initial characterization of crude extracts from phyllanthus amarus

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infections. Chevallier (2000) notes that P. amarus is also used traditionally in India to treat cardiovascular problems. This popular medicinal herb is also a remedy around the world for influenza, dropsy, diabetes and jaundice (Foo, 1993). Table 2.1 gives a summary of the ethnobotanical use of Phyllanthus amarus around the world. Table 2.1 Ethnobotanical use of Phyllanthus amarus (whole herb; only roots*) around the world Location Ailment treated / Properties and Actions Aruba Blood purifier Bahamas Appetizer, ♦ Colds, Fever, ♦ Flatulence*, Flu, Stomachache, ♦ Vermifuge Barbados ♦ Arbortifacient Cuba Edema and Malaria India Appetizer, Asthma, Bronchial infections, Diuretic, Dyspepsia, Fever, Jaundice, Liver diseases, Itchiness, Skin ulcers, sores, swellings Indonesia Colic, Cough, Diuretic, Eye diseases (external), Kidney diseases, Island of North Caicos Stomachache*, Toothache*, Venereal diseases ♦ Fever, Prevention of intestinal worms Trinidad Diuretic, Venereal diseases Jamaica Diabetes, Dysentery, Diuretic, Edema, ♦ Gonorrhea, Jaundice, Stomachache Morton, 1981; Tjong Ayoung, 1989; Raghoenandan, 1994 ♦ = Combined with other plants In Suriname, P. amarus is always sold as fresh and dry plant material in the herb markets. Heyde (1990), Sedoc (1992) and Nanden (1998) note that in traditional medicine an herbal decoction is taken to treat bladder and kidney disorders, cramps and uterus complaints (with other herbs). This plant decoction works also as an appetizer. P. amarus is a restoration herb and can be used as a tonic. In Suriname decoctions are used in herbal baths and after labor (May, 1982; Titjari, 1985; Sedoc, 1992). It is also 10
used for colic (Wessels Boer, 1976; Heyde, 1990). According to Heyde (1990) plant extracts of P. amarus can be used as blood purifiers, for light malaria fevers and anaemia. P. amarus helps to release phlegm (Heyde, 1990), and is used to combat fever, flu (Nanden, 1998) and asthma, in combination with other herbs (Titjari, 1985). The plant, when boiled with the leaves, is considered to be a diuretic and can be used in treating diabetes, dysentery, hepatitis, menstrual disorders, and skin disorders (Heyde, 1968; Tirimana, 1987; Heyde, 1990). Sedoc (1992) notes, that in Suriname a decoction of P. amarus is taken along with other herbs to treat stomachache. This herb can also be used for constipation (Tjong Ayoung, 1989). Extracts from the roots can be used for jaundice. Three roots are boiled in ½ liter water and two cups are drunk daily. Decoctions for the other described ailments can be prepared by extracting two fresh plants or five dried plants in ¾ liter water drinking one cup of tea, four times per day (Heyde, 1990). Current Research on Phytochemicals The secondary metabolites present in Phyllanthus amarus are alkaloids, flavanoids, hydrolysable tannins, major lignans and polyphenols. Table 2.2 lists the secondary metabolites with their respectively phytochemicals that can be found in Phyllanthus amarus. Several chemical investigations have been conducted where the structures of most of these phytochemicals were determined by UV, IR, Mass and NMR spectroscopy (Foo and Wong, 1992; Foo, 1993; Foo, 1995). Houghton et al. (1996) isolated securinega type alkaloids by Column Chromatography (CC) and preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). This group did qualitative analysis by using TLC, and spots were detected by UV 11
Page 1 and 2: INITIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CRUDE E
Page 3 and 4: suggestions to the project and manu
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT The extracts of many plant
Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION According t
Page 9 and 10: 2.1. Background CHAPTER 2. LITERATU
Page 11 and 12: In drug discovery, the major second
Page 13 and 14: greenish, often with glands. The fr
Page 15: wood is soft and used for boxes, ki
Page 19 and 20: phytochemical compounds as possible
Page 21 and 22: and fuel. In Puerto Rico the wood o
Page 23 and 24: extracts from the dry quassia wood
Page 25 and 26: Quassin has important pharmaceutica
Page 27 and 28: alumina, cellulose powder, polyamid
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1
Page 31 and 32: 1. Concentration 2. LPE 3× with he
Page 33 and 34: II. At UV-365 nm the spots were cir
Page 35 and 36: Twenty-five milligrams of crude pow
Page 37 and 38: still not completely separated. Mob
Page 39 and 40: indication that fraction 3 is less
Page 41 and 42: concentration of them is too low to
Page 43 and 44: and then visualizing the spots at U
Page 45 and 46: other impure non polar fractions/co
Page 47 and 48: to three (Q. amara) fraction(s)/com
Page 49 and 50: the extraction solvent 50% methanol
Page 51 and 52: HCl, the filtrate was then basified
Page 53 and 54: than TLC in analyzing the specific
Page 55 and 56: Dayan, F.E., Watson, S.B., Galindo,
Page 57 and 58: Mbwambo, Z.H., Luyengi, L., Kinghor
Page 59 and 60: Unander, D.W., Webster, G.L. and Bl
Page 61 and 62: APPENDIX B. EXTRACTION LAYOUT Table
Page 63 and 64: APPENDIX C. THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAP
Page 65 and 66: Figure C.5 Fractions from crude P.
Page 67 and 68:
Figure C.9 Fractions from crude P.
Page 69 and 70:
9:1 95:5 98:2 Figure C.13 Fractions
Page 71 and 72:
APPENDIX D. RF-VALUES OF FRACTIONS
Page 73 and 74:
Table D.3 Rf-values of the fraction
Page 75 and 76:
Table D.6 Rf-value of fractions in
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initial characterization of crude extracts from phyllanthus amarus

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