initial characterization of crude extracts from phyllanthus amarus

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of fractions/compounds. In the P. amarus extracts the following secondary metabolites were visualized: alkaloids, flavonoids, lignans, phenols and indole derivatives. In Q. amara extracts, alkaloids (e.g. β-carbolines, canthin-6-ones) and quassinoids were detected. Methanol as an extraction solvent gave the best recovery (extraction rate) of secondary metabolites in both plants, and it can be concluded that different extraction solvents influence the extraction rate. Optimized powder extracts were produced as determined by TLC analysis for future bioassay tests. vi
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION According to the World Health Organization (De Silva, 1997), about 80% of the population in many third world countries still use traditional medicine (e.g., medicinal plants) for their primary health care, due to poverty and lack of access to modern medicine. Since about 80 % of the 6.1 billion people of the world live in less developed countries, this means that more than 3.9 billion people will likely use medicinal plants on a frequent basis. Therefore, there is a need to study medicinal plants for their efficacy, safety and quality, and also to search for potentially valuable medicinal material from which novel curative agents may be created for the benefit of all humankind. The investigation of plants as potential sources of new drugs to treat cancer, AIDS and malaria requires the search of as many resources as possible. The discovery of phytochemical compounds with, for example, cytotoxic and/or anti-tumor activity could lead to the production of new drugs for the treatment of cancer. Therefore, the development of appropriate extraction methods in order to obtain plant extracts with as many phytochemical compounds as possible is important. The criteria used for selecting plants from Suriname for investigation were based on: (1) traditional medicinal information (ethno-pharmacological knowledge); (2) chemical composition of the plant species; and (3) literature reports on plant extracts’ pharmacology and ethnomedical claims. From seven medicinal plants collected in July 2001 in Suriname, two were chosen to be investigated: Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae) and Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae). In order to extract as many phytochemical compounds as possible, it is important to optimize extraction methods for secondary metabolites, and this can be realized by calculating the extraction rate. The extraction rate (the ratio of how much powder is 1
Page 1 and 2: INITIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CRUDE E
Page 3 and 4: suggestions to the project and manu
Page 5: ABSTRACT The extracts of many plant
Page 9 and 10: 2.1. Background CHAPTER 2. LITERATU
Page 11 and 12: In drug discovery, the major second
Page 13 and 14: greenish, often with glands. The fr
Page 15 and 16: wood is soft and used for boxes, ki
Page 17 and 18: used for colic (Wessels Boer, 1976;
Page 19 and 20: phytochemical compounds as possible
Page 21 and 22: and fuel. In Puerto Rico the wood o
Page 23 and 24: extracts from the dry quassia wood
Page 25 and 26: Quassin has important pharmaceutica
Page 27 and 28: alumina, cellulose powder, polyamid
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1
Page 31 and 32: 1. Concentration 2. LPE 3× with he
Page 33 and 34: II. At UV-365 nm the spots were cir
Page 35 and 36: Twenty-five milligrams of crude pow
Page 37 and 38: still not completely separated. Mob
Page 39 and 40: indication that fraction 3 is less
Page 41 and 42: concentration of them is too low to
Page 43 and 44: and then visualizing the spots at U
Page 45 and 46: other impure non polar fractions/co
Page 47 and 48: to three (Q. amara) fraction(s)/com
Page 49 and 50: the extraction solvent 50% methanol
Page 51 and 52: HCl, the filtrate was then basified
Page 53 and 54: than TLC in analyzing the specific
Page 55 and 56: Dayan, F.E., Watson, S.B., Galindo,
Page 57 and 58:
Mbwambo, Z.H., Luyengi, L., Kinghor
Page 59 and 60:
Unander, D.W., Webster, G.L. and Bl
Page 61 and 62:
APPENDIX B. EXTRACTION LAYOUT Table
Page 63 and 64:
APPENDIX C. THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAP
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Figure C.5 Fractions from crude P.
Page 67 and 68:
Figure C.9 Fractions from crude P.
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9:1 95:5 98:2 Figure C.13 Fractions
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APPENDIX D. RF-VALUES OF FRACTIONS
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Table D.3 Rf-values of the fraction
Page 75 and 76:
Table D.6 Rf-value of fractions in
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initial characterization of crude extracts from phyllanthus amarus

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