The Dissection of Vertebrates A Laboratory Manual

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ACANTHODII SARCOPTERYGII TELEOSTOMI OSTEICHTHYES ACTINOPTERYGII POLYPTERIFORMES ACTINOPTERI CHONDROSTEI LEPISOSTEIFORMES NEOPTERYGII AMIIDAE OSTEICHTHYES SARCOPTERYGII • lung (or swim bladder) formed as outpocketing of gut • unique pattern of dermal head bones, forming large plates • dermal bones forming margin of mouth, bearing rooted teeth • bony fin rays (or lepidotrichia) • muscular paired fins • paired fins each with single basal skeletal element • scales covered with cosmine (primitively) • enamel on teeth TELEOSTI ACTINOPTERYGII • fin skeletal elements and musculature mainly within body wall • scales covered with ganoine (primitively) • single dorsal fin (primitively) FIGURE 1.4 Cladogram showing phylogeny of the Teleostomi. Some synapomorphies of the main groups are provided in the boxes below the cladogram.
ACTINOPTERYGII ACTINISTA DIPNOI RHIPIDISTIA CHOANATA • partial ventricular septum in heart • heart with differentiated pulmonary and systemic circulation • infolding of tooth enamel (i.e., labyrinthodont teeth) • true internal nostrils (choanae); single external nostril on each side of head • loss of dorsal and anal fins • head flattened • ribs enlarged SARCOPTERYGII RHIPIDISTIA ELPISTOSTEGIDAE CHOANATA STEGOCEPHALI STEGOCEPHALIA • dactylous paired appendages (i.e., with carpals/tarsals and digits) • zygapophyseal articulations between vertebrae • loss of connection between skull and pectoral girdle • pelvic girdle attached to specialized vertebra of vertebral column FIGURE 1.5 Cladogram showing phylogeny of the Sarcopterygii. Some synapomorphies of the main groups are provided in the boxes below the cladogram.
Page 2: The Dissection of Vertebrates A Lab
Page 5 and 6: Acquisitions Editor: Tamsin Kent Ma
Page 7 and 8: To our readers: Despite our best ef
Page 9 and 10: Ear 67 Key Terms: Sensory Organs 68
Page 11 and 12: C HAPTER 8 THE PIGEON Introduction
Page 14 and 15: The past two decades have witnessed
Page 16: students know they are not responsi
Page 20 and 21: The study of vertebrate anatomy is
Page 22: Anterior Anterodorsal (a) (b) Poste
Page 25 and 26: PROTOSTOMATA ECHINODERMATA ENTEROPN
Page 27 and 28: ately to attribute its cause to phy
Page 29 and 30: UROCHORDATA SOMITICHORDATA CEPHALOC
Page 31 and 32: the hagfishes considered the sister
Page 33 and 34: PETROMYZONTOIDEA PLACODERMI GNATHOS
Page 35: The sister group of the Actinoptery
Page 39 and 40: AMPHIBIA REPTILIA AMNIOTA TESTUDINE
Page 41 and 42: This page intentionally left blank
Page 43 and 44: Anterior dorsal cartilage Annular c
Page 45 and 46: Ovary Mesentery Kidney FIGURE 2.5 V
Page 47 and 48: Pineal organ Olfactory sac Naris Or
Page 49 and 50: and posterior cardinal veins join t
Page 51 and 52: Examine a specimen of a dogfish ske
Page 53 and 54: Precerebral cavity Precerebral fene
Page 55 and 56: Neural canal Centrum Notochord Dors
Page 57 and 58: Posterior Anterior Ceratotrichia Ra
Page 59 and 60: (a) (b) (e) Epidermis Placoid scale
Page 61 and 62: Interbranchial septum Spiracle Spir
Page 63 and 64: Shark head, dorsal view (a) Pores o
Page 65 and 66: Ampullae of Lorenzini Labial fold L
Page 67 and 68: Gill ray Superficial constrictor m.
Page 69 and 70: Oral cavity Hemibranch, with lamell
Page 71 and 72: Falciform ligament Liver, right lob
Page 73 and 74: Pylorus Stomach Line of attachment
Page 75 and 76: Left coracohyoid m. (cut) Right cor
Page 77 and 78: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Anterior intestinal a.
Page 79 and 80: Falciform ligament Liver, right lob
Page 81 and 82: The gastric vein accompanies the ga
Page 83 and 84: Liver (cut) Esophagus Epididymis Le
Page 85 and 86: parietal peritoneum lining the pleu
Page 87 and 88:
Supraorbital canal passes onto vent
Page 89 and 90:
Antorbital process (cut) Dorsal obl
Page 91 and 92:
Anterior utriculus Membranous labyr
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superficial ophthalmic nerve suprac
Page 95 and 96:
Olfactory sac Olfactory bulb Termin
Page 97 and 98:
This sequence, however, does not ap
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hypophysis, just behind the optic n
Page 101 and 102:
Cleithrum Operculum Orbit Premaxill
Page 103 and 104:
Postcranial Skeleton The vertebral
Page 105 and 106:
Anterior margin Growth rings Embedd
Page 107 and 108:
Pharynx Heart Head kidney Liver Eso
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Pharynx Heart Duodenum Esophagus He
Page 111 and 112:
This page intentionally left blank
Page 113 and 114:
Procoracoid cartilage First trunk v
Page 115 and 116:
Trabecular horn Antorbital process
Page 117 and 118:
Neural canal Prezygapophysis Verteb
Page 119 and 120:
Mouth Head Eye Neck Lips Gular fold
Page 121 and 122:
urinary bladder. It is supported fr
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Stomach Liver Hepatic portal v. Pan
Page 125 and 126:
Male Urogenital System In males the
Page 127 and 128:
Right lung (reflected) Stomach (cut
Page 129 and 130:
External carotid a. Left branch of
Page 131 and 132:
108 CHAPTER 5 THE MUDPUPPY Internal
Page 133 and 134:
Right lung Stomach Dorsal aorta Rig
Page 135 and 136:
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Phalanges Metacarpals Carpals Prepo
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that helps form the roof of the bra
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Radio-ulna Radius Ulna Articular fo
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KEY TERMS: EXTERNAL ANATOMY cloaca
Page 145 and 146:
Falciform ligament Right lobe of li
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Posterior vena cava (cut) Dorsolumb
Page 149 and 150:
Right external carotid a. Right int
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Truncus arteriosus Right atrium Bul
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of the paired renal portal veins, w
Page 155 and 156:
Skull Cervical vertebrae Hyoid appa
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group of jaw-closing muscles. Just
Page 159 and 160:
Postorbital process Alisphenoid Fro
Page 161 and 162:
Frontal b. Cribriform plate of ethm
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ceratohyoid choanae condyloid canal
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capitulum of a rib. Thoracics also
Page 167 and 168:
Posterior Hemal process Hemal arch
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side of the trochlea. The supracond
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Head Neck Bicipital tuberosity Inte
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Left femur, anterior view Left femu
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Pinna Palperbrae Eye Rhinarium Exte
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154 TABLE 7.2 Muscles of the foreli
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TABLE 7.3 Continued Name Origin Ins
Page 181 and 182:
The skin on the neck and throat may
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clavotrapezius, just anterior to th
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Mandibular gland Mylohyoid Parotid
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Splenius Parotid gland Mandibular g
Page 189 and 190:
Sartorius Tensor fasciae latae Fasc
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verge and lie side by side, with th
Page 193 and 194:
Tensor fasciae latae (cut & reflect
Page 195 and 196:
Spermatic cord Pectineus Adductor l
Page 197 and 198:
Muscles of the Head and Trunk Table
Page 199 and 200:
176 TABLE 7.4 Continued Name Origin
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musculature here, you must also cut
Page 203 and 204:
Examine the head. The larger muscle
Page 205 and 206:
Premaxilla (cut) Vestibule Labia Or
Page 207 and 208:
Anterior vena cava Internal mammary
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Internal mammary v. Anterior vena c
Page 211 and 212:
Dissection area Anterior vena cava
Page 213 and 214:
Dissection area Left lateral lobe o
Page 215 and 216:
Dissection area Head of pancreas, w
Page 217 and 218:
The pancreas consists of endocrine
Page 219 and 220:
Dissection area Vagus n. Transversu
Page 221 and 222:
Transverse scapular v. 198 CHAPTER
Page 223 and 224:
Internal mammary a. (cut) Right sub
Page 225 and 226:
Genioglossus m. Digastric m. Mylohy
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Hepatic v. Renal vv. Right internal
Page 229 and 230:
Right medial lobe of liver Gallblad
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RIGHT ATRIUM RIGHT VENTRICLE Pulmon
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RIGHT ATRIUM RIGHT VENTRICLE Pulmon
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ase of heart brachial artery brachi
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the structures passing through the
Page 239 and 240:
structure passes to the anterior en
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ovarian ligament ovary round ligame
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and of fibers, the olfactory tract,
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may have cut through it during expo
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section ventrally and posteriorly u
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Second digit, phalanx 2 Second digi
Page 253 and 254:
Pigeon skull with mandible and hyoi
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Ilium Dorsal iliac crest 6 free cau
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supra-angular supracoracoideus musc
Page 259 and 260:
Barbs Anterior vane (a) Vaned fligh
Page 261 and 262:
Nictitating membrane Trachea Esopha
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(a) (b) Carina of sternum Coracocla
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(a) the right lobe is considerably
Page 267 and 268:
Pectoralis (cut) m. Right lung Righ
Page 269 and 270:
are two main veins on each side but
Page 271 and 272:
Right lung Posterior vena cava Righ
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limb is the ischiadic vein, but mos
Page 275 and 276:
Maisey, J. G. 2001. Remarks on the
Page 277 and 278:
Anterior mesenteric artery (continu
Page 279 and 280:
Carpus, 147 Cat brain and cranial n
Page 281 and 282:
Dentary bone in cat, 138-139 in fro
Page 283 and 284:
Flocculonodular lobe, 222 Folia, of
Page 285 and 286:
Hypophyseal pouch, 24 Hypophysis in
Page 287 and 288:
Liver (continued) in mudpuppy, 96 i
Page 289 and 290:
Neural crest, 8 Neural plate, 31 Ne
Page 291 and 292:
Pelvis in cat, 147, 152 in frog, 11
Page 293 and 294:
Pylorus, 49 Pyramids, 222 Pyriformi
Page 295 and 296:
Squamosal bones in cat, 136 in frog
Page 297 and 298:
Ulnare, 232 Umbilical artery/vein,
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