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EEEE----book book book book Biblical Biblic Biblic Biblical al al Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Poetry Poetry Poetry Poetry and and and and Word Word Word Word Play Play Play Play ---- Reconstructing Reconstructing Reconstructing Reconstructing the the the the Original Original Original Original Oral, Oral, Oral, Oral, Aural Aural Aural Aural and and and and Visual Visual Visual Visual Experience Experience Experience Experience by by by by David David David David Steinberg Steinberg Steinberg Steinberg /EBHP EBHP EBHP/ EBHP +45 - This reconstruction includes - • th the th phonemic honemic transcription transcription of of reconstructed CBH BH 10 BH (/EBH (/EBHP/) (/EBH P/) P/) recovering, as closely as possible, the the the pronunciation that a scribe in in in Jerusalem Jerusalem Jerusalem 700 700-600 700 600 BCE BCE BCE would would have have used used in in reading reading poetry poetry and and and other other literature literature to to upper upper class class Judeans Judeans or or members members of of the the king king’s king s court court. court . Vowel and consonant quality and length and word stress phonological. N.b. N.b. It It is is quite quite possible possible that that that Early Early Early Early Biblical Biblical Biblical Biblical Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Pronunciation Pronunciation Pronunciation Pronunciation continued to to be used in some circles circles for formal formal literary literary reading reading of of CBH BH and PCBH PCBH, PCBH , alongside alongside alongside LBHP LBHP, LBHP , well into the Persian Persian period period; period period • the the occasionally occasionally phonemic phonemic placement placement of of primary primary word word stress stress; stress • the the non non-phonemic non non phonemic placement placement placement of of secondary secondary word word stress stress; stress ; and, and, • the he he non non-phonemic non phonemic phonemic distinction distinction distinction between between th the th e e long long long vowels vowels vowels of of various various various origins origins origins e.g. e.g. e.g. ῑ, î, iː iː. iː [EBHP EBHP EBHP] EBHP 46 a phonetic honetic transcription of of reconstructed Early Early Early Early Biblical Biblical Biblical Biblical Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Pronunciation Pronunciati Pronunciati Pronunciation. on on. . /EBH BH BHP+/ BH +/ more probable of alternative reconstructions. /EBH BH BHP-/ BH less probable of alternative reconstructions. /EBH BH BHP?/ BH ?/ possible reconstruction usually used when it is impossible to decide, based on current data, between and earlier and later form. /EBHPsam sam sam/ sam possible reconstruction of Samarian pre-exilic Hebrew when when probably probably at at variance variance from from Jerusalem Jerusalem dialect dialect. dialect JEH EH EH - Judahite Judahite Judahite Judahite Epigraphic Epigraphic Epigraphic Epigraphic Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew (see A A A A Note Note Note Note on on on on Epigraphic Epigraphic Epigraphic Epigraphic Hebrew) Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew - inscriptions inscriptions contemporaneous contemporaneous with with pre pre-exilic pre exilic CBH BH BH. BH . Scribes trained in in Jerusalem Jerusalem 700 700-586 700 586 586 BCE BCE were likely likely the authors of the bulk bulk of surviving surviving JEH EH EH e.g. Siloam Siloam Inscription Inscription, Inscription Lachish Lachish oostraca oo straca straca, straca Arad Arad ostraca ostraca. ostraca ostraca. . For their orthography see see see Matres Matres Matres Matres Lectionis Lectionis Lectionis Lectionis in in in in Hebrew. Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew The same same circles circles were were were likely likely the the composers composers composers and/or and/or transmitters transmitters of of most most most of of the the pre pre-exilic pre exilic exilic biblical biblical texts. texts. texts. Epigraphic Epigraphic Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew documents documents documents have have have been been preserved in in their their original original language language and and and orthography orthography and, and, within within within limits limits , , , , can can serve serve as as as a a guide guide to to pronunciation. pronunciation. Except Except for for archaisms archaisms used used in in poetry poetry, poetry the original original orthography orthography of of the the pre pre-exilic pre exilic bbiblical b iblical texts texts would would very very likely likely likely to to have conformed conformed to to the the norms norms of of JEH JEH. JEH I I I am am working working on on the the assumption assumption that that in in in JEH EH - • all final final stressed stressed vowels vowels were were long long and and and generally generally marked marked by by vowel vowel letters; letters;
EEEE----book book book book Biblical Biblic Biblic Biblical al al Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Poetry Poetry Poetry Poetry and and and and Word Word Word Word Play Play Play Play ---- Reconstructing Reconstructing Reconstructing Reconstructing the the the the Original Original Original Original Oral, Oral, Oral, Oral, Aural Aural Aural Aural and and and and Visual Visual Visual Visual Experience Experience Experience Experience by by by by David David David David Steinberg Steinberg Steinberg Steinberg • final final unstressed unstressed long long vowels vowels were were were generally generally generally marked marked by by vowel vowel letters; letters; letters; and, and, • final final unstressed unstressed short short vowels vowels, vowels , were were unmarked unmarked i.e. i.e. were were not not not marked marked by by vowel vowel letters letters or or in in any any other other way. way. c.2 .2 .2) .2 Post ost ostExH ost ExH - PPPPost ost----Exilic ost ost Exilic Exilic Exilic Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew (BHA phase 4) PC PCBH PC H - Post----Classical Post Post Post Classical Classical Classical Biblical Biblical Biblical Biblical Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew (BHA phase 4) ---- A A literary literary dialect dialect dialect of of Jerusalem Jerusalem c.500 c.500 B.C.E. B.C.E.- B.C.E. 70 70 CCE. C It is a direct continuation of, and very similar to CBH 47 and like CBH texts the language of PCBH biblical passages shows no discernable internal development.. However, it shows internal linguistic developments that were probably influenced by Aramaic 48 and contemporary spoken Hebrew. PCBH diverged increasingly from spoken Hebrew and should be considered a diglossic prestige language. 49 In In In the the post post-exilic post exilic period period the the author/editors author/editors would would have have used used PMH PMH or or Aramaic Aramaic as as their their their daily daily speech speech and and have have have written written the the very very different different CBH CBH and and PCBH PCBH PCBH iin i n the the the way way that that modern Arabs Arabs write write MSA MSA MSA or or or as as medieval medieval Italians Italians wrote wrote Church Church Latin Latin50. . Sources Sources Sources Sources later books of the Bible such as Chronicles. LBH LBHP LBH /LBH LBH LBHP/ LBH / (Late Late Late Late Biblical Bi Bi Biblical blical blical Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew PPPPronunciation ronunciation) ronunciation ronunciation ) - Phonemic Phonemic transcription transcription of of reconstructed reconstructed reading tradition of of BH c.500 c.500 BCE - 200 200 CE. CE. Naturally it would have changed considerably over that period. It was increasingly affected by Aramaic and spoken Hebrew. [LBH LBH LBHP] LBH ] a phonetic honetic transcription transcription51 transcription transcription of of reconstructed reconstructed reconstructed Late Biblical Biblical Hebrew Hebrew Pronunciation. Pronunciation Pronunciation Pronunciation QH QH - Qumran Hebrew Hebrew i.e. i.e. the the Hebrew Hebrew of of the the non non-biblical non biblical Dead Dead Sea Sea Sea Scrolls Scrolls (see Qimron 1986). Opinions differ as to whether it should be considered a highly idiosyncratic and Aramaized form of PCBH or a separate line of development 52. Most scholars consider it to have been a literary language probably spoken in formal situations much like MSA today in the Arab world. For For the the relation relation between between BH BH and and and QH QH see see Young, Young, Rezetko, Rezetko, Ehrensvärd Ehrensvärd 2008 2008 chapt. chapt. 10 10. 10 PMH PMH PMH - Proto Proto-Mishnaic Proto Mishnaic or or Proto Proto-Rabbinic Proto Rabbinic Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew ---- see see Development Development Development Development of of of of Proto---- Proto Proto Proto Mishnaic Mishnaic Mishnaic Mishnaic Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew (c. (c. 586 586 BCE BCE-c. BCE c. 70 70 70 BC) BC). BC) 53. MH MH MH - Mishnaic Mishnaic, Mishnaic , Middle Middle or or Rabbinic Rabbinic Hebrew Hebrew ---- Basically Basically the the spoken spoken Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew of of some some aareas a reas of of of rural rural Judah Judah of of the the first first and and early early second second second centuries centuries C.E. C.E. C.E. Its Its population population base base was was destroyed destroyed destroyed with with the the suppression suppression of of of the the Bar Bar Kochba Kochba Kochba rebellion rebellion rebellion.... Source Source Source Source - Tannaitic Literature especially the Mishnah. For the the relation relation between BH BH and and and MH MH see see see Young, Young, Rezetko, Rezetko, Ehrensvärd Ehrensvärd 2008 2008 ch chapt. ch apt. 9. 11
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