My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office ... - Monoskop

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NOTES TO PAGES 52–62
Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, California, Colorado, Wyoming,
Montana, Oregon, Washington, Arizona, New Mexico, Alaska, and Hawaii.
37. Margo Anderson, “The History of Women and the History of Statistics,” Journal
of Women’s History 4 (spring 1992): 22. Census takers were well aware of the discrepancies,
as noted in volume 1 of the 1870 census (p. 663): “A single sample will suffice. The
Tables of Occupations characterize but a little over two thousand persons as connected
with the woolen and worsted manufactures, while the Tables of Manufactures show that
considerably more than forty thousand persons were engaged, upon the average, in these
branches of manufacturing industry.”
38. Chicago Tribune, August 15, 1883; New York Herald, July 28, 1883.
39. Archibald M. McIsaac, The Order of Railroad Telegraphers: A Study in Trade Unionism
and Collective Bargaining (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1933), 3.
40. Leo Wolman, The Growth of American Trade Unions, 1880–1923 (New York: National
Bureau of Economic Research, 1929), 99.
41. “Lady Clerks,” Anson Times (Wadesboro, N.C.), April 17, 1884; for a discussion
of the employment of women in the South in the post–Civil War era, see Edward L.
Ayers, The Promise of the New South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 77–79.
42. Anson Times, July 6, 1882.
43. Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, “O. Delight Smith’s Progressive Era: Labor, Feminism,
and Reform in the Urban South,” in Visible Women: New Essays on American Activism, ed.
Nancy A. Hewitt and Suzanne Lebsock (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1993)
169.
44. “Women as Telegraph Operators,” Electrical World 8 (June 26, 1886): 296.
45. Carter, “Story of Telegraphy,” 534, 541, 546. The Deseret Telegraph was incorporated
as a company in 1867; it remained in existence until 1900, when it was acquired
by Western Union.
46. Tillotson, “‘We may all soon be “first-class men,”’” 98–99.
47. Bouvier, Histoire des dames employées dans les postes, télégraphes et téléphones, 128.
48. Ibid., 132.
49. Anna Rabenseifner, “Die Frau im oeffentlichen Dienst,” Handbuch der Frauenarbeit
in Oesterreich (Vienna: Carl Ueberreuter, 1930), 228–29.
50. Thayer, Wired Love, 28; Gabler, American Telegrapher, 108–9; Lewistown (Pa.) Sentinel,
March 24, 1922; Long Beach (Calif.) Press, August 19, 1924.
51. “Miss Medora Olive Newell, Postal Manager in Chicago,” Telegraph Age, June 1,
1909, 396; correspondence, Belluscio to author, Le Roy Historical Society, January 14,
1993; New York Times, July 21, 1944, 19.
52. Garland, “Women as Telegraphists,” 259.
53. Louise R. Moreau, “The Feminine Touch in Telecommunications,” AWA Review
4 (1989): 73; Telegraph and Telephone Age, October 1, 1910, 659–60; Penny, How
Women Can Make Money, 101.
54. Pay rates for male and female operators are discussed in Gabler, American Telegrapher,
71, 94–95, 109, 112; Rayne, What Can a Woman Do? 143; Butler, Women and the
Trades, 294; Jepsen, Ma Kiley, 82; and “The Convention Attended by Delegates from
Local No. 16, C. T. U. A.,” Commercial Telegraphers’ Journal: The Official Organ of the
Commercial Telegraphers’ Union of America 5 (August 1907): 848.
55. Harrisburg Ledger, Series 3, Subseries 1, Box 11, Folder 2, Western Union Col-