knee spot; tibiae with an incomplete
white ring at base; front and mid-legs with white rings on TV and tz; t3 with a basal white
spot. All tarsal segments of hind legs with distinct basal white rings. Abdomen with T I
black, TII with a median basal white spot; laterally segment I has a large white spot
from base to apex; on II there is a longitudinal white line beginning at base, running to
near apex, and then curving towards dorsum, medianly not reaching the line from the
other side; III has the lateral white stripe extremely broad basally, narrowing abruptly;
IV, V, VI as III but the lateral stripe not so broad basally; VII without such distinct
bands, VIII all dark. S I-II all white; S III white basally, dark apically; S IV-VII with
the white basal part narrower than in S III, S VIII with pale and dark scales intermingled.
A-ok. Xany specimens, however, have a much simpler ornamentation and the lateral and basal
pale scales on 117, T’ and TTI may be entirely missing.
AJ’IXLE. The palpi are longer than the proboscis and have two white bands and two
white spots. The abdominal ornamentation is always present and distinct. Otherwise
similar to the 9.
LARVA. For head hairs which are rather variable see Fig. 71, b, c. The preclypeal
spines are long and splender. Comb of segment VIII with about 35-40 teeth in a patch
(Fig. 71, liz).
BIONOMICS. Larvae were collected from water in bamboos; adults were caught attacking
man at the bank of a small river.
DISTRIBCTIOX-. Sumatra, Buton, Kabaena, Flares, Ceram.
Armigeres (Leicesteria) dolichocephalus Leicester Igo
Description mainly after LEICESTER (1908).
FEMALE. Head compressed laterally with dark purple black scales ; laterally a creamy
band, a black band and again creamy scales; a very narrow, creamy margin to the
eyes. The colour varies according to the light, being black or purple or bronze. There are
a few creamy, upright scales behind on the nape. Torus basally densely scaled with small,
dark, flat scales; fs I with some flat scales inserted on the basal half. Palpi all dark rather
more than half the length of the proboscis. Proboscis about 2/3 the length of the abdomen
with dark purple scales. Thorax : Apn dark purple, entirely covered with large, creamy, flat
scales. Mesonotum dark purple in colour, clad round the margin in front of the wings with a
broad band of large, spatulate, creamy scales which, on the shoulders, swell into round
patches. Scutellum with purple brown scales with a line of creamy yellow scales in the
centre of the mid-lobe, bristles pale brown. At base of wings on mesonotum are dense
tufts of scales with notched ends very similar to upright, forked scales of great length,
Pleura dark purple brown with patches of white, flat scales. Wings with dark brown scales
with purple reflection. Sides and venter of hind femora and venter of front and mid-
IO.5

106
femora. silvery, the remainder of all legs clad with dark purple brown scales. On the under-
surface of the hind tibia at the apex and the adjoining portion of TV is a fringe of long
scales, golden brown in colour, while at the extreme apex of the tibia is a tuft of golden
spines there are golden spines placed in rows along the whole length of the tibia. Ab-
domen dorsally with rich purple brown scales. Laterally there are curved, snowy white
bands; in front of the base of these bands lies a square of golden yellow scales except on
segments I and II. The apical segments ventrally show three colours: yellow at the base,
snowy white in the middle and dark purple-brown at the apex.
MALE: antennae plumose, t with silvery white scales beneath and towards the outer
surface. Palpi longer than the proboscis, terminal segment slender and ending in a spine,
a pale .ring in the middle of the long joint. Proboscis with anterior quarter enlarged, clad
with dark purple scales. The whole of the central lobe of the scutellum white scaled. In
other respects the $ resembles the 9.
BIONOMICS. The larvae have seldom been collected. Bamboo breeder (LEICESTER) ;
the 9 is very common and a vicious biter during the day and towards sunset; she is
quite able to slip through mosquito-netting, when kept in captivity; even through holes
small enough to prevent much smaller mosquito species (e.g., Uranotamia) escaping.
Dj STRIBUTION. Sumatra, Java.
Genus Culex Linnaeus 1758
The most striking character of this genus is the presence of pulvilli on the legs, in
the female most distinct on the front (Fig. 72, a) and mid-legs; in the male small (Fig.
Fig. 72. Distal tarsal segments with and without pulvilli: front legs (n) 9 and (c) $ Culex, (e) Q and
(g) 8 Atides; hind legs (b) $J and (d) 3 C&x, (f) ? and (A) $ Aedes; (a) pulvillus large; (b-d) puIvillus
small; (e-4) pulvillus absent
72, c). Palpi in the $ long or short, in $?rarely more than 115 aslong as proboscis. No well
marked subgeneric characters have been discovered for the several subgenera by which
the 9 $? might be separated, but $ $ can be distinguished by characters of the palpi,
antennae or terminalia.
Subgenus Lutzia Theobald rgo3
Very large mosquitoes; femora and tibiae speckled; tarsi without bands; a row of
5 or more bristles on anterior margin of lower part of mesepimeron (Fig. I, h).
BIoKohIIcs. The larvae are carnivorous and even cannibalistic.

Culex (Lutzia) fuscanus Wiedemann 1820
A large mosquito with femora and tibiae speckled, tarsi not banded; apical tergites of
abdomen with apical bands or entirely pale.
FEMALE. Head: Proboscis dull brown, the basal part very dark, gradually becoming
pale towards the middle, without definite band. Palpi about 114 length of proboscis; dull
brown with a few cream-coloured scales on upper surface towards inner side. Occiput for
the greater part covered with creamy, narrow, curved scales and dark brown, forked
scales, laterally down the sides creamy flat scales. Thorax. Nesonotum with indefinite
pattern of creamy and light metallic brown, narrow, curved scales, Scutellum with
creamy, narrow, curved scales. Pleura dark brown with patches of creamy, flat scales;
see also the characters of genus and subgenus. Wings. Dull brown scales along veins.
Legs. Front and mid-femora and tibiae dark brown with creamy speckling on outer side,
creamy yellow throughout on inner side; hind femur with hind margin and lower half
brown with yellow speckling, other parts creamy yellow, also on outer surface, hind
tibiae and all tarsi brown throughout; see also generic characters of legs. Abdomen.
Tergites: basal ones entirely dark or with indefinite yellow apical bands which become
broader on following segments, apical segments often yellow throughout; on II-VII
lateral, basal pale patches; sternites creamy yellow scaled.
M-ALE. Palpi exceeding length of proboscis by 18 segment ; a patch of cream-coloured
scales basally on the underside of subapical segment and on the tip of long segment;
scattered grey yellow scales all over remaining underside; apical and subapical segments
and apical half of long segment strongly hairy. Proboscis with a not well-defined, dull,
greyish brown band beyond the middle. Abdomen: Tergites dark brown with apical
yellow bands, on the terminal tergites broader, but these are not yellow throughout
as is usual in the female.
Fig. 73. Larval details of C. (L.) f xscauus: head and distal segments with (a) comb-teeth
and (b) pecten-teeth
LXRVA (Fig. 73). Head about as long as wide. Hairs A, B and C long, bare, single,
inserted rather far from anterior margin, B closer to base of head than A and C, d anterior
107

108
to C, bery small with simple base splitting up in 3 to 5 small branches; e between A and
B, rather long, split at about 1/3 its length from base. Preclypeal spines represented by a
pair of delicate, rather long hairs. Mouth brushes prehensile, hooked lamellae, with which
living prey may be caught, usually other mosquito larvae. Antennae small, r/3 as long as
the head or even shorter, no spines present. Antenna1 hair very small, inserted near base
of antenna. Two subapical and one apical somewhat longer hair, the latter less than half
the length of the antenna. Eighth segment: Comb of about 30 teeth in an irregular patch,
single tooth with a long fringe. Siphon nearly cylindrical, but on ventral side apically
slightly rounded. Index about 18, Surface entirely covered with small, blunt spines, basal
margin with very dark chitin, acus well developed, dark brown. Pecten of about &-II
strong pale teeth, fairly evenly distributed over entire length of siphon, apical teeth
somewhat longer than basal ones. Between both rows of pecten teeth over entire length
of siphon about 16 long hairs, more or less in two rows of 8; each hair split at base in
two. The branches delicately frayed; the hairs about I& times as long as siphon. A small
single of bifid hair near apex of siphon a little basally from last pecten tooth and lateral
from pecten. Valves large. Anal segment, about as long as the siphon, covered with
blunt, small spines. Chitinisation covering whole of segment. _lsc and osc both single and
bare, about twice as long as segment; lh fairly lon g, slender, some distance from margin
of segrnent. Anal fan well developed. Anal papillae very short.
B~ONOMICS. The larva is usually found in earthen-lined breeding places, with rather
dirty water, seldom in artificial contrivances. They feed on smaller species of mosquito
larvae and are most voracious, much more so than Toxorhzynchites larvae. The larvae
float horizontally a little distance below the surface of the water. We have never observed
this species biting man.
D [STRIBUTION. Greater Sunda Islands, Billiton.
Culex (Lutzia) halifaxi Theobald Igo3
A large mosquito; medianly on mesonotum there are 3 pale areas; abdomen hardly
banded or not at all.
FISMVIALE. Head. Proboscis dark brown, just before the middle somewhat paler. Palpi
slightlv more than 1/4 of length of proboscis; dark brown with yellowish white scales on
inner surface and a rudimentary yellowish white, narrow band near the base. Occiput for
larger part with cream-coloured, curved, narrow scales, mixed with forked scales, pale
brown in front and darker more behind; laterally down the sides cream-coloured, flat
scales. Thorax. nlesonotum with shining, dark brown and cream-coloured, curved, narrow
scales; the pale scales towards margins, in front of scutellum and in the centre, the
latter in 3 more-or-less distinct groups, forming a triangle with the top pointing towards
head. Scutellum with cream-coloured, curved, narrow scales. Pleura brown with patches
of cream-coloured flat scales. Wings. Veins dull brown scaled ; cross-vein 4-5. I close to and
in fron.: of cross-vein 3-4. Legs. Front femora brown on anterior surface, hind surface with
brown and creamy yellow speckling; mid-femora entirely speckled with brown and creamy
yellow scales; the pale scales are numerous on basal half of inner surface; hind femora
with outer surface entirely speckled, inner surface with basal half cream-coloured, distal
half dull brown. -Anterior surface of front and mid-tibiae brown with a row of yellow
speckling, posterior surface pale yellow; hind tibiae entirely dull brown, except for a row
of yellow speckling on outer surface and a yellow, apical band, Tarsi dark brown without

ands. Abdomen : Tergites dark brown; apical segments with narrow, inconspicuous,
apical, greyish yellow bands and white, lateral, basal patches. Sternites apically from
bright yellow to white; basally dark brown.
MALE. Palpi exceeding proboscis by I$ segment in length; apical and subapical
segments and apical part of long segment with long, closely set hairs; a cream coloured
patch on under surface of penultimate segment basally; a line of yellow scales on under-
surface of long segment apically. Proboscis dark brown with a narrow cream-coloured
band beyond the middle, distinct on undersurface.
L_~RvA. It is doubtful whether the small differences found between the larvae of
fttscams and halifaxi are constant :
(a) Some of the pecten teeth in fuscanus have usually one or two smaller denticles in
addition to the one larger one; in halifaxi there is only the larger lateral one.
(b) Lateral hair on siphon of fztscanus simple or bifid, in halifaxi sometimes bifid,
but usually 3-4 branched.
BIONOMICS. Usually the larva can be found in earthen-lined water collections, but
quite often in artificial breeding places. Now and then in tree holes. The larvae are pre-
daceous like those of fuscanus. It is reported to bite man seldom.
DISTRIBUTIOK. Sumatra, Siberut, Java, Borneo, Tarakan, Tenimber Islands, Hal-
maheira, Ceram and New Guinea.
Subgenus Neoculex Dyar Igo5
Palpi of y very short; of j” 1/z-5/8 as long as proboscis, vertex with narrow scales.
Scutellar scales narrow. Tarsi always dark. Wing scales narrow and fairly dense. There
are no broad scales along the eye margins as in Culiciomyia. Small mosquitoes with
hardly any ornamentation. Mesonotal bristles strong and numerous, The larva is very
similar to those of several other subgenera. The siphon is long and narrow, with about
five pairs of hair tufts. Pecten teeth with lateral denticles along one side from base to
apex.
BIONOMICS. Larvae have been found in tree holes, bamboos, pools along the road.
Sot much is known of the habits of adults; they have been caught indoors.
Culex (Neoculex) brevipalpis Giles Igoz
Small dark species (wing about 2.5-3 mm) characterized by peculiar form of d
palpi (Fig. 74, a).
FEULE (after BARRXUD). Head: narrow, pale scales and upright, yellow scales on
vertex and nape, the upright scales numerous. Antenna, palpi, and proboscis dark brown;
palpi about I/T the length of proboscis. Thorax : integument of mesonotum brown, a pair
of submedian darker lines, a green tinge at sides; scales narrow and dark brown, lighter
on front margin. Two rows of long black bristles from front margin of mesonotum to
lateral lobes of scutellum, others over wing-roots, giving thorax a markedly bristly ap-
pearance. Scutellar scales narrow, dark brown. Pleura pale green or pale ochreous; p@t
without scales, but with 3 or 4 bristles and some hairs; aplz with very few pale scales
anteriorly; a small patch of broad white scales on sternopleura; no lower mesepimeral
bristle. Wings: dark scaled. Legs : unusually long, dark brown, with bronzy sheen; femora
paler beneath, as usual, especially hind pair. Abdomen : dorsum dark brown, with bronzy
sheen; venter pale green, creamy on terminal segments.

!.lLE. Very similar to female. Palpi dark brown, about j/S the length of proboscis
(may appear shorter in dried specimens, as terminal segments often become distorted) ;
long segment curved outwards at tip, with Some short, erect hairs externally and a few
strong, bristly hairs at tip, penultimate segment fairly long, curved with similar hairs,
termin. segment short, with a fine, strong bristle at tip.
LI,RV_~ (Fig. 74, b--f). Head hairs A, B, and C long with respectively8-10, two and two
frayed branches; a much shorter than A, B or C, split at tip, delicate; e small, 3-branched.
Preclypeal spines rather thick. Antenna about 3,‘5 the length of head, slightly curlTed,
widened about middle, spinose all over, except at extreme tip; antenna1 hair fan shaped,
with 16-18 frayed branches, inserted 4/j the length from base of antenna; 3 long and one
very short apical bristles. Comb of eighth segment of 35-45 elongate teeth with swollen,
e
Fig. 74. CztIex (N.) bvevipnlpis, details of adult and larva; (a) 3 proboscis and palpi
(after BXRRAUD) ; (b) left half of dorsum of larval head; (c) larval antenna, (d) combtooth,
(e) siphon and (f) pecten tooth (after BRUG)
densely’ fringed tips; basally darkly pigmented, apices pale. The siphon is 12-14 time3
as long as broad; pecten along 1,/6 the length of siphon, 16-20 teeth; thelarger pecten-
teeth with lateral denticles along one side; 4 to 5 minute, evenly spaced siphon-hairs
present, the basal hair q-branched, inserted just beyond apical pecten tooth; the apical
hair 3-branched, inserted near apex of siphon. Anal segment with the chitinous ring all
round; isc and osc long, single; Zh small, split in several branches towards tip. Anal pa-
pillae a.bout as long as anal segment, the ventral pair varying in length. Anal fan short
with I:: branched hairs.
BIOKOMICS. Larvae have been found in tree holes, also in a hole of a fallen tree. The
female may attack man near the breeding places.
DISTRIBUTIOK. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea.

Subgenus Mochthogenes Edwards 1930
In the main much like Xeocz{lex but (I) the palpi in 6 and ? quite short; (2) rather
numerous, Aat scales on the head in some species. The 9 $! are difficult to separate from
? 9 of some of the smaller species of other subgenera. The known larvae are as in Xeo-
culex. They live in tree holes, small rock pools, or ground pools, Sothing is known of the
habits of the adults.
Culex (Mochthogenes) malayi Leicester 1908
FEMALE (after B_~RR.~~D). Head mainly covered with small, light-coloured flat scales,
a small area of narrow scales in middle of vertex; upright scales scattered over vertex
and nape, the last appearing dark. -Antennae, palpi and proboscis brownish-black; palpi
about 1/6 the length of proboscis. Thorax : mesonotum covered with brown, narrow scales ;
bristles not very numerous or long. Pleura dark on upper half, greenish below, the two
areas usually fairly sharply defined; 4-6 pp?z bristles, one lower mesepimeral bristle.
Wings dark scaled. Legs deep brown, fro1 It and mid-femora lighter posteriorly; hind
femur mainly pale, but narrowly brown
dorsally from near base to knee. Abdomen
brownish-black dorsally, some specimens
with narrow basal pale bands.
AlaLE. Palpi about I/S the length of proboscis;
antenna plumose. Other details
asin?.
L_ARV_1: For head see Fig. 73, n. The
comb of the eighthsegment consistsof about
20 teeth in 3 irregular rows; two types of
comb-teeth (Fig. 75, c) are present: with a
sharp point and small fringe at base, and
with a long apical fringe. The latter teeth
are smaller. Siphonal index 5.5 ; acus large
and shaped as in Fig. 75, b. There are five
rather short, s-branched hairs, about as
long as width of siphon at point of insertion.
Pecten of 9-10 teeth, distal teeth longest.
Fig. 75. Czrlex (-71.) walnyi, details of larva: (n)
right half of dorsum of head; (b) acus; (c) comb-
teeth (after BRUG)
Anal segment longer than wide, completely ringed by chitinous plate. Isc 3-branched, one
long, two much shorter, osc single, longer than isc; 112 5 to 6-branched, delicate. Anal
papillae shorter than anal fan, pointed at tip. Hairs of anal fan rather short, at most
slightly longer than anal segment.
BIONOMICS. Larvae were found in stagnant water in brooks; also in a stone basin,
DISTRIBUTIOK. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Kabaena, Sangir Islands, Halmaheira,
New Guinea, Sumba, Timor.
Subgenus Lophoceratomyia Theobald 1905
The males have the antenna ornamented with a matted hair-tuft on fs 8. Usually
also with tufts of modified scales onfs 5-g. There is no pale ring on the proboscis; the

palpi are also without pale rings, variable in length. The tarsi are entirely dark, Wing
scales dark and usually very scanty, except towards tip of wing. They are small mos-
quitoes, brownish or reddish-brown. Vertex of head usually with numerous small flat
scales in front towards eye margins. Scutellar scales narrow. A number of species occur
in the region, but it is very difficult to distinguish the different species. The larvae do not
show any marked differences from those of other subgenera.
BIONOMICS. Usually species from forested regions with much rainfall, breeding in
tree holes; also in groundpools and shallow wells. Little is known about the life habits
of the adults, but the $? $J do not appear to attack man.
DISTRIBUTION: Greater Sundas, some of the Lesser Sundas, some of the Moluccas,
New Guinea.
Culex (Lophoceratomyia) fraudatrix Theobald rgo5
Readily distinguished from other species of the subgenus by the large scale-tuft on
fs 5 of male antenna. Small species. Wings 2-3 mm.
FEMALE (after BARRAUD). Head. Vertex and nape covered with dark brown, narrow
and upright scales, a very narrow, pale border to the eyes, widening out at sides. Anten-
nae, clJ,peus, palpi, and proboscis dark brown. Palpi about 1/6 the length of proboscis.
Thorax: mesonotal scales dark reddish brown. Pleura brown, without scales, one lower
mesepimeral bristle. Wings dark scaled. Legs: dark brown, front and mid-femora paler
posteriorly, hind pair pale on both surfaces, but dark dorsally. Abdomen: dorsum dark
brown; small, basal, lateral, ochreous markings are usually present; sternites pale brown.
Fig. 76. Cdex (L.) f va7rdnfvix ; details of adult and larva : (a) modified segments of d antenna
(after BXRRACD) ; (b) and (c) head and distal segments of larva (after PERRY)
MALE. Antennae plumose; torus without a projection on inner side. Some long scales
on fs 5, forming a dark tuft projecting outwards and slightly upwards; below these,
projecting downwards, are some long hairs, which appear white from certain angles;
smaller tufts of crumpled scales onfs 6 and 7, the usual matted tuft onfs S, and a tuft of
hairs and scales onfs g (Fig. 76~). Palpi longer than proboscis by 18 times the length of
apical segment ; the terminal segments with numerous outstanding hairs; a small finger-

like process at base of each palp, and a transverse row of about six rather long, stiff
bristles on underside of proboscis at base. Thorax, legs, and abdomen as in female, except
that on the last the lateral pale markings are sometimes absent.
LARVA (mainly after EDW~~RDS and GIVEN, 1928). Head large, broader than long,
Clypeal spines moderately stout and straight. Hair A large with 7-12 frayed branches;
B and C both double or C 3-branched, long and reaching beyond front of head; C placed
obliquely behind B; d double or trifid, e delicate, split at tip. Antennae fully as long as
the head, curved; a dark ring at the base and another immediately beyond the tuft,
leaving the tip pale; shaft with strong spicules except on the slender, terminal portion,
Tuft very large, with 25-30 frayed branches, placed beyond two-thirds. Preapical
bristles placed a short distance before the tip, about two-thirds as long as the shaft of the
antenna. Comb of 8th segment a patch of about 30 very small, dark teeth. Anal segment
with the chitinous ring hardly longer than broad, almost smooth on the posterior margin ;
Z/z small with z to 4 branches. Anal fan with about IO-IZ large, many branched hairs.
Siphon long, brown, usually with a dark brown ring in the middle; index about 8-9;
slightly tapering on about the basal half, then almost parallel-sided, the tip very slightly
widened. Three or four pairs of tufts, which have usually two to three branches, the
branches simple and hardly longer than the diameter of the siphon. Pecten of 10-12
rather slender teeth, which are fringed along one side with fine denticles, those at the base
rather stronger, the last tooth at about one-third the length of the siphon.
BIOXOMICS. The larvae have been found breeding in pot-holes, etc., chiefly in mangrove
tidal area but also away from coast.
DISTRIBUTIOS. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Ceram, New Guinea.
Subgenus Culiciomyia Theobald Igo7
The males are easily recognized by the row of peculiarly shaped, translucent scales
on the palpus. It is a moderate sized mosquito with the head scales narrow and upright,
except small flat scales along the eye margins, usually in a single continuous row. The
wing scaling is dark, There is no ornamentation on the proboscis and the tarsi are also
dark. The larva is very similar to that of subgenus C&x.
BIOKOMICS. Larvae of C&5onzyin have been collected in tree holes, stream pools,
rice fields, small artificial water collections. The 9 does not seem to attack man.
DISTRIBUTION of the subgenus: Greater Sundas, Moluccas, Sew Guinea.
Culex (Culiciomyia) fragilis Ludlow 1903
FENXLE. Head. The flat scales at the sides are white and the narrow scales on the
vertex pale ochreous; the upright scales on the vertex are dark. Palpi black about I/G the
length of the proboscis. Thorax with mesonotal scales dark brown, no dark markings on
pleura, which are greenish. Kings with the outstanding scales rather broad. Legs dark
brown, femora paler beneath, no pale knee-spots. Abdomen with venter pale, dorsally
brownish-black.
MOLE. Palpi exceeding in length the proboscis by about the last segment; penulti-
mate segment about twice the length of the labella; the last two segments with a mod-
erate number of outstanding hairs, Peculiar translucent scales on long segment. Otherwise
as in the female.

LARVA (after KING & HOOGSTRAAL, 1946). See Fig. 77,
Xole. KIXG & HOOGSTRAAL (1946) have described this species as one of the most common
Cztlex breeding at Hollandia.
BIONOMICS. Larvae were collected from temporary and semipermanent ground-
pools, especially with stagnant,
more or less foul or algaefilled
water, in all degrees of shade
(KING & HOOGSTRAAL), also from
tree holes and artificial containers,
DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea,
Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
Subgenus Culex Linnaeus 1758
At most 2 bristles on lower
half of mesepimeron ; no postspira-
Fig. 77. Czrlex (C.) fmgilis, details of larva: (b) head, (CL) distal
cular bristles (Fig. I) ; palpi of
segments with (c) comb-tooth and (d) pecten-tooth (after
KING Sr HOOGSTRXXL) male longer than proboscis, turned
upwards and strongly hairy apitally.
Occiput mainly with narrow curved and forked scales, scutellum with narrow
curved scales.
Culex (Culex) bitaeniorhynchus Giles IgoI
Proboscis banded; femora and tibiae speckled, tarsi banded; scales on anterior 3/4 of
mesonotum paler than on posterior 114; wings slightly speckled; abdominal tergites with
apical bands.
FEMALE. Head. Proboscis dark brown with a creamy yellow, broad band about the
middle and a narrow band of greyish yellow scales just behind the labella. Palpi dark
brown with a pale greyish tip; about I,/S the length of the proboscis. Occiput nearly all
covered with golden yellow, curved scales, behind and laterally mixed with brownish
black, forked scales; laterally down the sides a few cream coloured flat scales. Thorax.
Prothoracic lobes and anterior 3/4 of mesonotum covered with scales of a variable colour
from golden to dark brown, mixed with tiny spots of very dark scales; but the whole
always distinctly paler than the posterior 1j4, where the scales are brownish black to nearly
black; .I:he scutellum is also covered with similar dark scales except the tip of the mid-lobe
which has a few dull golden scales. Pleura brownish black with patches of white, flat
scales. Wings with brownish black scales along the veins mixed with some yellow ones.
Legs brownish black with yellowish grey to cream-coloured scales as follows: usually
abundant, sometimes (though seldom) sparse speckling on the anterior surfaces of femora
and tibiae; femora and tibiae with very narrow apical pale bands; t1--t4 of all legs with
narrow, basal and apical yellow bands. Abdomen. Tergites: dorsal parts brownish black,
often with some pale speckling; on one or more of the apical segments a dirty yellow
apical band which is concave towards base of segment; this band may be present on all
segments; in such specimens T VII may be entirely yellow; lateral part of tergites very
variable; often there are apical, dirty yellow, lateral patches on two or three distal seg-
ments. Sternites with mixed, dirty yellow and dark brown scales.

&hLE. Head. Palpi slightly less than I$ segments longer than proboscis; apical
segment not quite twice as long as subapical one; long joint with z pale rings; narrow
pale rings on bases of apical 2 segments; about apical half of apical segment yellow scaled.
Legs less banded than in female. Front legs: h--t3 basally banded; mid- and hind leg
with tI apically and basally, t2-i4 only basally banded. Abdomen: tergites brown with
apical and basal yellow bands on a variable number of segments; sternites yellow; other-
wise as in 9.
Variability. This is an extremely variable mosquito, especially in the colour of the
mesonotal scales, the speckling of wings and femora, and the bands on legs and abdomen;
nonetheless it is an easily recog-
nized species.
LARVA (Fig. 7s). Head about
19 times as broad as long. Hairs A,
B and C with 4-j,2 and 3 bran-
ches respectively; fraying very
variable. Hair A implanted rather
away from antenna1 base; d very
small, simple or bifid, not frayed;
e small, with 3 branches. Precly-
peal spines rather plump, hardly
tapering towards tip. Antenna
nearly straight, over half as long
as the head, with spines especially
on basal half. Apex dark, the
darker part gradually changing
to pale yellow towards basal half.
Antenna1 hair inserted just before
middle with about 12 bare bran-
ches, the longer branches reach-
ing just beyond tip of antenna.
Subapical hairs close to tip, the
longer one 113 length of antenna,as
long as top hair. Comb on 8th Fig. 78. Czilex (C.) biitaelbiovhy~lcl~zis, details of larva: head
segment with 4 or j strong, sharp
teeth, without fringe. Siphon long,
and distal segments with (a) comb-teeth, (b) pecten-tooth
index over 6, no acus present, valves moderately large. Pecten of 4-6 small teeth, each
with relatively large lateral denticles; pecten teeth very transparent and thus difficult to
detect. The pecten lies in the ventral, basal part of the siphon and is altogether shorter
than width of siphon at base. On basal z/3 of siphon4 small hairs on both sides, regularly
spaced, each hair with 2 of 3 branches, seldom simple. Anal segment with complete chiti-
nous ring, somewhat longer than wide, without spines at apical margin; isc with 3-4
branches, osc simple, both without fringe; the outer nearly as long as the siphon, the inner
shorter; Zh small, simple without fringe, inserted near apical margin. Anal fan with II
hairs, each with j-7 branches, the longer ones nearly twice as long as segment. Anal
papillae slender, longer than segment.
BIO;\;OMICS. The breeding places of this species are always earthen-lined, fresh water
collections: marshes with low shrubs, unshaded stagnant or slow-running water, pools
IIj

with green algae (provided the water is clear); never found in dirty water. The adult is
often found indoors, but we have never caught it in the act of biting.
DIYTRIBUTIOK. Greater Sunda Islands and some of the surrounding islands; Sumba,
Flores, Alor, Timor, Ceram, New Guinea.
RE.LATION TO DISEXSE. Experimenting with human Plasmodin and C. bitamio-
rhynchz~s WILLL~MSOX & 2~1s (1937) found several reasons why bitaeniorhym’zus should
be considered as a potential vector. So other records, however, have been published from
which it might be apparent that C. bitaelziovlzyltclzzls could carry human Plasmodia.
Culex (Culex) sinensis Theobald rgo3
Anterior 213 of mesonotum pale-scaled, remaining r/3 dark brown (Fig. 79, d) ;
abdomen with basal and apical bands; no speckling on wing.
FEMALE. Head. Proboscis brown black with a well-defined broad, creamy yellow
band ir: the middle. Palpi dark brown, white scales at apex; length of palpi about I/S of
proboscis. Occiput mostly covered with cream-coloured, curved, narrow scales, mixed
with numerous, forked scales, the latter medianly dirty brownish grey, laterally more
dark brown; laterally down the sides flat, cream coloured scales. Thorax: Nesonotum
with cream-coloured and dark brown, narrow, curved scales, forming a pattern. Scutellum
mostly covered with dark brown, narrow, curved scales, except tip of mid-lobe which is
pale-scaled. Pleura pale brown with patches of cream-coloured, flat scales. Wings with
dull brown scales along the veins. Legs : Femora brown, finely speckled with yellow scales,
except I he inner side which is pale yellow; tibiae brown, very sparsely speckled with yellow;
tarsi brown, with yellow apical bands on tr and basal as well as apical bands on tz, t3, t+
Abdomen. Tergites dark scaled with dull yellowish bands (rather variable) as follows : on
IV-VI II apical bands always present; they also may be present on II and III; one or
more basal bands (Fig.79, e); on T I a tiny, pale, apical, median dot, on II-VII large,
lateral, basal, cream-coloured patches. Sternites mostly creamy yellow scaled.
&!r’,LE. Palpi exceeding the length of the proboscis by I* segment; dull brown, a bare,
pale, narrow ring on long joint ; a pale yellow band on the middle of long joint and at the
bases of last two segments; the tip of last segment also pale yellow scaled. The contrast
between pale and dark scales on the mesonotum is not so pronounced as in the female, as
the scales on posterior third are mostly pale brown and those in front of scutellum creamcoloured.
Legs: femora and tibiae as in the female; tarsi of front legs I and 2 apically, 2
and 3 Elasally banded, mid-legs 1-3 apically, 2-4 basally banded; hind legs 1-3 apical@,
1-4 basally banded.
‘
LARVA (Fig. 79, a-c) : Head broader than long. Hair A shorter than, B and C about
as long as antenna, with 4, 2 and 2 branches respectively, with sparse fraying; A, B and
C implanted on a slanting line, d a little more forward, simple, rather long; e small with
2-3 branches. Preclypeal spines rather short, brown, with blunt tip. Antenna straight,
half as long as head; on basal half a few inconspicuous spicules. Antenna1 hair inserted
a little basally from middle, with about g bare branches reaching tip of antenna. Subapical
hairs about as long as antenna1 hair and inserted about 114 length of antenna below
apex. Two stout hairs at tip, unequal in length, the longer one somewhat shorter than
subapical hairs. Comb of segment VIII of 3-6 slender teeth nearly forming a row, fringed
basally and broadly chitinous at insertion on segment. Siphonal index 5 ; a conspicuous,
triangular acus present. Pecten of 1-3 teeth, usually rather indistinct, basally and ven-

trally near acus; single tooth pale, short, with 3-4 small lateral denticles. There are
g-10 siphon hairs not definitely paired, shorter than diameter of siphon, usually with
2-4 branches, but the apical hairs may be single. Anal segment slightly longer than
broad, with chitinisation all round without spines at apical margin; isc bare, single (some-
-w--
Fig. 75. Cul’ex (C.) sizelzsis, details of larva: head and distal segments xi-ith (0) comb-tezth, (b) pecten -
tooth, (c) antenna; details of adult: (d) dorsum of $ mesonotum, (e) abdominal tergites of Lj?
times with two short branches) nearly as long as the siphon; OX bare, single, about as
long as siphon; Zlz very small with 1-4 branches. Anal fan of 12 hairs each with about
6 branches, the longest about as long as siphon. Anal papillae sharply pointed, unequal,
one pair 13 times as long as anal segment, the other pair somewhat shorter.
BIO~OS~ICS. Breeds in rice-fields, swamps and pools with much vegetation. Nothing
is known of its feeding habits.
DISTRIBLTIOS. Greater Sundas and Flores.
Culex (Culex) miraculosus Bonne-Wepster 1937
FEMALE. Head. Vertex clothed with narrow, slightly curved, creamy yellow and
numerous upright scales; medianly the upright scales are yellow, more laterally dark
brown. Along the eye-margins are small, very narrow, curved, creamy scales; down the
sides the scales are somewhat broader and not curved, creamy, semi-flat. Palpi dark
brown scaled, some yellowish scales at tip. Proboscis dark brown, with a broad, yellowish
band about the middle, nearly one third the length of the proboscis; labella light brown.
Clypeus bare. Antennae dark, small hairs whitish. Thorax. Nesonotum with the integu-
ment black brown, covered with narrow, slightly curved, dark brown, light golden brown

and golden yellow scales, forming a definite pattern (Fig. 80, a). In front and over root
of wing the small golden scales are mixed with larger, nearly white scales which are more
curved. Bristles long, dark brown and golden. Scutellum covered with narrow, curved,
Fig. 80. Culex (C.) srtivaculosus,
details of adult: (a) dorsum of
me ;onotum, (b) wing
whitish scales. Pleura with patches of rather broad, white
scales on mesepimeron and sternopleuron; nfin with
numerous, narrow, curved, creamy yellow scales and
many strong, golden brown bristles; on pfi,t in front small,
narrow, curved, golden scales. Wings (Fig. 80, b). Outstanding
scales long, linear. Scales dark brown except at
base of costa and vein I, where there is a bright yellow
spot; towards apex of wing the scales are pale: yellow
on costa and I, white on greater part of fork 2, on apical
half of 3, nearly the whole fork of 4 and apex of 5, I. All
the white scales on apical part of the wing with a slight
yellowish tinge in certain lights. A sprinkling of white
scales all over subcosta, a few pale scales on middle part
of costa and I. Fringe of wing pale scaled at 5. I, largely at
apex of 3 and the forks of 4. The pale scales towards apex
form a large, distinct pale area, visible to the naked eye.
Legs brown scaled; femora slightly mottled with golden
scales in front, white on underside and behind, base white
tibiae dark brown, a yellow stripe behind, base and apex
ringed, apex golden yellow;
light SC aled all round, broadly so on hind tibiae, narrow on mid- and front tibiae. Tarsi
basally banded on all segments with yellow scales; on to and tz of mid- and hind legs are
apical bands, a stripe of whitish scales on underside of TV of all the legs, visible only in
certain lights. Abdomen. Tergites brown scaled with broad, basal bands of yellow scales
on III--VII; I dark scaled, on II there is a large triangular, yellow, basal patch; VII
with a narrow, apical band of yellow scales; VIII all yellow scaled. Basal bands of
tergitec running all down the sides. Sternites as far as visible golden yellow scaled.
fil!Ir,LE, Palpi: a narrow, basal, creamy band and a very broad creamy band on apical
half of long joint, next joint all white scaled beneath, apical joint with narrow basal band.
Antennae with the long hairs greyish.
LARTTA (description by K%RKS, 1954). Antenna dark brown, the basal f with fine
spicules; tuft at z/3 from base with about 30 plumose branches ; preapical hairs long, simple,
arising close to apex. Head hairs A, B and C plumose, A 8-10 branched, B 4-5 branched,
C 4-7 branched; d and e simple, d I-Z branched, fairly strong, reaching almost to
anterior margin of head, e 3-5 branched; the base of B posterior to base of A and slightly
more than halfway between it and mid-line, C medial and posterior to B, d medial and
anterio-: to B and C. Lateral comb of segment VIII of 40-50 dark, apically fringed scales
(teeth). Siphon index 6.0-8.0, slender, tapering. Pecten extending over basal 1/4-1!3 of
siphon, of 10-13 spines (teeth) each with 1-3 pointed, basal denticles; the distal spine
may arise beyond the proximal ventral tuft; 4 pairs of 4-10 branched simple ventral
tufts and one pair of 3-4 branched lateral tufts. Anal segment with the saddle forming
a complete ring, dorsal subcaudal hairs simple, upper (isc) z-branched, lower (OX) single;
saddle hair (IA.) z-branched, simple. Ventral brush (anal fan) of 12 tufts on bar, 6-7
branched. Anal papillae subequal, tapering to blunt point, upper pair 2&-3
of saddle, lower slightly shorter.
times length

BIONOJIICS. Larvae were collected in small artificial ponds, partly grass-covered
(collector S. H. CHRISTIAX) ; also in undescribed water collections.
DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea (Anggi lakes; Wabag, Central Highlands, both localities
2,300 M. altitude),
Culex (Culex) gelidus Theobald IgoI
Anterior 3/4 of mesonotum snowy white, remaining part dark brown; tergites of the
abdomen with basal T-shaped bands (Fig. 81, d).
FEMALE. Head. Proboscis greyish brown with a broad, cream-coloured band
just before the middle. Palpi brownish black, at tip a white area about 116 of the length of
Fig. 81. Culex (C.) gelidzrs, details of larva: head and distal segments vith (a) comb-tooth and
(b) pecten-tooth; and of adult: (c) dorsum of mesonotum, (d) abdominal tergites
the proboscis. Occiput medianly closely set with curved, narrow, snowy white scales,
medianly behind snowy white, more laterally brownish black, forked scales; laterally
down the sides a patch of creamy yellow, flat scales, Thorax. Mesonotum with anterior

120
3,‘4 covered with snowy white, curved, narrow scales, sometimes with a brownish white
spot or each side of median line about the centre of the white scales; near wing base a
patch of spatulate, outstanding scales. Remaining part of mesonotum and the scutellum
are covered with dark brown, curved, narrow scales, except the apex of the mid-lobe of
the scutellum, which carries dull golden scales (Fig. 81, c). Pleura dark brown with
patches of grey, flat scales. Wings dark brown scaled. Legs with the inner surface of the
femora pale greyish; otherwise the legs are brown, with dull yellow bands as follows:
h--f3 basally and apically banded; but on the front legs the basal band on tI and the
apical band on t3 may be missing; on the mid- and hind legs t4 is basally banded. Ab-
domen Tergites dull brown with creamy yellon I, basal bands with a median line over
more than half the length of the segments, producing a T-shaped ornamentation; white,
lateral, basal patches covering more than half the length of thesegments. Sternites II-IV
pale yellow basally, dull brownisch apically, V-VII entirely pale yellow.
lfI,LE. Palpi dull brownish with dull yellow bands in the middle of long joint and at
the base of both apical and subapical segments. A bare area subbasally on long joint
simulating a band, The palpi are 18 segment longer than the proboscis. Front legs: tr
with apical band only, or this band is absent, t2 basally and apically banded, t3 basally
banded; mid- and hind legs with tr apically and often basally banded, tz basally and
apically,, t3 basally and sometimes apical@, t4 sometimes basally banded, otherwise as
in Q.
LARVA (Fig. 81). Head about 18 times as broad as long. Hairs A, B and C well devel-
oped with 7-g, 3 and 3 frayed branches respectively, d simple, rather long; e small with
2-3 branches. Preclypeal spines rather short, brown. Antenna slightly curved, half as
long as the head, pale with spines. Antenna1 hair inserted at z/3 thelength of the antenna
from base with about 20 frayed branches; the longest z/3 as long as the antenna. Subapical
hair ins:rted very close to tip, about half as long as the antenna; top hair nearly as long,
The comb on the 8th segment has about 30 blunt teeth, covered with a long fringe. Si-
phon slightly swollen, tapering towards apex ; triangular acus present; index 3-4. Pecten
on basal third with II teeth, each tooth serrated on one side; 4 pairs of siphon hairs pre-
sent, each hair with 3-G bare branches, the branches shorter than diameter of siphon at
point o:i:’ insertion, 720 other hairs present. Anal segment about as long as broad with
chitinisation all round and no spicules at its hind margin, Isc with z unequal, long branches ;
osc simple; osc and longer branch of isc longer than siphon; both unfrayed; Zh simple,
over half as long as segment. Anal fan with 12 hairs, each hair with about 8 bare branches,
the longest somewhat over half as long as the siphon. Anal papillae unequal, the shorter
pair lorrger than the segment.
BIC~NOMICS. Larvae usually found in earthen-lined, fresh water collections. Small
rivers, pools, cut-off canals, tributaries, puddles, marshes. Also a few times in barrels,
earthenware pots, water tanks. Sometimes in dirty water. The females are very blood-
thirsty and attack man as soon as it gets dark. They enter houses in enormous numbers.
A very common species,
DETRIBUTIOK. Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands and a few surrounding islands.
Culex (Culex) whitmorei Giles Igo4
Anterior 3/4 of mesonotum snowy white, posterior 1/4 with white and dark lines
(Fig. 82, c).

FENALE. Head. Proboscis brownish black with a broad creamy yellow band about
the middle third of its length. Palpi brownish black; about 1/5 as long as the proboscis,
Occiput mainly covered with snowy white, curved, narrow and forked scales; laterally
down the side a few greyish white, flat scales. Thorax : Nesonotum and scutellum covered
with snowy white and brownish black curved, narrow scales. Pleura dull brown with small
patches of greyish white, flat scales on sternopleuron and mesepimeron. Wings: X11 veins
with dull brownish narrow scales; also black, spatulate scales on subcosta, veins I, 3,
tip of 4.1 and all of 4.2, 5, 5, I and 6. Legs. Inner surfaces of femora greyish yellow, re-
Fig. 82. CuIex (C.) mhitn~ovei, details of larva: head and distal segments xith (a) comb-tooth and
(b) pecten-tooth; details of adult: (c) dorsum of mesonotum, (d) abdomin Ial tergites
maining parts dull brownish with pale yellow ornamentation as follows: speckling on
anterior surfaces of femora; pale basal bands on t1--t4. Abdomen : Tergites dull brownish
with basal, dull yellow bands, which expand apically into median, dull yellow, triangular
patches to half the height of the segments. Sometimes the basal bands are reduced to
median basal patches (Fig. 82, d). These patches may stretch over the whole length of the
segments and thus form a median line over the abdomen. Lateral, basal patches, stretched
longitudinally. Sternites cream-coloured with dull brown apical bands.
&LE. Palpi exceeding proboscis with nearly 2 segments; dull brownish with dirty
yellow ornamentation: bands on the middle of long segment, the bases of subapical and
apical and the tip of apical segment. Legs as in the female, but the femora less speckled
and on the front legs only pale bands on t2 and t3. Otherwise as in the female.
LXRVA (Fig. 82). Head nearly twice as broad as long. Hairs A, B and C well devel-
121

81 =z 122
oped, with 6- 8, 2 and 2 frayed hairs respectively, C may be sometimes simple; d very
small, simple; e small with 3 branches. Preclypeal spines rather short dark brown. Antenna
about as long as the head, S-shaped, covered with spines, from slight to strongly
pigmented at tip. Antenna1 hair inserted on 3/5 of the length of the antenna, with about
20 frayed branches, of which the longest is shorter than the antenna. Subapical hairs
about once or twice the width of the antenna away from tip and 3/4 a$ long as the antenna;
apical hair half as long, The comb of the eighth segment has 4-7 teeth with a sharp point
and very little fringe at base. Siphon slightly curved, narrow, index 5$-6, acus with a
long ventral and a very short dorsal arm. Pecten of g teeth on basal fourth of siphonor
,e in size; they have small denticles on
ont :he middle 2/5 of siphon length ; these
hairs very strong and half as long
as length of the siphon, they are
simple or z-branched, all of them
frayed. In addition there are two
pairs of smaller hairs, more
laterally, one on the middle of
the siphon, the other one inserted
near apex; these hairs are half
as long as the siphon hairs mentioned
before and much thinner;
they are either 2-branched or
simple, always bare. Anal segment
somewhat longer than
broad, with chitinisation all
round, without spicules on hind
margin. Isc and osc simple, bare,
much longer than siphon; Zh
small, simple, or it may be twobranched
or only split at tip,
Anal fan of 12 hairs, each hair
with 6-g bare branches, the
longest 3/4 as long as anal segment.
BIONOMICS. Larvae have
been found in meadows which
had been flooded by rain; also
in pools in dried up riverbeds
with vegetation at the sides.
Fig. 83. Czdex (C.) mmZiYostYis, details of adult: (0) wing, (b)
abdominal tergites; details of larva: (c) head and (d) distal
segments with (e) comb-tooth and (f) pecten-tooth (c after
LEE, d-f after KNIGHT 8: HURLBGT)
Culex (Culex) annulirostris Skuse 1889
The females are real pests at dusk
indoors.
DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra,
Java, Celebes.
This species resembles C&x sitie?zs
in many details, The differences are as follows:
The bznd on the proboscis is broader. The mesonotum is more evenly coloured. The

femora have the speckling sometimes less pronounced, front tibiae with many pale scales
on anterior surface, forming more or less distinct small spots. The bases of the fork cells
are at the same distance from tip of wing (Fig. 83, a), outstanding scales longer and nar-
rower than in sitie~. The dorsal abdominal basal bands broadest along median line and
paler than in sitiens; the broadening medianly very variable. On stemites the dark apical
bands are incomplete.
IIXLE. The palpi exceed the proboscis in length by about length of apical and sub-
apical segments; four very pale though not quite white bands on the palpi, tip of apical
segment pale scaled. Femora somewhat more speckled than in 9,
LARVA (Fig. 83, c--f) ; description after LEE : Head hairs A, B and C many branched
and plumose, d simple; preclypeal spines thickened but longer than in C. sitiefzs. Siphonal
index about 7, six pairs of ventro-lateral branched hairtufts; anal papillae about 3/4 length
of saddle and pointed.
BIONOMICS. The larvae, which often share the breeding places with species of the
A. ~w~zctuZatus complex, have been found in puddles, ditches and swamps, in brackish
and in fresh water, once in an old iron buoy. There is one record of the adults having been
caught inside a mosquito curtain on board a ship (New Guinea).
DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea, Xoluccas, Sumba, Alor, Tenimber Islands.
Culex (Culex) sitiens Wiedemann 1828
Together with Culex annulirostvis, C. vishnui and C. tritaekorhymhus var. siameyzsis
this mosquito belongs to a group of which the species are difficult to identify correctly.
They have in common a distinct band about the middle of the proboscis, no definite
ornamentation of the mesonotum; basal bands on the abdomen; basal bands on tarsi
which, however, are not clear in tritaeniovhynchus.
FEMALE. Head: Proboscis nearly black with a creamy yellow broad band about the
middle. Palpi slightly over 115 the length of the proboscis; black with a few grey scales at
tip. Occiput with creamy yellow, narrow, curved and forked scales, laterally and on nape
brown, forked scales; sometimes nearly all the forked scales are dark; down the side
cream-coloured, flat scales. Thorax: Xesonotum with alternating areas of dull golden
yellowish and dark brown, curved, narrow scales; in front of and on the scutellum cream-
coloured, curved narrow scales. Pleura with patches of flat white scales on stemopleuron
and mesepimeron. Legs dark with femora speckled on anterior surface with pale yellow
scales; this is particularly noticeable on the mid-legs; inner surface of femora and tibiae
creamy yellow. Narrow, apical, pale yellow bands on femora, tibiae and tI; h--t4 with
pale yellow, basal bands, the bands on h--t3 very distinct. Wings with black-scaled
veins. Base of af nearer to tip of wing than that of pf. Abdomen: Tergites black with
cream-coloured, basal bands which join white lateral patches; these patches are curved
a little distally; on the apical segments the bands are often indistinct. Sternites mainly
white, with brownish black apical bands.
&LALE. Palpi 18 segments longer than proboscis; a broad, cream-coloured band in
the middle of long segment and a narrow one at its base; last two segments with cream-
coloured basal bands; tip of last segment cream-coloured. Mesonotum: the colouration
of the scales is more uniform than in the 9. Legs with less speckling on the femora; the
basal bands on t4 may be absent. Abdomen: on tergites VI and VIII narrow, apical, pale
bands present in addition to the basal bands; stemites with the apical half cream-colour-
ed, the basal half black.
123

LZRVA (Fig. 84). Head broader than long. Hairs A, B and C well developed, with
6-12, 3-4 and 5-8 frayed branches respectively; d simple, bare, rather long; e
small with 4 bare branches. Preclypeal spines very short, stout, brown with rough sur-
face; the latter character is typical of this species. Antenna 2/3-3/4 times as long as the
head; apical third brown, a pigmented spot near base of antenna; basal z/3 broadened and
closely covered with spines; a few spines also present on apical 1!3, Antenna1 hair inserted
beyond half the length of antenna, with 20-40 frayed branches; the longest branches
Fig. 84. Czflex (C.) sitielzs, detail of adult: wing; and details of larva: head and distal segments with
(0) comb-tooth and (b) pecten-teeth; (c) preclypeal spines of (left) fafiga~s; (middle) sitie~zs, (right)
visIl12zLi
about as long as antenna. Subapical hairs inserted near tip, about width of antenna
distant ; these hairs 2/3 the length of antenna. Top hair half as long as subapical hairs. The
comb on segment VIII consists of 25-40 teeth, each tooth with a fringe (Fig. 84, a).
Siphon cone-shaped, index 5$-6+; a well-developed, more or less T-shaped acus present,
valves of siphon rather large. Siphon pecten with 8-12 teeth (Fig. 84, b) over more than
115 its length; 5 pairs of larger and one pair of smaller siphon hairs, the former with 4-g,
the latter with 3-6 bare branches and implanted laterally; the largest branches are I$-
2 times as long as the width of the siphon. Anal segment broader than long with chitini-
sation all round and very few, small spines at apical margin; isc with 4-5 branches, osc
simple, no fraying; OX about as long as siphon, the longest branch of isc slightly shorter;
Zh front half as long to equal in length with segment, simple or with 2-4 bare branches.
Anal fan with 10-14 hairs, each hair with about g bare branches. Anal papillae very
variable in size and shape, from short and oval to nearly round, but they may be longer
than segment and pointed. These larvae breed in fresh as well as in brackish water; the

length of the papillae depends on the salt content of the water; they appear to be smaller
in water with a higher salt content.
BIONOJIICS. This species breeds in brackish as well as in fresh water collections;
usually in those which are earthen-lined, z .g. ponds, flooded lands, pools, swamps, wet
meadows, ditches, puddles, irrigation ditches, tidal marshes (at low tide most of the water
is drained off), a well. Seldom found in artificial breeding places (prahu pulled ashore)
or in cut-off bamboo, axilla of branches on trees, cut-off banana stump. A species with a
very wide distribution on or near the coast, but also inland. The water of the breeding
places is usually clean, though sometimes it is dirty. The adult bites man easily, indoors
and out of doors.
DISTRIBUTIOX. Found all over the Archipelago.
Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus var. siamensis Barraud and Christophers rg3o
See introduction note under C. sitiew
FEMALE. Head: Proboscis blackish brown with a broad, cream-coloured band just
before middle. Palpi as in C. sitiem. Occiput with cream-coloured curved, narrow scales
and dark grey, forked scales; laterally down the sides pale yellowish grey, flat scales.
Fig. 85. Cldlex (C.) tvitaeiliorhyitc~liis T-ar. siomexsis, detail of adult: wing; details of larva: head and
distal segments with (~7) comb-teeth and (b) pecten-tooth
Thorax: Mesonotum mainly covered with very small, brown to dark brown, curved,
narrow scales; only in front of and on the scutellum are the scales paler brown to golden
yellow. Pleura dark brown, scaled as in C. sit&m. Wings: Brownish black scales on the
veins. Base of nf closer to wing-base than that of fif (Fig. Sj). Legs: Inner surfaces of
femora cream-coloured, outer surfaces without speckling; otherwise the legs are brownish
black with yellow bands. Front leg: femur and tibia with narrow apical band, tz-t4
basally banded. Nid-leg : tz--fl with basal bands. Hind leg: tibia with apical, tr with
basal band; tz-tj without bands. Abdomen: Tergites black with (sometimes indistinct-
basal, dirty yellowish bands and lateral, basal pale triangular patches. Sternites cream)
coloured with lateral, apical brownish black patches,
a
125

126
MALE. Differs from the female as follows: Palpi brownish black, hardly any banding,
the bands situated as in sitiem. Tip of the palpi darker. The palpi exceed the length of
the proboscis by two segments. Wings : bases of afand fifsame distance from wing-base or
that of @may be nearer wing-base. Legs: no bands or they are only indistinct. -4bdomen:
Tergites blackish brown with distinct, cream-coloured basal bands.
LARVA (Fig. 85). Head less than twice as broad as long. Hairs A, B and C implanted
on a slanting line, with 6-8, 2 and 3-4 frayed branches respectively, A and C about as
long as the antenna, B slightly longer; d simple, small; e small, 3-4 branched. Preclypeal
spines moderately long, sharp, smooth, brown. Antenna curved about middle; basal 2,‘~
with rather long spines; a brown, subbasal band present; apical third also brown, *4ntennal
hair implanted on 1/3 of length from apex, with about 30 frayed branches; the
longest about as long as the antenna. Subapical hairs nearly as long and inserted a little
more than width of antenna from apex. Apical hair equal in length to subapical hairs,
Comb on segment VIII of about 35-40 teeth in an oval group; the teeth are slender and
have a long fringe all over (Fig. 85, a). Siphon straight, very long, index over 8; acus well
developed. Pecten of 12-15 teeth, each tooth nearly straight, sharply pointed (Fig. 85,
b) ; bas.21 teeth of pecten very small, the more apical ones gradually increasing in length;
pecten about 114 of the length of the siphon. There are 5 (sometimes4) pairs of ventral
hairs, distributed rather evenly over length of siphon; the length of the hairs is about
equal to the width of the siphon at the point of insertion; they have 3-4 bare branches;
they are very delicate and are easily overlooked. There is also a pair of latero-dorsal hairs,
implanted slightly further away from apex of siphon than the apical ventral hairs. Anal_
segment with chitinisation all round, about as long as wide, with smooth, distal margin,
Isc with 2-3 bare branches; the longest of these branches is shorter than the siphon,
Osc simple, bare, about as long as the siphon; Zh small, with 3-4 branches. Anal fan with
12 hairs, each hair with about IO bare branches, the longest half as long as the siphon.,
Anal papillae narrow, nearly ribbon-shaped, usually longer than the segment,
B; ONOMICS. See under vishnui.
DISTRIBUTION. Greater Sundas and some surrounding islands, Lombok, Alor, Ambon..
Culex (Culex) vishnui Theobald IgoI
A small, brown mosquito, with proboscis, abdomen and tarsi banded, closely allied
to a~~mlirosf~is, s&ens, tritaelziorhy~zchzzrs var. sinwbensis; see under sitiefbs.
FEXMLE. Head as in sitiem. Thorax: Mesonotum mainly covered with pale, creamcoloured
scales, some brown scales present. Scutellum and pleura as in sitie;lzs. Wings:
Blackish brown scaled; base of af at the same distance from wing base as base of pf‘
(Fig. SC)). Legs : Femora without speckling, tarsi distinctly banded. Abdomen as in sitie?zs,
Sate. Slight variations occur in the females: the bases of af and pf may not always be at the
expected distance from the wing base, and the banding of the abdominal tergites is often rudimentary
or even absent.
NILE: Palpi with ornamentation as in diem, exceeding length of proboscis by
length of last segment. Tarsal banding not very definite. Otherwise as the 9.
L~.RVX (Fig. 86). Head broader than long (about 3 : 2). Hairs A, B and C well deve-
loped with respectively g-10, 2 and 3 (sometimes 6) poorly feathered branches; Iz very
small, simple or a-branched; e also very small with 2 or 3 branches. Preclypeal spines
dark brown, short, but more slender than in C. sitielzs, and with smooth surface. Anten-.
”

nae about as long as the head, slightly S-shaped, covered mostly on basal z/3 with small
spines. Apical part brown but the dark colour not reaching to insertion of antenna1 hair.
Antenna1 hair at about 213 of length from base with about 30 frayed branches; the longer
ones nearly as long as antenna.
Subapical hairs I*-2 times the
width of antenna from apex
and 3/4 the length of antenna;
apical hair about half antenna1
length. Comb of 8th segment
of 8-14 teeth (Fig. 86, a),
usually large, but there may
be 2-4smaller ones. The fringe
may be rudimentary. Siphon
slender, index with rather
large, more-or-less T-shaped
acus and rather large valves.
Pecten on basal third, 8-13
teeth which increase in size . .
towards apex and are slightly
curved (Fig. 86, b). On each
side 5-6 branched hair-tufts
not always distinctly grouped
in pairs; on lateral or dorsal
side there are two- or threebranched,
small pairs. Xost of
the hairs have 5-6 bare branches,
but some have 8 and
Fig. 86. Culex (C.) uish~zz~i, detail of adult:
lving; details of larva: head and distal segothers
less than 5 branches, or
ments lvith (a) comb-teeth and (b) pecten-teeth
even none at all. Length of
branches not very great, largest about 18 times as long as width of siphon . Anal segment
about as long as broad with chitinisation all round and without spines on apical margin ;
isc with 3-4 branches, of which the longest is 2/3 length of siphon; osc single and about as
long as siphon. Lh very small, with 2-5 branches. Anal fan of 12 hairs, each with 6-8
branches, no fraying; the longest hairs slightly less than half as long as the siphon.
Anal papillae slightly longer than segment.
BIOXOMICS. Larvae of this species have been found in rice-fields, a slow-running _
river, a cut-off tributary, in hoof-prints, irrigation ditches, meadows after the rains, in a
small lagoon, in a shadeless creek; seldom in brackish water. Enters houses freely and
bites with the coming of dusk; its bites are not troublesome. A very common species.
DISTRIBUTIOS. All over the Archipelago.
Culex (Culex) mimulus Edwards 1915
Two large, pale areas and sometimes a third, less conspicuous one on costa, subcosta
and vein I; pale areas on other veins very variable (Fig. 87) ; proboscis banded; tarsi
banded.
FEXALE. Head. Proboscis brownish black with a broad, cream-coloured band just
127

efore the middle, Palpi a little over 115 as long as the proboscis, brownish black. Occiput
with cream-coloured, curved, narrow scales in centre and pale, greyish yellow, forked
scales; more laterally the forked scales are blackish brown; laterally down the sides a
patch of cream-coloured flat scales. Thorax : Mesonotum, apn and scutellum with curved,
narrow, mostly dull golden scales; the scales are slightly paler laterally and on protho-
racic margin, also on scutellum. Pleura greyish brown with patches of flat, cream-coloured
scales on sternopleuron and mesepimeron. Wings (Fig. 87) : Two large, cream-coloured
Fig. 87. Cdex (C.) mimult(s, detail of adult: u-ing; details of larva: head and
distal segments with (n) comb-tooth and (b) pecten-tooth
areas on the costa, involving subcosta and vein I; often a small pale apical area present.
At tip of vein I a small, pale area involving the wing fringe as well as the tip of
2.1 and 2.2. As well as these constant pale areas, there are also pale areas which are
very variable and may be altogether absent; these comprise a pale area on vein 3,
which may cover almost the whole vein, leaving only base and apex dark, a continua-
tion of the pale costal area on vein 2 and 4, a pale bifurcation on 4, a pale area about
the middle of 5.1, and a large, pale area on the basal half of vein 6, reaching near13
to base. Remaining wing-scales dark brown. Legs brownish black with yellow bands,
All femora, tibiae and TV with narrow, yellow apical bands; LI, 2 and 3 of all the legs
and t4 of mid- and hind legs with basal, greyish yellow bands, most of these bands

covering the apex of the preceding segment. Abdomen: Tergites brownish black with
basal, cream-coloured bands, on basal segments more distinct than on apical segments;
lateral, white basal patches touching apical margins of segments. Sternites mainly
pale yellow.
MALE. May be distinguished from the 9 as follows: palpi about 18 segment longer
than proboscis; brownish black with cream-coloured bands at the bases of sub-apical and
apical segments and cream-coloured scales on the apical half of apical segment; apex of
long segment and next two segments with long hairs. Legs with the basal bands on TV of
mid- and hind legs missing. Abdomen with very definite, basal, pale bands on the tergites;
sternites with cream-coloured bases and dark brown apices. Wings with pale areas
on costa, subcosta, 2.1 and 6 as in 9; no other pale areas in the 3 wing.
LARVA (Fig. 87). Head about 14 times as long as broad. Hair A with 7 branches, B
with 3, C with 6, all nearly as long as the antenna and with distinct fraying; A, B and C on a
slanting line, B and C close together; d and e very small with 4 and 3-5 branches respectively.
Preclypeal spines coarse, brown. Antenna slightly curved, as long as the head,
with spines on basal half, apical 2/s brown. Antenna1 hair inserted at about the middle of
the length of the shaft with about 20 delicately frayed hairs which reach beyond tip of
antenna. Subapical hairs, about twice the antenna1 width from tip of shaft, as long as
antenna1 hair, brown. A similar hair at tip and one half its length. Comb on 8th segment
with about 35 teeth in an oval group. The teeth (Fig. 87, a) are slender and fringed all
along the length, medianly at tip one fringe hair is longer and stouter than the others.
Siphon long, index 7 (but it may be variable) base dark brown with T-shaped acus. Pecten
of 12-14 teeth, inserted on basal third of siphon; (Fig. 87, b) beyond the pecten 4 of 5
pairs of hairs 2-3 times as long as diameter of siphon at insertion of hair, each hair with
2-6 bare branches, and towards apex a 2-branched or simple hair. Anal segment about
as long as broad; chitinisation all round; no spines at apical margin; isc with 2 branches,
one about half as long as the other, the longest as long as the siphon; OX about as long as
siphon, single; these hairs not frayed; Zlz thin, 2-branched, about half as long as segment.
Anal fan with 12 hairs, each hair with 4-8 branches. Anal papillae long, the longer pair
about twice the length of the segment.
BIONOMICS. The larvae have been found in a brick watertank, in a puddle with
faeces, in a sunny creek, in a pool withS@aggzztm, in swamps covered with vegetation,
in tree-holes and in broken bamboos. The adults have been caught in houses. Nothing is
known about the feeding habits of this species.
DISTRIBUTION. Sumatra, Banka, Java, Borneo, Tarakan.
Culex (Culex) solitarius Bonne-Wepster 1938
A large-sized mosquito with spotted wings.
FEKXLE. Head. Vertex clothed with narrow, slightly curved, creamy yellow scales,
forming a triangular spot with its base on the nape and greyish, upright, forked scales;
the upright scales are numerous in a round submedian spot over each eye and laterally
towards the nape. Eye margin with light, flat, small, curved scales; down the sides the
scales are broader, flat, not curved; bristles dark brown. Palpi short, dark brown, light-
scaled at tip. Proboscis dark with a well-defined, broad, creamy yellow band about the
middle, less than one-quarter the length of the proboscis; labellae greyish brown. Clypeus
bare. Antennae dark with grey hairs. Thorax. Xesonotum covered with narrow, curved,
129

own, golden-browngolden yellow and cream-coloured scales forming a definite pattern
(Fig. 88, a). Th e scales on the ante-scutellar space are large, more curved and paler than
the rest of the pattern; the scales over the roots of the wings are rather long, very narrow.
Bristles moderate, dark brown, those over roots of wings longer. Scutellum covered with
numerous pale scales, those on side lobes small, narrow, curved, yellowish white; on the mid-
lobe the scales are somewhat
Fig. 88. Culex (C.) solifnri~~s, details of adult:
(a) dorsum of mesonotum, (b) wing
sparse, rather yellow scales ;
on p@z a small patch of tiny,
golden, curved scales and golden
bristles behind; patches of whitish, long, rather broad scales on mesepimeron and
sternopleuron. Win g. Outstanding scales long, linear. Scales dark brown and creamy yellow,
the last forming spots, as in Fig. 88, b. The basal pale spot on the costa may be much
smaller in some specimens, about 215 of that shown in the drawing; the apical pale spot of
the costa may be entirely absent. Legs. Brown scaled, femora with the bases pale-scaled
all round, white on underside, hind femora also pale-scaled on basal half in front; tibiae
with much mottling of paler scales on underside, extreme base and tip pale, tarsi palebanded
on the joints, bands rather broad on hind legs, Abdomen: Tergites dark brown
scaled, with basal pale bands, except on I. The bands on II, III, IV broad, whitish; on
V, VI, VII, VIII not so broad, more golden. On all tergites large, lateral, whitish spots,
reaching apices of segments. Sternites II-VII
median, apical, triangular, whitish patches,
with broad, basal pale bands, II-V with
MACE. Palpi turned upwards at apical portion, exceeding length of proboscis by last
segment, pale ringed. Apex of palpi yellowish white. Brown hairs on apical half of palpi
except at yellowish apex, where they have the colour of the scales. Antennae with whorls
of very long, dark brown hairs. Abdomen with S VIII all pale scaled.
LAKVA, description by MARKS (1954). Antenna whitish with dark tip, basal 2/3 with
fine spicules; tuft at 3/5 from base, with 20-30 plumose branches; preapical hairs long,
simple, arising at 2/3 distance from base of tuft to apex of antenna. Head hairs A, B and C
plumose, A 5-g branched, B 3-4 branched, C 3 -5 branched; d and e simple, d 2-4
branched, fine, short; e 2-4 branched; the base of B posterior to base of A, and about
halfway between it and mid-line, C medial and posterior to B, d medial and anterior to
B and C. Comb of segment VIII of 30-50 pointed spines (teeth), each with a coarse
fringe basally. Siphon with index 6.0-6.5, slightly tapering. Pecten extending over basal
r/3 of swphon, of g-17 teeth, each tooth with 3-5 pointedbasaldenticles; 6-grather
long 5--g branched simple ventral tufts, sometimes in pairs, with one, 3 or 2 pairs of
smaller z-3 branched ventral tufts distally, and one pair (occasionally three) 1-3 branched
lateral tufts. Anal segment with complete ring; dorsal subcaudal hairs simple, upper
(isc) 2-4 b ranched, lower (RX) single; saddle hair (Lh) 1-3 branched, simple; ventral
brush (anal fan) of 12 tufts on bar, 3-6 branched. Anal papillae tapering to a fairly sharp
point, a:pproximately equal, about 2-24 times length of chitinous ring.
BIONOMICS. Larvae were found in slow flowing shallow rivulets (Collector S. H.
CHRISTI.~N) and in undescribed breeding places.

DISTRIBUTION. New Guinea (Anggi lakes; Wabag, Central Highlands; both local-
ities about 2,300 IQ. altitude).
Culex (Culex) fatigans Wiedemann 182s
Proboscis and legs without bands; mesonotum pale brown scaled; tergites of ab-
domen with basal, cream-coloured bands, and white basal, lateral spots; af 2$-3 times
as long as its stem.
FEMALE. Head: Proboscis black, palpi 115 as long as proboscis, brownish black, a few
white scales near tip. Occiput with many pale yellow, narrow, curved scales, mixed with
dark forked scales, medianly the forked scales are dirty brown; laterally flat, broad white
scales. Thorax: A@ and mesonotum with golden brown, curved, narrow scales; in front
of the scutellum they are paler. Scutellum with pale yellow, curved, narrow scales. Wings
with the veins dark scaled; af 2$-3 times as long as stem. Legs entirely dark brown,
except the inner sides of the femora, which are yellowish and the tip of the hind tibia,
which carries a few paler scales. Abdomen. Tergites dark brown with very pale yellow
bands, which are broadest along the median line and evenly rounded on posterior margin;
laterally they broaden again into triangular, basal, pale spots; these spots are broadest at
the base and reach to halfway the height of the segment (Fig. 89, d). Sternites with the
basal spots white, the apical ones pale yellowish scaled; there may be a few dark scales
between the light ones.
MALE. The proboscis is paler in the middle than at the base and apex. Palpi pro-
jecting beyond the proboscis by about the length of one palpal segment. A bare area on
basal part of palpi, simulating a pale band; otherwise dark brown scaled, except for white
scales on underside as in Fig. 89, c. Bands on abdominal tergites not medianly expanded.
All lateral spots well developed and visible from above (Fig. 89, e).
LARVA (Fig. 89). Head much broader than long. Hairs A, B and C well developed
with 10-12, 4-5 and 5-6 branched hairs respectively; C longest, A shortest; C close
to B, slightly more posteriorly and more medianly; d simple, bare and rather long; B, C
and d rather removed from clypeal margin, d nearest to it ; e moderately developed, with
2 branches or only split at tip. Preclypeal spines thin. Antenna half as long as the head,
slightly curved, with spines, especially on basal 2/3; apical 1/3 brown, otherwise yellow.
Antennal hair inserted at 213 the length of the antenna from base, with about 20 frayed
branches, of which the longest is 314 the length of the antenna. Subapical hairs inserted
very close to tip of antenna about half as long as antenna. The apical hair is of about the
same length. Comb on the 8th segment about 25 teeth, in 3 uneven rows, each tooth
(Fig. 89, a) without a sharp point but with a fringe on apical half. Siphon: index about 3,
well developed acus, valves rather strong. Pecten of 7-g teeth, the rudimentary basal
teeth not counted, each tooth with 3 of 4 small, lateral denticles (Fig. 89, b). The pecten
covers about 1/3 the length of the siphon. The row of siphon hairs commences a little
beyond the most apical tooth; there are 4 hairs on each side; usually the hairs form a
rather irregular row; each hair with 3-8 branches, the basal hairs being larger.The length
of the hairs never exceeds the width of the siphon. Each hair is more-or-less frayed. Anal
segment broader than long with the chitinisation all round, no spines on distal margin.
Isc and OX without fraying: osc somewhat longer than siphon, single; isc with z branch-
es, of which the longer one is nearly as long as the siphon, the shorter one much shorter;
Z/z single, not frayed, slightly shorter than segment. Anal fan of 12 hairs, each hair with 6-g
131

unfrayed branches, the longest somewhat shorter than the siphon. Anal papillae cylindrical,
the longer pair 12 times as long as segment.
BIONOMICS, This species breeds in artificial water collections, not far from human
habitations (water barrels, wells, tanks, privies, cesspools, fountains, ponds) always proa
d I
vided the water is sufficiently dirty; also in pools and canals near houses. A salt content
of 0.1 per cent is no objection. It has not been found in the jungle. The adult prefers
human blood, if available, It usually attacks in and out of doors from 22 hours onwards,
The bites are very irritating, A real pest in tropical towns and villages.
DISTRIBUTION. All tropical and many semi-tropical countries, In the region under
consideration, however, there are areas where this mosquito is found only in harbours
(not in inland villages) ; this may indicate a recent importation of the species.
RI;LATIONS TO DISEASE. C. fatigans is a first: rate carrier of Wz&~eria ba$zcrofti in
many tropical countries, But whether it does so in the Sunda-Islands and the _Moluccas,
or in New Guinea needs further investigation. There is little conformity between the
geographical distribution of the filaria and the mosquito; the filaria has often been en-

countered where the mosquito was absent. C&x fatigaszs is not a vector for Wuchereria
malayi. See also BACKHOUSE & HEYDON, 1950.
Culex (Culex) fuscocephalus Theobald 1907
Proboscis, legs and abdomen without any bands; on the pleura two brownish black
horizontal lines, distally separated by a longitudinal patch of white, flat scales (Fig. 90).
FEMALE. Head: Proboscis dull brown above, paler below. Palpi dull brown, some-
what club-shaped, less than 116 the length of the proboscis. Occiput with cream-coloured
curved, narrow and pale brown or dull brown, forked scales; laterally down the side a
Fig. go. Cztlex (C.) fuscocephalus, detail of adult: pleural
ornamentation; details of larva: head and distal seg-
ments with (a) comb-teeth and (b) pecten-teeth
patch of cream-coloured flat scales. Thorax: Mesonotum and scutellum with curved,
narrow scales, cream-coloured on anterior margin of mesonotum, on scutellum and in
front of scutellum; remaining parts with dull brown scales. Pleura with two horizontal,
broad, dark lines on sternopleuron and mesepimeron, separated on anterior 3/5 by the paler
integument; posteriorly there is a broad, rectangular patch of white, flat scales. Wings
with dull brown scales on the veins. Legs dull brown, without bands, inner surface of
femora pale yellow. Abdomen with the tergites dull brown, without any bands; apical
tergites laterally towards distal margin paler, sometimes even yellowish, these paler parts
joining the yellowish scaled sternites.
MALE. Similar to 9 except for the following differences: palpi one segment longer
than proboscis, with dull brown scales; on long segment a row of yellow scales on upper
surface.
LARVA (Fig. 90). Head over 18 times as broad as long. Hair A with 4-6 frayed
branches; B and C long, z-branched, the branches frayed; d small, delicate, single; e
I33

I34
small with 3-4 branches, Preclypeal spines rather long, thin. Antenna about 3/4 the length
of the head, straight or slightly curved with a brown, chitinous band at base. Remaining
part of basal 2/3 of antenna pale with numerous, slender spines. Antenna1 hair inserted
about I/:; the antenna1 length from apex. Apical third of antenna pale brown, slender with
a few short slender spines. Antenna1 hair with more than 20 finely frayed branches, the
longest branches 2/3 the length of the antennalshaft. Subapical hairs half as long as antenna,
inserted close to tip; the distance about equal to the width of the antenna at the point
of insertion. Apical hair somewhat shorter than subapical hairs. Comb of 8th abdominal
segment with about 30 teeth in 4 irregular rows, each tooth (Fig. go, a) with long apical
fringe. Sphon long, conical, index 5-s+ with large brown acus, a brown band at base
and small valves. Pecten of about g teeth (Fig. go, b), the basal ones smallest. Length of
whole pecten about 1/4 the length of siphon. Pecten teeth well developed, each with 2-4
lateral denticles on basal half. There are 3 pairs of hairs on the siphon, all small and sin-
,gle or with 2-3 branches. The basal and the apical pair are inserted ventrally; the middle
pair laterally. Anal segment wider than long, chitinous all round and covering the whole
length of the segment; isc with 2 bare branches, one about as long as the siphon, the other
half as long or less; osc bare, single and longer than siphon; Zh small, bifid. Anal fan well
,developed, half as long as siphon. Anal papillae slender, the dorsal pair slightly longer
than segment, ventral pair 2/3 its length.
BIONOMICS. Larvae are found in rice-fields, wheel-ruts, dirty or clean pools with
stagnant water; all earthen-lined breeding places, The female is sometimes a real pest
indoors in the evening.
DISJ’RIBUTION. Greater Sunda Islands, Sumba, Flores and Timor.
KEY TO ADULTS
Very large mosquitoes with a strongly bent proboscis, very
slender beyond bent (Fig. 5, b); a v-shaped thickening in
the hind margin of the wing-membrane between 5 and 5.1
(Fii:. 5, u) ; scutellum evenly rounded on posterior margin.
Tribe Toxovlty)tchiti,)ti
Kot such very large mosquitoes; proboscis not strongly curved,
usually of uniform thickness throughout, but sometimes
swc~llen at tip; posterior margin of scutellum more or less
distinctly trilobed, bristles in 3 groups ; no v-shaped thickening
in wing-membrane on hind margin. Tribe Cztlicini
Tufts at the sides of abdominal segment VIII entirely black
The tufts on VIII orange
Abdominal sternites V and VI pale yellow with a median
purple line
These sternites entirely purplish
Even with a IOO X magnification no micro’crichiae on wingmembrane
visible; small mosquitoes : Genus Umnotaening
Microtrichiae on wing-membrane visible as dark dots with a
magnification of SOVX
Wing 5 with large areas of bluish white scales
?Vina scales dark
Integument of mesonotum with 5 conspicuous dark brown
spots (Fig. 16, k)
No such mesonotal spots present
Head, pleura and mesonotum with bright blue markings, pale
spots on abdomen
xosrch conspicuous ornamentation present
4
Toxovhymzhites amboixensis
3
T. splegtdem
T. splendem var.

IO
II
I2
I3
11
15
16
17
18
I9
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
8
Pale flat scales on anterior border of mesonotum; pleura
grayish, without ornamentation PaPua
Ko such pale flat scales on anterior border of mesonotum;
pleura with a broad dark brown line running diagonally
from just under anterior spiracle backward towards poste-
rior lower edge of mesepimeron diagozalis
Apex of proboscis distinctly broadened, with 4 very long hairs
(Fig. 12, right). Genus Havpagomyia IO
Proboscis not unusually broadened, without very long hairs 12
Proboscis mainly black splendem
Proboscis mainly yellow II
Clypeus yellowish white, a line of silvery scales betiveen the
eyes, the silvery lateral patch on T IV rather large; scales
on apn and on front of vertex silvery white, with only a
faint bluish tinge genurostris
Clypeus dark, no line of silvery scales between the eyes, the
silvery lateral patch on T IV small, scales on a+ and on
front of vertex definitely blue or bluish violet jacobsoni
Outstanding wing scales long and narrow, broadest at tip and
ending as shown inFig. 13 ; small mosquitoes. Genus Hodgesia 13
Wing scales not so I4
Abdomen with large lateral silvery spots on tergites I-III,
V-VI, those on V very large, spreading on to dorsum quasisangzhtae
Abdomen without any bands or spots malay i
Cross-veins clouded, cross-vein 4-j. I slightly beyond 3-4.
Genus Aedes, subgenus Nucidus 15
Cross-veins not clouded, 4-5.1 inside 3-4 18
Palpi of 9 fully + as long as proboscis ; scales of mesonotum
long and twisted, givin g a peculiar mouldy appearance
about 20-30 pp?z bristles, some along dorsal margin of ppn;
general colouration white, yellow and brown 16
Palpi of ? barely & as long as proboscis ; scales of mesonotum
normal; about IC+-16 ppn bristles, few or none along dorsal
margin of ppn ; scales of legs flat; general colouration golden,
dark brown and black aura?2tizls
Tibia with the distal white band subapical I7
Tibia with the distal white band apical lanigev
Leg scales flat kermovgan ti
Leg scales long and erect altemam
Pulvilli present (Fig. 72) ; spiracular and postspiracular bristles
absent (Fig. I, d, e) . Genus Culex 87
Pulvilli absent or rudimentary (Fig. 72) I9
Postspiracular bristles absent (Fig. I, e) 20
Postspiracular bristles present (Fig. I, e) 44
Spiracular bristles present (Fig. I, d) 21
Spiracular bristles absent (Fig. I, d) 26
Noderately large mosquitoes. Genus Tripteroides 22
Very small mosquitoes. Genus Topomyia 25
Femora spotted 23
Femora not spotted aranoides
Highly ornamented with azure blue scales in front of head bimaculipes
Sot so highly ornamented, the blue scales on the head are
metallic deep blue 24
Mesonotal scaling dark brown porwe2li
Xesonotal scaling yellowish p. var. itzdica
-4 silvery median mesonotal stripe present not reaching as far
backwards as scutellum argenteove~ttralis
The silvery median stripe runs over whole length of mesono-
turn and continues on the scutellum gvacilis
apx lobes enlarged and approximated behind head ; postnotum
with a group of small hairs, mesonotum without dorso- cen-
tral or prescutellar bristles. Genus Heizmawzia 27
ap% lobes of normal size and well separated, dorso-central and
prescutellar bristles well developed 29
135

27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
General appearance pale brown
General appearance not pale brown
i\;o white vertical spot present; the $ has a conspicuous comb
of outstanding scales on t3 (Fig. 66)
Vertical white spot present; no comb on 23 in the $
Postspiracular area with scales, palpi of 8 4 or more length of
prllboscis. Genus Amzigeres, subgenus Leicesteria
Postspiracular area bare
Him. tarsi with narrow pale rings (sometimes faint)
Hind tarsi entirely dark
Abdominal tergites with median apical yellow markings; post-
notum with a few scales and some minute hairs; one or two
lower mesepimeral bristles ; tibia of hind leg distinctly shor-
ter than that of front leg
Abdominal tergites not so marked; postnotum bare; no lower
mesepimeral bristles ; tibia of hind leg as long as or longer
than that of front leg
All segments of antennae of $? and last 2 of antennae of 3 short
and thick (Fig. 29) ; femur of mid-leg with tuft of scales at tip
Antennae normal, slender; femur of mid-leg without scale-tuft
tI of front tarsi longer than last 4 together; 24 very short in $!
and $, shorter than rj (Fig. 17); wings spotted as in many
species of Anopheles
tI of front tarsi not longer than last 4 together; f4 not shor-
tened in $2; wings not spotted, but may be speckled
of and $f short, czf only about + length of stem (except in F.
modesta), palpi of 3 clubbed at apex, slightly longer than
proboscis. Genus Ficnlbia, subgenus Mintonsyta
af and pf not unusually short; af about as long as its stem;
palpi of 3 not clubbed at apex
Distinctive area of yellow scaling on mesonotum near wing
root; dorsum of abdomen from T II clad xvith bright purple
scales, with a median longitudinal golden line
Sot such a yellow area on mesonotum; dorsum of abdomen
diiferent
Fork cells quite short
af almost equal in length to its stem
Sma 1 mosquitoes with comparatively large wing-scales; pro-
boscis of 8 greatly widened towards apex; that of 9 slightly
enlarged; palpi of 2 +$ of proboscis. Genus Ficnlbia,
subgenus Efovleption2yia
Larger yellow, yellowish brown or yellowish black mosquitoes,
wing-scales normal; proboscis not enlarged. Genus Tnelzio-
rhvnchzts, subgenus Coquillettidia
Win;;s speckled with light and dark broad scales, some of the
tarsal segments with bands, proboscis with black and
white mottling on apical part; dorsum of abdomen with
white patches on some of the segments
Win,=s not speckled, scales all dark and not particularly broad:
legs without definite bands, proboscis black, dorsum of ab-
dcmen dark
Thorax or legs, or both mainly yellow or orange coloured
Colouration different
Win ;s with yellow scales
Win;s with dark scales
Thorax and legs bright yellow, some dark spots on integu-
ment of thorax
Thorax and legs not both bright yellow
The>-ax yellow scaled, legs bright yellow, integument of meso-
notum entirely black
Legs yellow, mesonotum with the integument dull yellowish
wkth many dark spots
A rather large mosquito with the mesonotum entirely covered
with golden yellow scales
awea
28
pilosa
conlsnu~zis
30
32
31
dolichocephalus
Paz us
amztlipalpis
Aedomyia catasticta
33
Ovthopodomyia awdamanem-is
34
35
37
metallica
36
hybrida
wzodesfa
38
39
elegans
fusca
40
43
41
cvassipes
ochvaceus
4”
&gvocJwaceus
gibhi
n2emoyaf2s

i\;ot such a large mosquito, anterior part of mesonotum with
numerous creamy yellow scales more or less arranged in lines azaeosqztamat2fs
44 Wing-scales unusually broad, and many asymmetrical ; distal
abdominal segments of 9 upturned. Genus Taexiorhy?2chus,
subgenus .Malzso>zioides 46
Wing-scales not unusually broad and not asymmetrical; distal
abdominal segments of $J not unusual
45
45 Proboscis rather stout, somewhat laterally compressed and
turned downwards towards tip (fairly large species, with
flat scales on vertex and scutellum). Genus Arwigeves, subgenus
A wzigeres
51
Proboscis fairly slender and straight; ornamentation and
scaling very various. Genus _4edes
56
46 TTTings speckled with dark and pale scales
Wings not speckled, scales dark and only slightly asymme-
47
trical
papuelzsis
47 Mesonotum with 2 longitudinal submedian lines of pale
48
greenish scales (Fig. 24, (i)
Mesonotum different
Conspicuously pale mosquito, yellow to pale brown; 4 silverwhite
spots on mesonotum (Fig. 24, e); scutellum with
broad, silverwhite scales
Dark mosquito, brown to dark brown; mesonotum different;
amwlifems
scutellum with narrow scales
49
49 BIesonotum with an g-shaped ornamentation of yellow scales
(Fig. 24, c). Bands and spots on legs yellow -
Nesonotum without ornamentation, or Tvith spots of pale
bluish scales; bands and spots on legs white - - 50
50 Very dark mosquito; tibia of front leg I\-ith 6 distinct bands
(Fig. 26, b)
Kot such a dark mosquito, more brownish; tibia of front leg
longipalpis
51
with 10-15 scattered white dots (Fig. 26, 0)
Abdominal sternites II-VI entirelv lvhite scaled
it2dia722rs
j2
These sternites with white and dark bands
53
52 Clypeus with scales; stemite VII entirely white
sizalayi
Clypeus without scales, stemite VII black
COi2fzls2tS
53 The white area on outer surface of hind femur runs as far as
kneejoint; sternites II-VII banded black and lvhite 54
The white area on outer surface of hind femur does not reach
kneejoint
55
54 Sternite VII nearly all black
delnbestel2i
This sternite nearly all white
obturbag2s
55 Sternites VII and VIII entirely black
wzoultoni
Sternites VII and VIII distinctly with svhite scales
sm%2e+zsis
56 Wings with pale and dark scales
Wing scales unicolourous (except -4. (F.) a?2ggie?z.si.s which has
57
apical 4 with golden scales)
64
57 A large part of vein I, at least its basal half, pale scaled
throughout (in q$? also a large part of vein 5) ; broad yellow
lateral margin on mesonotum. Genus Aedes, subgenus
Ba?zksiszella
lineatopel2nis
Pale scales on wings otherwise distributed, mesonotum different
58
58 Wings elaborately speckled and spotted with rather broad
black and pale scales
Wings with some speckling only or a pale area at base of costa,
59
the scales not unusually broad
62
59 Outstanding scale-tufts on some of the apical sternites
60
No such outstanding scale-tufts present
A edes (Finlaya) gani
60 Scutellum with flat white scales on all the lobes, except a few
flat black scales near apex of midlobe
A. (F.) kochi
Scutellum with black and pale scales on all the lobes
61
61 The pale scales on the scutellar lobes are white
A. (F.) poiciZius
The pale scales on the scutellar lobes are creamy
A. (F.) wallacei

62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
Wings with at most some speckling
Wings with a small white area at base of costa; scutellum
closely set with flat white scales
Proboscis on ventral surface black, basally followed by a large
pale area extending beyond middle; remaining part black;
pale area sharply defined preapically (see Fig. 34, e)
Proboscis on ventral surface different: if a pale area is present
it is not sharply defined preapically and may reach till tip
(see Fig. 34, a--d)
Sternite VIII large and prominent. Genus A&es, subgenus
finlaya
Sternite VIII smaller and less prominent, dorsal surface of
head usually with many or only flat scales
Tarsi entirely dark
Tarsi with white markings
Slightly more than anterior half of mesonotum closely covered
w:th silvery white scales
Mesonotum with anterior half as in nivezrs, but the white area
wth a broad median stripe
Mesonotum with narrow pale longitudinal lines
Mesonotum with a white patch on anterior part
Hind tarsi with t1--t5 basally banded, some of the segments
also apically. Femora not lined
Bands on hind tarsi only basal
Proboscis and hind t5 without white markings, mesonotal
pattern as in Fig. 40, a
Proboscis and hind t5 marked with white, mesonotal pattern
as in Fig. 40, b
The white stripe on hind tibia over $ of the tibia’s length,
bluntly ending
This stripe only 6 the length of the tibia, tapering distally
Pale scaling of scutum unicolourous or with slight lateral
yellowish tinge; wing-scales all dark
Scutal patch white centrally, distinctly yellowish laterally or
posteriorly, one or two black spots anteriorly in the white
area; wing-scales dark or golden
Scutum broadly white scaled. Hind t5 with basal half white,
head of Q with a white median area on vertex, separated
from lateral white area by black patches; in 8 vertex entire-
ly white scaled (Fig. 42, b)
Scutum not so broadly white scaled (Fig. 43, a) ; hind t5 dark;
vertex of Q and $ with cream coloured and golden scales only
Scutal patch broad, yellowish laterally, two black spots ante-
riorly in white area (Fig. 43, G); hind tg with only a pale
basal spot; wings with golden scales particularly on apical
third
Scutal patch not broad (Fig. 43, b), with yellowish scales pos-
teriorly; one median black spot anteriorly in white area;
hind t5 with a narrow incomplete basal pale band ; wing
scales dark
Segment VIII completely retractile, subgenus A edimorphus
in part
Segment VIII not completely retractile
Scutellar scales narrow, curved. Integument of pleura from
dark brown to nearly black. Pale bands on hind tarsi
distinct
Scutellar scales lanceolate, either on all the lobes or only on
1al:eral lobes; integument of pleura pale brown; the pale
bands on hind tarsi not conspicuous
Scutellar scales all narrow; mesonotum with ornamentation
as in Fig. 64
Scutellar scales broad and flat
Rather small dark species without conspicuous ornamentation
on the mesonotum
63
A. (Aedi.) alboscutellatus
A. (0.) vigilax
A. (Aedi.) vexam
65
xiveus fomna albolatevalis
68
71
aureostriatus
69
gracilelineatus
70
notoscviptus
92. var. moxtanus
72
73
papuensis
alticola
anggiensis
toxopeusi
75
76
imprimens
caecus
A. (Aedes) lineatus
77
78

78
79
Black species with snow-white markings and white basal bands
on tarsi. Subgenus Stegontyia
Head with white stripe on either side of middle line
Head all dark dorsally
All tibiae with white rings
Tibiae without white rings
Nesonotum marked with a lyre-shaped ornamentation; cly-
79
A. (Dicevomyia) iyengari
A. (Cancraedes) cancyicomes
desmotes
80
80
peus with white scales in the 9 aegypti
Mesonotum otherwise, no scales on clypeus
81
81 Palpi entirely dark; proboscis thin and longer than front femur
; mesonotum with a silvery median line in front; last
two hind tarsal segments all dark 82
Palpi with white sciling; proboscis normal, about length of
front femur 83
82 Scutellum covered with broad flat black scales except mid-lobe
which is mainly white scaled, the extreme ti~~only being
Scutellum with the three lobes white-scaled
albolineatus
pseudalbolineatus
83 Mesonotum with a narrow median white line running nearly
the whole length
Mesonotum with patches of white scales; if lines are present
84
they are not median or running for more than half the
lenith of the mesonotum 86
84 White scales on pleura arranged more or less in two lines; a
line of white flat scales over wing-root continued nearly to
lateral lobes of scutellum
White scales on pleura arranged in irregular patches ; a patch
85
of white scales in front of wing-root only
albopictus
85 _4 curved silvery line laterally on anterior half of scutum
(Fig. 48, 6)
paullusi
Not such a curved line present (Fig. 48, b)
scutellaris
86 Mesonotum with a large median white patch in front (Fig.
48, f)
amzandalei
Mesonotum with 4 large white patches, median area black
(Fig. 48, h)
gardnevi
87 Large mosquitoes, four or more lower mesepimeral bristles
present, femora speckled, hind tarsi without banding. Subgenus
Lutzia
88
X&t such large mosquitoes, one or two lower mesepimeral
bristles present or none, femora and tarsi with or without
ornamentation 89
88 Abdominal tergites entirely dark, at most on terminal segments
apically a few pale scales
halifaxi
Terminal abdominal tergites with broad yellow apical bands;
89
in 99 often entirely yellow
Proboscis with a pale ring in the middle. Subgenus Culex, in
90
Par-t
Proboscis without a pale ring
Dorsal surface of head mainly covered with flat scales
Dorsal surface of head mainly covered with narrow scales; flat
95
90
C. (Mochthogezes) malayi
91
scales, if present, only laterally or around eyes
Fairly large to medium sized species, without any broad scales
91
along eye margin. Subgenus Culex in part
Smaller, usually dark coloured species, or else with small broad
92
92
scales on vertex around eye margins
Integument of pleura uniformly coloured, abdominal tergites
93
basally banded with creamy scales
fatigam
Integument of pleura with 2 bare blackish brown areas situated
above and below a patch of white scales (Fig. go);
abdomen unbanded
fuscocephalw
93 Wing scales scanty especially on vein 6
C. (Lophocevatomyia) fraudatvix
94
Wing scales denser
Vertex with small broad scales forming a border to the eyes,
moderate-sized species
a
94
C. (Culiciowyia) fragilis
139

140
Vertex without any broad scales along eye-margins C. (Neoculex) bvevipalpis
95 Wings without definite pale areas, though a speckling of usually
numerous pale scales may be present 96
Wings with definite pale areas 103
96 Wings speckled with pale scales, usually numerous bitae?liovhy?tcJlzls
Wing scales all dark 97
97 Scales on anterior $ of mesonotum mainly or all white or pale
ochreous 98
Mesonotum mainly dark or with indefinitely scattered pale
scaling 100
98 Abdominal tergites basally and apically banded, basal bands
variable; mesonotal scales greyish xvhite or pale. ochreous Si~lt?%iS
Abdominal tergites only basally banded ; at most a narrow
apical band on tergite VII, occasional unbanded specimens
may be encountered ; mesonotal scales white 99
99 Sill-ery xvhite anterior part of mesonotum sharply defined
along posterior margin, basal T-shaped bands on abdominal
tergites; femora without speckling
Silx-ery white anterior part of mesonotum not sharply defined
geliclus
along posterior margin (Fig. 82, G), triangular pale basal
bands or median basal patches on abdominal tergites (Fig.
82, d) ; femora speckled
100 Femora speckled xvith pale scales, especially anterior surface
wl&,zovei
of mid-femur 101
Femora lvithout any sprinkling of pale scales
101
102
102
103
104
Front tibia with rather numerous pale scales on anterior sur-
face, forming small dots anstulirostvis
Front tibia xvithout pale speckling or pale dots sitiem
Mesonotum mith pale and dark scales mixed in varying pro-
portions, sometimes forming an indefinite pattern vish?Lui
Mesonotal scales uniformly dark bro\vn, only in front of
scutellum golden scales present tritae~~iouhy~tch~s var. siaweizsis
Apical & of wing-veins mostly pale scaled, clearly visible
under weak magnification (Fig. 80, b) mivaculosus
At least 2 pale areas on lving along costa, not counting apical
pale area, if present 104
Palo area at middle of xving involving only costa and subcosta;
mesonotum with distinct pattern of pale and dark scales
(1 Gg. 88, n)
Pall: area at middle of lving extending over vein I; mesonosolitaries
turn lvith indefinite pale patches round front margin and
in middle 1tz itW‘rlus
ICE Y TO LARVAE (foztrti~ stage)
I
5
Genus ToxovhywJGtes
2
3
8
Ficalbia (144.) Jqtbvida
crassipes
amzulifeeva

IO
II
12
13
14
15
I6
17
18
23
24
25
26
Collar (chitinous ring) of anal segment 2+ times as long as wide indiaws
This collar 2 times as long as wide 7
Head squarish with rounded corners, anal papillae much
shorter than the segment uniformis
Head more oval in shape, anal papillae longer than the seg-
ment longipalpis
Anal fan represented by a single pair of hairs (Fig. 8, c) 9
Anal fan of more than 2 separate hairs 13
Metathorax with a long sublateral spine (Fig. 7). (Genus
T@tevoides) IO
Metathorax m-ithout long spines. (Genus Havpagomyia and
Genus Topo>ltyia) 12
Comb of 10-12 teeth arauoides
Comb of more than 20 teeth II
Metathoracic spine sharply pointed Tvith 3 (or 4) sharp accessory
spines (Fig. 8)
This spine with ra gged tip, with 3 small accessory rag-tipped
branches (Fig. g)
Mouth parts with peculiar structure on maxilla (Fig. IO)
Xouth parts without any peculiar structure
Antennae very large, strongly curved, broad and somewhat
flattened; siphon-hairs one pair only, longer than siphon,
each hair with 6 frayed branches; no pecten
-Antennae not very large, not flattened; hairs on siphon different,
pecten present or absent
Siphon ltith one pair of hairs (those on tip not counted)
Siphon ventrally &th at least 4 hairs (usually 8 or more)’ more
br less arranged in pairs ; often laterally
ditional hairs (Genus Culex)
r or 2 pairs .of ad-
Siphon-tuft very near base
Siphon-tuft near or beyond middle
So pecten on siphon
bimacztlipes
po-welli
arge&eove&ralis
gracilis
Aedonzyia cafasticta.
14
15
49
Genus Hodgesia
16
17
Siphon with pecten 21
S VIII slith lateral chitimsed plates more or less developed;
comb of alternating large and small teeth in a row Genus OvtRopodonzyia
So lateral chitinised plates on VIII; comb-teeth all about
same size
Antenna rather short, with smooth shaft and small antenna1
18
hair (Genus .4rnzigeres)
Sntenna fairly long, with small spicules on shaft and a large
19
branched antenna1 hair; subapical and apical hairs peculiar
On anal segment there is a conspicuous ventral chitinised plate,
Ficalbia (E.) fusca
separated from the dorsal plate flaws
Ko such plate present 20
Comb-teeth spinose nzalayi
Comb-teeth fringed obturbam, denbesteni, nzilnensis,
COlZfZLSUS
S VIII with lateral chitinised plates 22
Ko lateral chitinised plates on S VIII 26
Pecten teeth usually with a fringe or lateral denticles on both
sides from base to apex: one or more pairs of head hairs
usually stout, resembling large spines or flattened leaf-like
bristles (Genus Ura+z otaeqzia) 23
Pecten teeth may be with or without a few lateral denticles
near base on one side only; head hairs normal 25
Head-hairs B and C much thickened, pecten teeth bluntly
ended with a fringed apex atva
Head-hairs B and C not thickened, pecten teeth normal
Head-hair C 3-4 branched i4apua
Head-hair C not branched diagonalis
Comb of 3 teeth with strong basal lateral denticles Aedes (Stegowzyia) desmotes
Comb of 5 teeth without basal denticles
Pecten-teeth few (1-4) and without lateral denticles ; osc and
Aedes (Stegomyia) anxandalei
isc branched ’ ” 27

27
28
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Pecten-teeth usually fairly numerous and with lateral denticles
; OSG usually single and long. (Genus A&s, most spe-
cies ; Genus Heizmawtia)
Pecten-teeth 2 or 3, sharply pointed without fringe or denticles
Pecten-teeth absent or only one, blunt and fringed at apex
Mouth-brushes adapted for predacious habits (Subgenus iWuc-
id%!s)
Mouth-brushes not modified
Pecten extending to about 4 from base of siphon
Pecten extending beyond basal half of siphon
Siphon with a ring of small spines near apex and a few patches
of similar spines on latero-dorsal surface
Siphon without such spines
Comb on S VIII with less than 20 teeth, placed in a single
row
The comb with more rows of teeth, sometimes irregularly ar-
ranged, sometines in a triangular patch; usually numerous
Head hair C single
Head hair C many branched
0s~: with at least 6 branches, siphon with acus
0~1: with-,2 branches, siphon without acus
SiIlhon hair single, of moderate length
Siphon hair branched
Meso- and metathoracic spines sharp and curved, comb-teeth
with prominent lateral denticles
Meso- and metathoracic spines different, comb-teeth without
lateral denticles but with a fringe
Bases of some of the comb teeth bridged by chitin
Comb-teeth not basally bridged by chitin
Pecten teeth without lateral denticles
Pecten teeth with lateral denticles
Head hair B 3-branched, middle branch longer and stouter
than the others
Head hair B many branched, branches equal in length (Aedes
(Fi?zZaya) gziveus-group)
Siphon index f 5
Siphon index 2-3
Branches of stellate hairs on abdomen sharply ending; anten-
nae swollen below insertion of antenna1 hair
Branches of stellate hairs on abdomen bluntly ending; anten-
nae gradually tapering from base to apex
Comb-teeth only 7 in two rows
Comb-teeth more numerous
Abdomen with stellate hairs; hind margin of anal segment
with spines
Abdomen and anal segment not so
He‘ad-hair C trifid
Head-hair C single
Head-hairs B and d *-branched
Head-hairs B 3-4 branched, d 5-6 branched
Clypeal spines strongly curved and distinctly thickened
Clypeal spines only slightly curved, not unusually thickened
Head hairs B, C and d well behind level of bases of anten-
nae
Head hairs B, C and d about level with or anterior to bases of
antennae
Acus very large and strongly curved
Aciis not unusually large
Siphon short and stout, index 1.5
Siphon longer, not short and stout
Mouth brushes adapted for predacity, pecten and siphon hairs
extending along nearly whole length of siphon; frontal hairs
A, B, C usually single
28
Ficalbia (M.) metallica
Ficalbia (E.) elegans
29
30
altevwa+zs
aurantius
Aedes (A edimorplaus) caea4s
31
32
41
33
37
Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexalls
34
Aedes (Diceromyia) iyengaui
35
Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti
36
scutellaris
albopictus, scutellaris, paullusi
albolineatus
38
Aedes (Aedes) hteatus
?i? (F.) niveus var. niveoides
40
A. (F.) niveus var. alboxiveus
A. (F.) ?ziveus
Aedes (Baxksixella) lixeatopennis
4’
43
45
A edes (Finlaya) poicilius
?! (F.) kochi
A. (F.) -wallacei
A. (F.) notoscriptus
46
47
A. (F.) papuezsis
A. (Cancraedes) cancricomes
48
A. (Ochlerotatus) vigilax
A. (Aedimorphus) alboscutellatus
Cz4lex (Lutzia) fuscanzrs
C. (L.) halifaxi

50
51
52
53
54
5.5
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
Mouth brushes normal: pecten confined to about basal + of
siphon or less; siphon

I44
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ALPHABETICAL IXDEX
Names printed in bold type are valid names of Culicidae from the Region; names of species or
varieties with a small initial letter; names of genera, subgenera or groups with a capital initial letter.
Bold-face numerals refer to the page on which descriptions commence.
abbreviations, 6
abdomen: of adult I ; of larva 4
acus, 3, 4
adults: structure,
key for, 134
I, 2; colour, 2; variability, 2;
Aedes: genus g, 58, 106, 135, 142; subgenus 93,
95, 97
Aedimorphus, 60, 86, 87, 91, 138
Aedomyia, 55, 136, 141
aegypti, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82, 85, 139, 142
albolateralis
.
albolmeata,
var., 71, 74, 75, 138
-6 , , 77
albolineatus, 75, 82, 83, 84, 139, 142
alboniveus var., 72, 73, 74, 142
albopicta, 76, 77, 79
albopictus, 81, 82, 139, 142
alboscutellatus, 86, 87, 138, 142
alternans, 59, 135. 142
alticola, 69, 71, 138
amboinensis,
anal fan, 3, 4
12, 134
anal papillae, 3, 4
anal segment of larva, 4; collar of, 4; lateral hair
of, 4 ; papillae of, 4 ; saddle of, 4 ; spines on
apical margin of, 4; (submedian dorsal) caudal
hairs of, 4
andamanensis, 28, 29, 136
. .
angglensls, 69, 70, 71, 138
annandalei, 76, 77, 84, 85, 139, 141
annulatus, 46, 48, 52, 137
annuliferus, 47, 48, 49, 53, 5j, 137, 140
annulipalpis, 104, 105, 136
annulirostris, 8, 122, 123, 126, 140, 143
Anopheles, 2, 3, 4, 22
Anophelini, I, 3, 4, 28
antenna: of larva, 3
anterior : pronotal
lobes, 2
bristles (hairs) 2; pronotal
aranoides, 12, 13, 135, 141
argenteoventralis, 17, 18, 19, 135, 141
Armigeres: genus, 98, 103, 136, 137, 141; subgenus,
2, 98, 99, 104, I37
atra, 22, 23, 24, 134, 141
aurantius, 59, 60, 135, 142
aurea, 98, 136
aureosquamatus, 39, 137
aureostriatus, 67, 69, 138
bancrofti, A, 6
bancrofti, Wuchereria, 6, 8, g and under species
Banksinella, 91, 137
bimaculipes, 13, 14, 15, 135, 141
bionomics, see under species
bitaeniorhynchus, 114, IIj, 116, 140, 143
bonneae, 38
brackish-water breeders, 4
breeding: technique of, 5
breeding places : artificial,
vegetable 4, 5
5 ; earth bound, 4, 5 ;
brevipalpis: CUleX, Iog, I 10, 140, 143; Trip-
teroides, 14
bristles of adult, 2
caecus, 87, 88, 89, 138, 142
Cancraedes, g5
cancricomes, 95, 96, 139, 142
catasticta, 55, 56, 57, 136, 141
collar, 4
collecting: adults by catching 5, by breeding 5 ;
larvae 4
Colocasia, 5, 17, 19, 20, 65, 84
colour, 2
comb : of larva, 3, 4 ; on leg of male, g8
communis, 97, 98, 136
confLlsus, gg, 100, 103, 137, 141
Coquillettidia, 37, 38, 136, 140
crassipes, 38, 40, 41, 52, 136, 140
Crinum, 65, 66
Culex: genus 37, 106, I3j, 141; subgenus 113,
114, I39
Culicini, 1-4, 7, 134, 140
Culiciomyia, 109, 113
Curcuma, 26, 27
denbesteni, gg, IOO, 137, 141
Dengue vectors, 79, 81, 82
desmotes, 76, 77, 85, 139, 141
diagonalis, 24, 26, 135, 141
Diceromyia, 92
dissection, 6
distribution, see under species
dolichocephalus, 105, 136
dorsal, 3
Eichhornia crassipes, 52
elegans, 30, 34, 36, 136, 142
Etorleptiomyia, 30, 136
farauti, A, 36
fatigans, 6, 124, 131, 132, 133, 139, 143
feeding habits, see under species
Ficalbia, 30, 38, 136
Filariasis: human 6; animal g
Filaria vectors: 6; and under species
Finlaya, 62, 138
flagellar, 6
flavus, 104, 136, 141
fragilis, 113, 114, 139, 143
fraudatrix, 112, 139, 143
funereus, 95
fusca, 28, 30, 36, 37, 136, 141
fuscanus, 107, 109, 139, 142
fuscocephalus, 8, 133, 139, 143
gani, 63, 65, 67, 137
gardneri, 76, 77, 86, 139
GBTER’S fluid, 5
gelidus, 119, 140, 143
genurostris, 20, 21, 13j
giblini, 42, 136
gracilelineatus, 67, 68, 69, 13s
gracilis, 17, 19, 135, 141

146
greeni, 67
halifaxj, 108, 109, 139, 142
Harpagomyia, 17, 20, 21, 135, 141
hairs: of adult thorax 2; of larval head 3, 4; of
larval thorax, 4; of larval abdomen 3, 4
head: of larva, 3, 4
Heizmannia, 2, 97, 135, 142
Hodgesia, 21, 135, 141
hybrida, 30, 31, 33, 38, 136, 140
imprimens, 87, 88, 89, 138
index: of larval siphon, 4
indianus, 48, 50, 52, 137, 141
indica, var. 16, 135
infection : experimental 7 ; natural g
Ipomoea, 42, 52
isc, 4, 6
iyenga& 93, 94, 139, 142
jacobsoni, 21, 135
kermorganti, 58, 59, 135
keys to : adults 134 ; larvae 140, using, 6
kochi, 63, 65, 66, 67, 137, 142
koliensis, A, 4, 6
laniger, 59, 135
lamellae, g
larvae : structure 3, 4; collecting and rearing 4, 5 ;
abdominal lateral hairs 4 ; head-hairs 4 ; lateral
(sadd e) hair 4, 6; thoracic lateral hairs, 4; key
for, I 40
lateral scale tufts: of abdomen 64, 67; of legs, 56
Leicesteria, 103, 136
lineatopennis, 91, 137, 142
lineatus, 94, 95, 138, 142
lOngips~Ipi$, 42, 48, 50, 51, 137, 141
Lophoceratomyia, I II
luciensi:; var., 78
Lutzia, 2, 106
Malaria: experimental infection, I 16
malayi: Armigeres, 82, gg, IOO, IOI, 137, 141;
CuleX, III, 139, 143; Hodgesia, 22, 135; Wu-
cherecia 6, g, 38 and under species
137,
2
142
nigrochraceus, 43, 136
niveus, 71, 72, 73, 74, 138, 142
niveoides, var. 72, 73, 74, 142
notoscriptus, 68, 138, 142
nuclei: caudal, g
obturbans, 82, 98, gg, 100, 101, 103, 137, 141
Ochlerotatus, 58,60,86
ochraceus, 44, 45, 136
ornatus var., 95
Orthopodomyia, 28, 141
osc, 4, 6
palp : of male, 2 ; of female, 2
Pandanus, 17, 20, 66, 67
papillae, anal 4
Papua, 24, 26, 135, 141
papuensis: Aedes 6g,70,71, 138,142; Taenio-
rhynchus, 38, 46, 52, 137
Pardomyia 58, 59
Paullusi, 76, 77, 79, 84, 139, 142
pecten, 3, 4
pilosa, 98, 136
Pistia, 30, 32, 38, 47, 49, 53
Plasmodia, I I 6
pleural hairs: of adults, 2; of larva, 4
poicilius, 62, 63, 65, 69, 137, 142
posterior : pronotal bristles (hairs) 2 ; pronotal
lobes 6
postnotal bristles (hairs), 2
postnotum, 2
postspiracular : area, 2 ; bristles (hairs), 2
powelli, 15, 16, 17, 135, 141
prealar hairs (bristles), 2
preclypeal spines, 3, 4
pronotum: anterior, 2 ; posterior, 2
propleural : bristles (hairs) z
prothoracic lobes, 2
pseudalbolineatus, 84, 139
pseudoniveus, form, 75
punctulatus, A., 6
quasisanguinae, 22, 135
queenslandensis var., 78
quinquemaculata, 24, 27, 37, 134
Rafflesia, I o I
Rafflesia arnoldii, 19
rearing of larva, j
relation to disease 6; and see under species
saddle, 4
scutellaris, 8, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 84, 139, 142
segments : of adult antenna, 6 ; of larval abdomen
6 ; of adult palp 2 ; of tarsus 6
siamensis var., 123, 125, 126, 140
sinensis, A., 6
sinensis, C., 116, 117, 140, 143
siphon, 3, 4 ; acus of 4 ; hairs of 4 ; pecten of 4 ;
valves of 4
sitiens, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 140, 143
solitarius, 129, 130, 140, 143
Sphagnum, 129
spiracle, 2
spiracular bristles (hairs), 2
splendens,Harpagomyia20,135 ; Toxorhynch-
ites g, 10, 12, 134
Stegomyia, 75, 76, 77, 85, 36, 92, 139
sternite, 3

sternopleural bristles (hairs), 2
stratiotes, Pistia, j8
subalar bristles (hairs), 3-
submedian dorsal hairs: inner cauda .l 3, 4, 6;
outer caudal, 3, 4, 6
subniveus, form, 75
subulifer, var., II, 134
Taeniorhynchus 6, 30, 33, 37, 3% 43, 44, 136,
137, 140
tergite, 3
thorax: of adult, 2; of larva, 4
Topomyia, 17, 20, 135, 111
torus, 6
toxopeusi, 69, E, 13s
Toxorhynchites, g, 108, 140
Toxorhynchitini, I, I 34
treehole breeders, see under species
Tripteroides, 2, 12, 17, 20, 135, 141
tritaeniorhynchus var. siamensis 123, 125,
136, 140, 143
I47
uniformis, 32, 4, 54, 137, 141
Uranotaenia, 22, 25, 26, 106, 134, 141
vanus, A., 6
variability: colour, 2 ; size, 2
vectors : of Wuchereria bancrofti 6 and under
species ; of V?. malayi, 6 and under species ; of
yellow fel-er, under species ; of dengue, under
species
ventral, 3
vexans, 60, 61, 89, go, 138, 142
vigilax, 60, 61, 62, 138, 14’
vishnui, 8, 123, 124, 126, 127, 140, 143
wallacei, 63, 65, 66, 137, 142
whitmorei, 8, 120, 121, 140, 143
Wuchereria: bancrofti 6 and under species ; ma-
layi 6 and under species
Yellow fever vectors, 79, S2
Zingiberaceae, 27