TWO LETTERS FROM THE MAHARAJA TO THE KHALIFAH

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al-Qahmir" d J 1 i$;t. (p. 149). which puts it quite unmistakably in the region of the modem Philippine Islands. (b) ALRiinij is an Arabic loan-word meaning 'coconut', and the term probably refers to Coca Islands in the Indian Ocean, vide al-Mas'lidi. MuGj al-aahab, les prairies d'or, ed. and trads. C. Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille. I : 338. (Paris. 1861). also. al-Jaweliqi. al-Mu'awab. 162. Cairo. 1361 AH.. and Tiij al-'AYES, S.V. $,. 7. Al-Maqdisi. op. cit.. 62. 8. Yaqfit. Mu'jam al-Bulhn. ed. Muhammad Amin al-Banji, V : 415 and 418 (Cairo, 1906) : al-Qazwini, Xt&ir al-Biliid wa Ak&iir al-'Zbiid, 105 and 121, (Beirut. 1960). 9. Ibn aurradafibih, Kitiib al-Masiilik wa '1-Mamiilik, ed. and trans. M.J. de Goeje. 67. (Bibliotheca geographorum arabicorum. henceforth B.G.A.. VI. Leyden, 1819) : Ibn al-Faqih, Mu@t+ar Kitiib al-Buldiin ed M.J. de Goeje. 15 and 16. (B.G.A.. V. Leyden. 1885) ; Ibn Rustah, al-A'liiq al-Naffiah, ed. M.J. de Goeje, 132. (B.G.A.. VII. Leyden. 1892) ; Yaqat, Mu'jam. op. cit., VII : 258 ; al-Qazwins. op. cit.. 105. For more references on the Arab Qimir (Khmer) see Ferrand. G.. Relations de voyages et textes relatif d 1 'E~trZme- Orient. 2 vols.. Index. (Paris. 1913-14). 10. Reinaud. J.T.. La gzographie d' Aboulfeda. Introduction. cccxxxi. (Paris. 1820). 11. 81-Qazwini, op. tit.. 127. 12. Al-Mas'iidi, op. cit . I ; 204 and 214. 13. Al-Idrisi. WM al-Hind wa mii yujiiwiruhii min al-Biliid. extracts from Kitiib Nuzhat al-Mu&tiiq. ed. and trans. S.Maqbu1 Ahmad, 68 and 69 (Text). 65 and 66 (Trans.). and 91 (Commentary). (Aligarh. 1954 and Leiden 1960). 14. This is the Annamese pronunciation of the Chinese characters. Their Amoy pronunciation is Ka-ling. while the Pekinese is Ho-ling. For the transcription of the earlier Southeast Asian toponyms the Annamese pronunciation is more acceptable. vide Gerini. G.E.. Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia. 461. and 472. note I. (London. 1909). 15. Hsin T'ang Shu, Chap. 222, folio 3b ; Groenveldt, W.P,, Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca, in Miscellaneous Papers Relating to Indo-China. ed. E. Rost. Second Series. I: 139-140. (London. 1887) ; Pelliot. P.. 'Deux itinbraires de chine en inde a la fin du VIlIe siCcle', in Bullentin de I'Ecole Francaise d' ExtrZme-Orient. Hanoi, (henceforth B.E. F.E. 0.). Vol. IV, 1904. p. 297 ; Ferrand. G., 'L' empire sumatranais de Crivijaya'. in Journal Asiatique. Paris. Series 11, Vol. XX, 1922. pp, 37-38. - - I6 'Mu'~wiyah's Attempt at the Invasion of Malaya'. a paper read at the Twelfth Pakistan History Conference. Dacca. East Pakistan. February. 1962. 17. YaqUt. Ir&iid. op. cit.. VI : 75-78 : Aba '1-Mu~affar YOsuf Qiz-O&li alias Sib$ Ibn al-Jawzi wrote in his Mir'Et al-Zam7in that a1-Jabi~ compiled as many as 370 books most of which Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi himself read at the mausoleum of Imam Abii Hanifah (quoted by 'Abd al-Sal~m Muhammad HBrh in his Introduction to KitTib al-Hayawiin, op. tit.. pp. 5-6). 18. Ibn Qallikan, op. cit.. I : 92 ; Nicholson, R.A.. A Literary History of the Arabs, 347. (London, 1923).
TWO LETTERS FROM THE MAHARAJA TO THE - KHALEAH 139 19. Ibn 'Abd Rabbih. al-'Iqd al-Fartd. ed. Ahmad Amin, Abmad al-Zayn and Ibrahim al- Abyari. I1 : 202 ; I11 : 404-405. which has a shortened version, (Cairo. 1940). 20. Ibn Hajar. op. cit.. X : 458-63 aa@b al-Ba&didi. Ta'rfa &&dad. XI11 : 306-314. (Cairo. 1931) ; Hajji bllfah. Ka&f al-Zuniln. I1 : 1445, (Istambol. 1360-1361 A.H.) ; Brocklemann. C.. Geschichte der Arabisckn Litteatur. Supplement. I1 : 929. (Leyden. 1938). 21. Ibn Taghri-Berdi. al-Nuj-m al-Z~hirah fi Mullk Mip wa 'I-QZhirah. I: 240. (Cairo. 1929). 22. Wellhausen's history of the Umayyad reign has become a classic on the subject (English translation : The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall. by Margret Graham Weir. Calcutta University Publication. 1927). The very title of the book speaks for this eminent Onentalist's conclusions. On the impact of this Arabist policy on the Arabic literature and the Muslim society Goldziher made a pioneering study (Muhammedanische Studien. 1 : 101-146, Halle. 1888). This study has been brought up-to-date by Mubmmad al-Tayyib al-Najjar. al-Mawali fi 'I-'A2r al-Umawi, Cairo. 1949, and Ahmad Amin. Du&i 'I-Islam. 1 : 18-80, (Cairo. 1956). 23. Hazard. H. W.. Atlas of Islamic History. (Princeton University Press. 1951). has the following figures :- Lebanon : Sunni Muslims. 21% ai'ah Muslims. 18% ; Syria: Sunni Muslims. 67%. ai'ah Muslims. 13%; Iraq : Sunni Muslims. 36%. ayah Muslims. 57% : Egypt : Muslims. 92% : Jerusalem : Muslims. 40%, Israel : Muslims, 7%. (Cf. Iran : Sunni Muslims, 5%. &i'ah . Mudims. 93% : Turkey; Muslims. 98% : Afghanistan : Sunni Muslims, 90%. &'ah Muslims. 9% ; and Indonesia. Muslims. go%.) The history of Islam in the Pakistan-India sub-continent does not present a very dissimilar picture. It appears that the farther a region was removed from the centre of Muslim imperial power the more chances Islam had to spread its message. Consequently, we now find that after more than six centuriee of Muslim rule over Delhi and more than thirteen centuries of Arab contacts with the Indian Peninsula. Muslim homeland had to be found in the outer and far-flung wings of the sub-continent. These facts need a cool-headed and dispassionate analysis. I 24. For the removal of impediments to Islamization: Ibn Sa'd. op. cit.. V; 345, 350, and 384; Ibn al-Jawzi. Sirat 'Umar Ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz. 99. (Maktabat al-Manure Cairo. n.d.1; Abti YBsuf Kitab al-=r~j. 75, (Bul~q. 1302 A.H.). For Maghrib - : al-Bal@ud. Futiib al-Buldiin. ed. M.J. de Goeje. 231. (Leyden, 1866). For Byzantine Emperor : Arnold, Sir Thomas, The Preaching of Islarn.4 83, (Lahore.). For Transoxiana : al-BalHaur?, op. cit . 426. For Tibet ; al-Ya'qnbi. T5'riM 11 : 306. (Beirut, 1960). 25. Ibn al-Aair. Ta'rifi aLKEmil. V: 54. (Cairo. 1290 A.H.) ; al-Bala&uri. op. cit., 441. In these Arabic texts the Sindhi king's name reads as Jayshibah ++ which the present writer would like to read Jay Siva, for obvious reasons. But the Persian text of Fatb Niimah-i Sindh, known as Chach - - Niimah, which is a translation of an Arabic history of the conquest of Sind written most probably in the early third century Hijrah, has Jaysiyah &
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TWO LETTERS FROM THE MAHARAJA TO THE KHALIFAH

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