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EEEE----book book book book Biblical Biblic Biblic Biblical al al Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Poetry Poetry Poetry Poetry and and and and Word Word Word Word Play Play Play Play ---- Reconstructing Reconstructing Reconstructing Reconstructing the the the the Original Original Original Original Oral, Oral, Oral, Oral, Aural Aural Aural Aural and and and and Visual Visual Visual Visual Experience Experience Experience Experience by by by by David David David David Steinberg Steinberg Steinberg Steinberg Notes Notes Notes ---- c) Notes /ạ/ [ɐ], [ɐ̆ ], [ɛ], [ɛ̆ ], [ə], [Ø] /ị/ [ɪ], [ĭ], [ẹ], [ĕ], [ə], [Ø] /ụ/ [ʊ], [ŭ], [ŏ], [ɔ], [ɔ̆ ], [ə], [Ø] • in diachronic examples, the TH phoneme /ɔ/ is transcribed /ǫ/ 34 *[ɔ] when it originated from short u, and /å/ *[ɔː] when it immediately originated from long a. • in quotations from other authors I have generally kept their notation unless otherwise noted. a - furtive pataḥ, Hebrew term pataḥ g'nuvah 2222....2222 Gemination Gemination Gemination Gemination 35 Were Were Word Word-Final Word Final Geminated Geminated Consonants Consonants Maintained Maintained in in EBHP EBHP? EBHP Long Long continuants continuants Long Long stops stops Symbols Symbols Symbols for for for long long vowels vowels and and consonants consonants List List of of words words with with final final final gemination gemination 2222....3333 Stages Stages Stages Stages of of of of the the the the Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Language Language Language Language 36 a) a) PNWS PNWS - Proto Proto-Northwest Proto Northwest Semitic Semitic ((((BHA BHA BHA BHA phase phase phase phase 1111)))) b) PH - Proto Proto-Hebrew Proto Hebrew ((((BHA BHA BHA BHA phase phase phase phase 2). 22 2). ). ). The The Canaanite Canaanite dialects dialects dialects (c.1200 (c.1200-1000 (c.1200 1000 B.C B.C.E.) B.C .E.) that that would would develop develop into into Hebrew Hebrew with with the the loss loss of of the the case case endings. endings. Pattern Pattern of of long long and and short short vowels vowels and and consonants consonants carry carry on on Proto Proto-Semitic Proto Semitic pattern. pattern. Vowel Vowel and and consonant consonant quality quality and and length length phonemic. phonemic. phonemic. Stress Stress uniformly uniformly uniformly penultimate penultimate penultimate thus thus thus not not not distinct distinct. distinct distinct Sources - see Harris 1939, Hendel- Lambdin-Huehnergard, Sáenz-Badillos. c) c) AH - Ancient Hebrew 37 - All the Canaanite dialects written written and and spoken spoken spoken in in the the territory territory described described described in in the the Bible Bible as as being being being settled settled by by the the the tribes tribes of of Israel Israel, Israel Israel, , and and and later later the the kingdoms kingdoms of of Israel Israel and and Judah Judah, Judah Judah , from about 1000 1000 BCE BCE until until the the extinction extinction of of Hebrew Hebrew speech speech with with the he suppression of the Bar Bar Kochba Kochba rebellion rebellion in the mid mid-second mid second century century CE CE ((((BHA BHA BHA BHA phase phase phase phase 1 11 1 - Phase Phase Phase Phase 4)))).... 44 4 c.1 .1 .1) .1 Pre re reExH ExH - Pre----Exilic Pre Pre Pre Exilic Exilic Exilic Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew ((((BHA BHA BHA BHA phase phase phase phase 3)))). 33 3 This encompasses both both Judean Judean and Israelian Israelian Hebrew Hebrew i.e. i.e. all all the the dialects dialects spoken spoken and and wwritten w ritten in in the villages and towns of the kingdoms of Judah Judah and and Israel Israel c. c. early early 10th 10th to to to early early sixth sixth centuries centuries BCE BCE BCE i.e. i.e. i.e. in in tthe t he First First First Temple Temple Period Period. Period Period. . 8
EEEE----book book book book Biblical Biblic Biblic Biblical al al Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Poetry Poetry Poetry Poetry and and and and Word Word Word Word Play Play Play Play ---- Reconstructing Reconstructing Reconstructing Reconstructing the the the the Original Original Original Original Oral, Oral, Oral, Oral, Aural Aural Aural Aural and and and and Visual Visual Visual Visual Experience Experience Experience Experience by by by by David David David David Steinberg Steinberg Steinberg Steinberg Israelian Israelian Israelian Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Israelian Hebrew (some scholars call Northern or Israelite Hebrew 38) (BHA phase 3)))) - This This is is not not a a dialect dialect; dialect ; it it is is a a catchall term term for for all all the dialects spoken spoken and and and written written in in in the the villages villages and and towns towns of of the the Kingdom Kingdom of of Israel Israel Israel c. 1000 1000 BCE until at at lleast l least east the the late eigh eighth eigh th century century BCE. BCE. It It does does not not iimply i mply that these dialects had more in common with each each other other than many of of them had to to some some of of the the dialects dialects spoken spoken in in the the Kingdom Kingdom of of of Judah Judah Judah and and hence hence hence classed classed under under under the the rubric rubric Judahite Judahite Judahite Judahite Hebrew. Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew . It is possible possible that that the the major major areas areas of of the the kingdom kingdom ( (Samaria ( Samaria Samaria, Samaria Galilee Galilee, Galilee the Coastal Coastal Plain Plain and Gilead Gilead) Gilead Gilead developed recognizable regional regional dialects. dialects. dialects. IEH IEH - Israelian Israelian Israelian Israelian Epigraphic Epigraphic Epigraphic Epigraphic Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew *[EBH BH BHPisr BH isr isr] isr a possible reconstruction reconstruction of of Samarian Samarian Hebrew Hebrew when when probably probably at at variance variance variance from from EBHP HP HP. HP Judahite Jud Jud Judahite ahite ahite Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew (some scholars call Southern or Judean Hebrew) ((((BHA BHA BHA BHA phase pp phase hase hase 3)))) 33 3 - This is is not not a a dialect dialect; dialect dialect; ; it it it is is a catchall term term for for all the dialects dialects spoken spoken spoken and and written written in in the the villages villages and and towns towns of of the the Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom of of Judah Judah during the First First Temple Temple Period Period. Period . The The spoken spoken dialects dialects ancestral ancestral to to MH MH, MH falls falls under under this rubric. Use of the term Judahite Judahite Judahite Judahite Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew does does does not not not imply imply that that these these dialects dialects had had more more in in common common with with each each other other than than many many of of them them had had to to some some of of the dialects spoken in the Kingdom Kingdom of Judah and hence classed classed under under the the rubric rubric Israelian Israelian Israelian Israelian Hebrew. Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew . ABH ABH - Archaizing Archaizing Archaizing Archaizing Biblical Biblical Biblical Biblical Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew ---- The The language language of of a a few few few important important poems poems poems39. These These poems poems could could have have been been authored authored at at any any time time after after 1000 BCE 40 probably using using a a standard standard set set of of archaizing archaizing features features41. CBH H - Classical Classical Classical Classical Biblical Biblical Biblical Biblical Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew (BHA phase 3) - The literary dialect of of Jerusalem Jerusalem c.950 c.950-586 c.950 586 586 B.C.E B.C.E (First First Temple Temple Pe Period Pe Period riod) riod as as recorded recorded in in the the passages passages of of of the the Hebrew Hebrew Bible Bible Bible reasonably reasonably dated dated to to the the pre pre-exilic pre exilic period. period. It It is is represented represented by by the the PMT PMT, PMT PMT , of of these these these passages, passages, minus minus non non-word non word final final final vowel vowel letters. letters. This is the only widely attested form of Judahite Judahite Judahite Judahite Hebrew. It is clear that: (1) CBH shows very little if if if any any any internal internal internal developm development developm nt nt 42 suggesting suggesting later later revision revision of of of any any early early early texts, texts, texts, (2) (2) all CBH CBH CBH biblical biblical texts texts were were transferred transferred to to the the Aramaic Aramaic Aramaic script script, script , modernized modernized in in orthography orthography orthography and and possibly possibly linguistically linguistically and/or and/or textually textually revised revised in in the the post post-exilic post exilic period period. period (3) CBH continued continued to be wri written, wri tten, alongside alongside alongside PCBH PCBH, PCBH , well well well into into the the Persian Persian Persian period period43. In the the post post-exilic post exilic period period the the author/editors author/editors would would have have used used PMH MH or or Aramaic Aramaic as as their their daily daily speech speech and and have have written written the the very very different different CBH CBH and and and PCBH PCBH in in th the th e way way way that that modern modern Arabs Arabs write write MSA MSA, MSA , Iron Iron Age Age Babylonian Babylonian scribes scribes composed in in Standard Standard Babylonian Babylonian 44 or as medieval medieval Italians wrote Church Latin. Latin. N.b. . the language of Jeremiah and Ezekiel, while being substantially CBH, show some PCBH features. *EBH EBH EBHP EBH - Early Early Early Early Biblical Bib Bib Biblical lical lical Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew PPPPronunciation ronunciation ronunciation ronunciation 9
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