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Haynes Welding Manual 2.2 Welding is a process of fusion, in which metal parts are heated to the melting point and fused together, usually with a filler of the same material melted along with the "parent" metal. All metals melt at different temperatures, and this chart shows some interesting comparisons, as well as relating the heated metal's color to its temperature. 2-2 chinery which best suit your needs may seem a considerable task. This chapter will give you a brief overview of the various processes along with an analysis of the pros and cons for each type and how best to select equipment based on your needs. How it works The most basic principle of the welding process is joining two pieces of metal together (or at least two edges of the same piece, in the case of repairing a crack). This is generally accomplished by heating the metals to be joined until they become liquid or molten and the two edges fuse together. Most often, the complete joining of the two metal edges is accomplished by melting new metal into the joint at the same time. The new metal added to form a fused welding joint is called filler metal, while the original pieces being joined are called the parent metal. Together they form a welded "bead" of filler and parent metal that is usually thicker than the parent metal. Depending on the skill of the weldor and the type of welding, two pieces of metal can be joined in such a way that with a little filing or sanding of the bead, the joint is virtually undetectable, a particularly important aspect when making automotive body repairs. The first time you may have observed a professional weldor working, the process may have seemed like a sorcerer doing alchemy with a magic wand. With the proper equipment and practice, you can do a little magic yourself, a magic that can give tremendous personal satisfaction, as well as save you considerable expense compared to having the same work done at a professional fabrication shop.
2.3 The welding corner of this well-equipped race-car prep shop holds a variety of equipment, from a large TIG machine at left (with cooling unit on top), to a heavy-duty plasma cutter, oxy-acetylene cutting/heating/welding outfit, and two small plasma cutters. Not shown here are the two MIG welders in use elsewhere in the shop. It takes a tremendous amount of localized heat to weld metals together, and heat control is the key to welding properly. Every material has its own specific melting point, and to make a weld you need to heat the material to that point but not beyond it. Visualize an ice cube, which is solid material (when cold). If you heat it to the melting point (above 32 degrees F), the solid becomes a liquid (water), heating it further will vaporize it into steam and for your purposes the material is gone. The same changes happen to metal, although at much higher temperatures. Common lead solder such as you might use to solder electrical connections can melt at temperatures from 250-750° F (depending on the alloy), aluminum melts at just below 1250° F, and common mild steel melts at 2750° F. The heat required to make metal molten enough to fusion-weld can be achieved in several ways, but the most common for home/shop situations will be generated either with a flame or some use of electrical current. The traditional source in welding has been the oxy-acetylene torch, while electricity is now used in most of the other methods, such as arc-welding, MIG-welding, and TIGwelding. One thing that is common to all the forms of welding is that the filler material must be compatible with the parent metal, and all efforts must be made to make a "clean" weld free of outside contaminants that could weaken the joint. If you are welding aluminum, the filler rod must be aluminum, a stainless filler rod must be used for welding stainless-steel and steel rods are used on steel. In gas welding, the cleanliness of the weld is controlled by the correct adjustment of the torch flame and the cleanliness of the two edges of the parent metal. In electric welding, an inert gas "cloud" is formed right around the welding area that keeps outside oxygen or impurities from contaminating the weld. The shielding gas is generated in several ways, as you'll see as we further describe the various types of equipment. Metal alloys The melting point of the metal you work with will vary with the basic nature of the material (iron, steel, aluminum, magnesium, etc.), and the alloy of the metal. Most metals today are not in pure form, they are alloyed or mixed with another metal to give the new material special characteristics. Copper, lead and iron are basic pure metals that have been used by man for tools and other ob- Types of welding 2.4 You will have to develop some new contacts once you get into welding, one of which will be a reliable local source for metals for your projects. This is ABC Metals (aluminum, brass and copper) in Oxnard, California. They have a lot of aluminum here at scrap prices, but it's more of a gold mine for the hobbyist or car-builder who needs relatively small bits and pieces and not a trainload. Knowledgeable salespeople at a metal yard can be very helpful. 2-3
Page 3 and 4: The Haynes Welding Manual by Jay St
Page 5 and 6: Contents Chapter 1 Introduction Def
Page 7 and 8: Introduction Welding is a process c
Page 9 and 10: 1.5 Wherever you see buildings go u
Page 11 and 12: 1.10 In high-technology areas like
Page 13 and 14: ular kinds of modern welding equipm
Page 15: Types of welding If you are reading
Page 19 and 20: 2.7 Get to know the personnel at yo
Page 21 and 22: 2.10 You'll need a safe area to pra
Page 23 and 24: ing thin sheet metal. Automotive bo
Page 25 and 26: To sum up the pros and cons of an A
Page 27 and 28: 2.19 If you're lucky, the welding s
Page 29 and 30: 2.24 While TIG or heli-arc welding
Page 31 and 32: components. These new machine are o
Page 33 and 34: Types of welding safely hidden way
Page 35 and 36: 2.30 If you can't carry a 20-foot l
Page 37 and 38: Oxy-acetylene gas welding/cutting P
Page 39 and 40: cannon which held some water. A gas
Page 41 and 42: that the regulation depends heavily
Page 43 and 44: 3.17 Each of these little "flea cir
Page 45 and 46: Flame adjustment This is a very imp
Page 47 and 48: Welding with filler rod Let's say t
Page 49 and 50: A T-weld is where you join a piece
Page 51 and 52: Gas welding/cutting 3.31 After you
Page 53 and 54: Gas welding/cutting them. Even if y
Page 55 and 56: Gas welding/cutting 3.39 Muffler in
Page 57 and 58: sparks should come straight down to
Page 59 and 60: 3.51 The ESAB Porta-Graph can be mo
Page 61 and 62: change color at specific temperatur
Page 63 and 64: Arc welding One of the oldest forms
Page 65 and 66: Comparing duty cycles What you will
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This is the kind of equipment you w
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4.13 The slag formed over the weld
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ground clamp, which should be clamp
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Arc welding and you may induce exce
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Arc welding 4.24 This sample weld s
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"contact rods" because, instead of
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MIG welding Welding books written a
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—Molten weld metal 5.5 The cable
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5.11 For some MIGs, there is a vari
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We have discussed duty-cycle compar
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5.21 At the upper end of the 110V M
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machine has a stitch timer that tur
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5.32 Gas-shielded MIGs are not made
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5.34 Inside the wire-drive portion
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5.39 There are three choices in reg
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5.43 The tip-to-work distance is ve
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5.52 Instead of a straight butt-wel
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5.58 For tight quarters such as muf
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inch from the work. Instead of the
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TIG welding When those who are inte
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6.6 When thick-wall mild steel tubi
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6.10 There are only a few small, mo
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6.14 Less expensive, air-cooledtorc
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6.19 Finding a comfortable position
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6.25 Make the most of expensive tun
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tween "dips." When it is brought to
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6.34 When welding thick aluminum ma
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6.39 TIG welding is especially help
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Plasma cutting/welding Just as the
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Although you may find one or two PA
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column is ionized, it becomes the a
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Above the 50-amp range, plasma-arc
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7.17 The main components of a typic
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7.24 As with traditional torch cutt
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Safety & shop equipment When it com
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8.5 The Scanorama helmet was design
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8.12 If you get into a race-car pro
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8.21 Weldor Bill Maguire made up th
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8.29 You can see here how the plier
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8.39 Visit most street rod shops, f
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Building a utility trailer One of t
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9.6 In our case, we determined that
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Haynes Welding Manual 9.20 Put bush
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Haynes Welding Manual 9.30 Short st
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Glossary of welding terms AC Curren
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Glossary of welding terms Butt weld
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Flux - A chemical compound that cle
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came into such wide usage that it i
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Out-Of-Position Welding - Welding w
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Root - The bottom of a weld bead vi
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TIG welding Undercut - A weld defec
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Haynes Welding Manual Gas welding/c
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Sourcelist Airco Gas and Gear BOC G
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