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EEEE----book book book book Biblical Biblic Biblic Biblical al al Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Poetry Poetry Poetry Poetry and and and and Word Word Word Word Play Play Play Play ---- Reconstructing Reconstructing Reconstructing Reconstructing the the the the Original Original Original Original Oral, Oral, Oral, Oral, Aural Aural Aural Aural and and and and Visual Visual Visual Visual Experience Experience Experience Experience by by by by David David David David Steinberg Steinberg Steinberg Steinberg d) ) MidH MidH - Medieval Medieval Hebrew Hebrew. Hebrew . Various Various forms forms of of Hebrew Hebrew c. c. 1000 1000-c. 1000 c. 1850 1850 C.E. C.E. e) ) IH H - Israeli Israeli Heb Hebrew Heb Hebrew rew. rew . Spoken and written Hebrew Palestine (1900 (1900-1947)/Israel (1900 1947)/Israel (1948- (1948 present). present). /IH IH IH/ IH Phonemic transcription of IH. IH. [IH IH IH] IH Phonetic transcription of IH. Not Note Not Vowel Vowel Vowel Vowel System System System System ---- Modern Modern Modern Modern Israeli Israeli Israeli Israeli Hebrew. Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew 2.4 2.4) 2.4 2.4) ) ) Proto Proto----Tiberian, Proto Proto Tiberian, Tiberian, Tiberian, Tiberian Tiberian Tiberian Tiberian and and and and Other Other Other Other Tradition Traditionssss Tradition Tradition of of of of Reading Reading Reading Reading Biblical Biblical Biblical Biblical Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew a) ) PTH - Proto Proto-Tiberian Proto Tiberian Hebrew Hebrew (BHA BHA BHA BHA Phase Phase Phase Phase 5 55 5 - c. c.150 c. 150 150-c.500 150 c.500 C.E. C.E.). C.E. Th This Th is is th the th e developing traditional traditional pronunciation pronunciation pronunciation of of some circles of Aramaic speaking Palestinian scholars when when when reading reading the the the Proto Proto-Masoretic Proto Masoretic text text of the Hebrew Bible Bible. Bible This This tradition tradition tradition underlies underlies underlies TTH T H and and is is largely largely largely deduced deduced from from the phonology of TH. /PTH PTH PTH/ PTH + This This This reconstruction includes includes - • the phonemic honemic 54 transcription transcription of of reconstructed reconstructed PTH PTH (/PTH PTH PTH/) PTH/) /); /) • the the occasionally occasionally phonemic phonemic placement placement of of primary primary primary word word stress stress; stress • the the the non non-phonemic non phonemic placement placement of of secondary secondary word word word stress stress; stress • the the the allophonic allophonic spirantization pirantization of of the the bgdkpt bgdkpt bgdkpt bgdkpt consonants onsonants (dageš qal (Hebrew) or dagesh lene (Latin) - b/b, g/g, d/d, p/p, t/t; and, • the the non non-phonemic non phonemic distinction distinction between between between the the the long long vowels vowels of of various various origins origins e.g. e.g. ῑ, î, iː iː. iː [PTH PTH PTH] PTH Phonetic Phonetic 55 transcription transcription transcription of of reconstructed reconstructed PTH. b) TH - Tiberian Tiberian Hebrew Hebrew (BHA BHA BHA BHA Phase Phas Phas Phase e e 6 66 6 - c.850 C.E.) C.E.). C.E.) . TH masoretic asoretic asoretic cantillation cantillation and vowel points points basically basically reflect reflect the the the final final development development of of PTH PTH as it continued to develop develop from from from the the fift fifth fift h to the the ninth ninth centuries centuries CE CE CE (see Tiberian Tiberian Tiberian Tiberian Vowel Vowel Vowel Vowel System). System System System ). Compared to EBHP there there was was a a decrease decrease in in the the number number of of consonantal consonantal phonemes phonemes phonemes and and an an increase increase in in the the number number of of vowel vowel phonemes phonemes. phonemes phonemes. . Short Short vowels vowels remain remain only only in in closed closed unstres unstressed unstres sed syllables. syllables. Vowel Vowel length length non non-phonological non phonological phonological, phonological consonant consonant gemination gemination gemination carries carries light light phonemic phonemic load load. load . Vowel Vowel and and consonant consonant quality quality and word stress stress phonological. phonological. phonological. As As described described in in Khan Khan 1987 1987 (pp. (pp. 24 24-25) 24 25) - "Although the Tiberian vocalization system marks all the the major major qualitative qualitative distinctions distinctions between between the the vowels, vowels, it it gives gives only only partial partial indication indication indication of of relative relative vowel vowel quantity. quantity. The The The reason reason for for for this this is is is that that ... ... vowel vowel vowel qua quantity qua ntity was not phonemic. The vocalization system was concerned concerned primarily primarily with with the the phonemic phonemic quality quality oppositions. oppositions. The The The few few indications indications indications of of of 12
EEEE----book book book book Biblical Biblic Biblic Biblical al al Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew Poetry Poetry Poetry Poetry and and and and Word Word Word Word Play Play Play Play ---- Reconstructing Reconstructing Reconstructing Reconstructing the the the the Original Original Original Original Oral, Oral, Oral, Oral, Aural Aural Aural Aural and and and and Visual Visual Visual Visual Experience Experience Experience Experience by by by by David David David David Steinberg Steinberg Steinberg Steinberg allophonic allophonic allophonic distinctions distinctions of of both both quality quality and and quantity quantity were were made made by by the the Masoretes Masoretes Masoretes out out of of their their desire desire to to preserve preserve correctly correctly the the phonetic phonetic phonetic details details of the reading tradition." /TH TH TH/ TH + In order to include include the the full range of word word-level word level information information information provided provided by by MT MT this this includes: includes: • the the phonemic honemic transcriptio transcription transcriptio n of of TH TH TH (/TH TH TH/) /); /) • the the occasionally occasionally occasionally phonemic phonemic placement placement of of primary primary primary word word stress stress; stress • the the non non-phonemic non phonemic placement placement of of secondary secondary word word word stress stress; stress ; and, and, • the largely partly partly or or largely largely allophonic allophonic - • vocal šwa and ḥḥḥḥaaaaṭṭṭṭaaaaffff////ḥḥḥḥatep atep atep atep vowels 13 vowels 56 • spirantization pirantization of of the the bgdkpt bgdkpt bgdkpt bgdkpt consonants onsonants (dageš qal (Hebrew) or dagesh lene (Latin) - b/b, g/g, d/d, k/k, p/p, t/t. [TH TH TH] TH 57 Phonetic transcription transcription of of reconstructed reconstructed TH assuming that vowels that the were ere as as as in in in the the table table Tiberian Tiberian Tiberian Tiberian Vowel Vowel Vowel Vowel System. System System System c) ) Other Other Written Written Traditions of of Reading Biblical Biblical Hebrew 58 BH BHQum BH Qum - Biblical Biblical Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew as as re reflected re flected in in the the the orthography orthography of of biblical biblical biblical Dead Dead Dead Dead Sea Sea Sea Sea Scrolls Scrolls Scrolls Scrolls (2nd (2nd c. c. BCE BCE-1st BCE 1st c. c. CE) CE) CE) 59. . BH BHPal BH Pal - Biblical Biblical Hebrew Hebrew pointed pointed with with Pal Palestinian Pal estinian Vocalization Vocalization (from (from c. c. 7th 7th c. c. CE) CE) CE) 60. BH BHBab BH Bab - Biblical Biblical Biblical Hebrew Hebrew pointed pointed with with Babylonian Babylonian Vocalization Vocalization (from late c. 9th 9th c. c. c. CE) CE) 61. BH BHGk Gk Gk-Lat Gk Lat Lat - Biblical Biblical Hebrew Hebrew as as reflected reflected in in Greek Greek62 and and and Latin Latin63 transcriptions transcriptions (mainly (mainly 3rd 3rd c. c. BCE BCE-4th BCE 4th c. c. c. CE) CE) 64. BH BHSa Sa Sam-nik Sa nik nik - Biblical Biblical Hebrew Hebrew pointed pointed with with Samaritan Samaritan Vocalization Vocalization (from c. 10th 10th c. c. CE) CE). CE) d) Modern Pronunciation Traditions Used in Read Reading Read ing BH BH 1. BH BHSAM BH SAM 65 - Modern Modern Samaritan Samaritan tradition radition raditional radition al pronunciation pronunciation pronunciation used used in in reading reading reading the the (unpointed) (unpointed) (unpointed) Samaritan Samaritan Samaritan Pentateuch Pentateuch. Pentateuch Pentateuch There There are fou four fou r vowel vowel lengths lengths maintained maintained in in in the the Samaritan Samaritan tradition tradition of Torah reading but vowel length is is not phonological phonological phonological66. 2. BH BHIH BH IH = = [ [BH [ BH BHIH IH IH] IH = = = [IH IH IH] IH - The he reading reading of of the the MT MT using Israeli Hebrew pronunciation. pronunciation. Stress mainly ainly ainly follows ollows TH accents accents and and the the phonemic phonemic structure structure is is is set set by by the the TH graphemes graphemes. graphemes Influe Influence Influe nce of of European European Languages Languages. Languages No long consonants or vowels, no emphatic emphatic consonants consonants, consonants consonants , no no no gutt gutturals gutt gutt rals rals except except except occasional occasional occasional [h [h]. [h For For For the the the sound sound sound system system of of of Israeli Israeli Hebrew Hebrew Hebrew see see Glinert Glinert p. p. 9 9 see also Berman Berman. Berman 3. BH BHAH BH AH = = [ [BH [ BH BHAH AH AH] AH ] - TThe T he reading reading of of the the MT MT using using traditional traditional Ashkenazi Ashkenazi Ashkenazi Hebrew Hebrew pronunciation. pronunciation. Stress Stress penultimate and and the the phonemic phonemic phonemic structure structure structure is is is set set bby bb y the the the TH TH graphemes graphemes graphemes thus thus thus any any any
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