Physical and Chemical Data
Physical and Chemical Data
Physical and Chemical Data
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2-7<br />
TABLE 2-1 <strong>Physical</strong> Properties of the Elements <strong>and</strong> Inorganic Compounds*<br />
a., acid<br />
A., specific gravity with reference<br />
to air = 1<br />
abs., absolute<br />
ac., acetic acid<br />
act., acetone<br />
al., 95 percent ethyl alcohol<br />
alk, alkali (i.e., aq. NaOH or<br />
KOH)<br />
am., amyl (C 5H11)<br />
amor., amorphous<br />
anh., anhydrous<br />
aq., aqueous or water<br />
aq. reg., aqua regia<br />
atm., atmosphere or 760 mm. of<br />
mercury pressure<br />
bk., black<br />
brn., brown<br />
bz., benzene<br />
c., cold<br />
cb., cubic<br />
cc, cubic centimeter<br />
chl., chloroform<br />
col., colorless or white<br />
conc., concentrated<br />
cr., crystals or crystalline<br />
d., decomposes<br />
D., specific gravity with reference<br />
to hydrogen = 1<br />
d. 50, decomposes at 50°C; 50<br />
d., melts at 50°C with<br />
decomposition<br />
delq., deliquescent<br />
dil., dilute<br />
dk., dark<br />
eff., effloresces or efflorescent<br />
et., ethyl ether<br />
expl., explodes<br />
gel., gelatinous<br />
gly., glycerol (glycerin)<br />
gn., green<br />
h., hot<br />
hex., hexagonal<br />
Formula weights are based upon the International Atomic Weights in “Atomic Weights of the Elements<br />
2001,” Pure Appl. Chem., 75, 1107, 2003, <strong>and</strong> are computed to the nearest hundredth.<br />
Refractive index, where given for a uniaxial crystal, is for the ordinary (ω) ray; where given for a biaxial<br />
crystal, the index given is for the median (β) value. Unless otherwise specified, the index is given for<br />
the sodium D-line (λ = 589.3 mµ).<br />
Specific gravity values are given at room temperatures (15 to 20 °C) unless otherwise indicated by<br />
the small figures which follow the value: thus, “5.6 18°<br />
4 ” indicates a specific gravity of 5.6 for the substance<br />
at 18 °C referred to water at 4°C. In this table the values for the specific gravity of gases are given with<br />
reference to air (A) = 1, or hydrogen (D) = 1.<br />
Melting point is recorded in a certain case as “82 d.” <strong>and</strong> in some other case as “d. 82,” the distinction<br />
being made in this manner to indicate that the former is a melting point with decomposition at 82°C,<br />
while in the latter decomposition only occurs at 82 °C. Where a value such as “−2H 2O, 82” is given it indicates<br />
loss of 2 moles of water per formula weight of the compound at a temperature of 82 °C.<br />
Boiling point is given at atmospheric pressure (760 mm. of mercury) unless otherwise indicated;<br />
thus, “82 15 mm. ” indicates the boiling point is 82°C when the pressure is 15 mm.<br />
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES<br />
Abbreviations Used in the Table<br />
hyg., hygroscopic<br />
i., insoluble<br />
ign., ignites<br />
lq., liquid<br />
lt., light<br />
m. al., methyl alcohol<br />
mn., monoclinic<br />
nd., needles<br />
NH 3, liquid ammonia<br />
NH 4OH, ammonium hydroxide<br />
solution<br />
oct., octahedral<br />
or., orange<br />
pd., powder<br />
pl., plates<br />
pr., prisms or prismatic<br />
pyr., pyridine<br />
rhb., rhombic (orthorhombic)<br />
s., soluble<br />
satd., saturated<br />
sl., slightly<br />
soln., solution<br />
subl., sublimes<br />
sulf., sulfides<br />
tart. a., tartaric acid<br />
tet., tetragonal<br />
tr., transition<br />
tri., triclinic<br />
trig., trigonal<br />
v., very<br />
vac., in vacuo<br />
vl., violet<br />
volt., volatile or volatilizes<br />
wh., white<br />
yel., yellow<br />
∞, soluble in all proportions<br />
, greater than<br />
42, about or near 42<br />
−3H 2O, 100, loses 3 moles of<br />
water per formula weight at<br />
100°C<br />
Solubility is given in parts by weight (of the formula shown at the extreme left) per 100 parts by<br />
weight of the solvent; the small superscript indicates the temperature. In the case of gases the solubility<br />
is often expressed in some manner as “5 10° cc” which indicates that at 10 °C, 5 cc. of the gas are soluble in<br />
100 g of the solvent. The symbols of the common mineral acids: H 2SO 4, HNO 3, HCl, etc., represent<br />
dilute aqueous solutions of these acids. See also special tables on Solubility.<br />
REFERENCES: The information given in this table has been collected mainly from the following sources:<br />
Mellor, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic <strong>and</strong> Theoretical Chemistry, Longmans, New York, 1922.<br />
Abegg, H<strong>and</strong>buch der anorganischen Chemie, S. Hirzel, Leipzig, 1905. Gmelin-Kraut, H<strong>and</strong>buch der anorganischen<br />
Chemie, 7th ed., Carl Winter, Heidelberg; 8th ed., Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1924. Friend, Textbook<br />
of Inorganic Chemistry, Griffin, London, 1914. Winchell, Microscopic Character of Artificial Inorganic<br />
Solid Substances or Artificial Minerals, Wiley, New York, 1931. International Critical Tables, McGraw-Hill,<br />
New York, 1926. Tables annuelles internationales de constants et donnes numeriques, McGraw-Hill, New<br />
York. Annual Tables of <strong>Physical</strong> Constants <strong>and</strong> Numerical <strong>Data</strong>, National Research Council, Princeton,<br />
N.J., 1943. Comey <strong>and</strong> Hahn, A Dictionary of <strong>Chemical</strong> Solubilities, Macmillan, New York, 1921. Seidell,<br />
Solubilities of Inorganic <strong>and</strong> Metal Organic Compounds, Van Nostr<strong>and</strong>, New York, 1940.<br />
Formula Color, crystalline form Specific Melting Boiling<br />
Solubility in 100 parts<br />
Name Formula weight <strong>and</strong> refractive index gravity point, °C point, °C Cold water Hot water Other reagents<br />
Aluminum Al silv., cb. 2.7020° acetate, normal<br />
acetate, basic<br />
bromide<br />
Al(C2H3O2) 3<br />
Al(OH)(C2H3O2) 2<br />
AlBr3 wh. pd.<br />
wh., amor.<br />
trig. 3.01<br />
660<br />
d. 200<br />
d.<br />
2056 i.<br />
s.<br />
i.<br />
i.<br />
d.<br />
s. HCl, H2SO4, alk.<br />
s.a.; i. NH4 salts<br />
25°<br />
bromide<br />
carbide<br />
chloride<br />
AlBr36H2O Al4C3 AlCl3 col., delq. cr.<br />
yel., hex., 2.70<br />
wh., delq., hex.<br />
4<br />
2.95<br />
2.44<br />
97.5<br />
d. 100<br />
d. >2200<br />
268 s.<br />
s.<br />
d. to CH4 s.<br />
s.al., act., CS2 s. al., CS2 s. a.; i. act.<br />
25°<br />
4 1945.2atm. 182.7752mm ; 69.8715° subl. 178<br />
s. d. s. et., chl., CCl4; i. bz.<br />
chloride<br />
fluoride (fluellite)<br />
fluoride<br />
hydroxide<br />
AlCl3·6H2O AlF3H2O Al2F67H2O Al(OH) 3<br />
col., delq., trig., 1.560<br />
col., rhb., 1.490<br />
wh., cr. pd.<br />
wh., mn.<br />
2.17<br />
2.42<br />
d.<br />
−4H2O, 120<br />
−2H2O, 300<br />
−6H2O, 250<br />
400<br />
sl. s.<br />
i.<br />
0.000104<br />
v. s.<br />
sl. s.<br />
50 al.; s. et.<br />
18° nitrate<br />
nitride<br />
Al(NO3) 39H2O Al2N2 rhb., delq.<br />
yel., hex. 3.05<br />
73 d. 134 v. s.<br />
i.<br />
v. s. d.<br />
s. a., alk.; i. a.<br />
s. al., CS2 25°<br />
4 21504atm. 26.98<br />
204.11<br />
162.08<br />
266.69<br />
374.78<br />
143.96<br />
133.34<br />
oxide<br />
oxide (corundum)<br />
phosphate<br />
Al2O3 Al2O3 AlPO4 241.43<br />
101.99<br />
294.06<br />
78.00<br />
375.13<br />
81.98<br />
101.96<br />
101.96<br />
121.95<br />
col., hex., 1.67–8<br />
wh., trig., 1.768<br />
col., hex.<br />
3.99<br />
4.00<br />
2.59<br />
1999 to 2032<br />
1999 to 2032<br />
d. >1400<br />
2210<br />
d. slowly<br />
i.<br />
i.<br />
i.<br />
i.<br />
i.<br />
i.<br />
s. alk. d.<br />
v. sl. s. a., alk.<br />
v. sl. s. a., alk.<br />
s. a., alk.; i. ac.<br />
*By N. A. Lange, Ph.D., H<strong>and</strong>book Publishers, Inc., S<strong>and</strong>usky, Ohio. Abridged from table of <strong>Physical</strong> Constants of Inorganic Compounds in Lange’s H<strong>and</strong>book of Chemistry.
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