initial characterization of crude extracts from phyllanthus amarus

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adiation (254 nm and 365 nm). The unknown compounds were determined by means of UV, IR, mass and NMR spectroscopy. Table 2.2 Phytochemicals in Phyllanthus amarus Secondary metabolites Phytochemicals Alkaloids Securinine, Norsecurinine, Epibubbialine and Isobubbialine (Houghton et al., 1996) Flavonoids Catechin, Gallocatechin, Quercetin, Quercitoside and Rutin (Morton, Hydrolysable tannins (ellagitannins) 1981; Foo, 1993) Amariin, Amariinic acid, Amarulone, Corilagin, Elaeocarpusin, Furosin, Geraniin, Geraniinic acid B, Glucopyranose and Glucopyranoside derivatives, Phyllanthusiin D and Repandusinic acid (Foo and Wong, 1992; Foo, 1993; Foo, 1995) Major lignans Phyllanthin and Hypophyllanthin (Morton, 1981; Chevallier, 2000) Phenolics Gallic acid (Foo, 1993) Polyphenols Ellagic acid, Phenazine and Phenazine derivatives (Foo, 1993) Bratati and Datta (1990) report in an evaluation study of Phyllanthus amarus that plant extracts have shown in vivo antifungal, anticancer, antispasmodic and hypoglycaemic activity. According to Thyagarajan (1988) plant extracts from this species have beneficial effects on liver functions. Mehratra et al. (1991), and Unander and Blumberg (1991) showed, using in vitro studies, that the Phyllanthus amarus extracts (polar fractions) also have antiviral activity and are a potential remedy for hepatitis B viral infection. Since the extracts of Phyllanthus amarus have a long history of use in tropical countries in indigenous medicine for the treatment of liver ailments, they were examined during this research. The extracts were optimized, in order to extract as many 12
phytochemical compounds as possible from the plant. The extracts (50% methanol in water, 99% methanol and 50% methanol in chloroform) were analyzed by thin layer chromatography based upon the presence of secondary metabolites. 2.3. Quassia amara L. Biogeography and Ecology The medicinal property of Quassia amara, traditionally used for malaria, was discovered in Suriname in 1730 by a slave named Kwasi, who was a well known medicine man. In recognition of his discovery, this plant has been given the scientific name of Quassia amara (which means bitter Quassia) by the botanist Linnaeus. In 1730, Kwasi received a medal laced coat with trousers, a sword of honor, and a decorated three- cornered hat from the Prince of Orange, the Stadhouder Willem V (Werkhoven and Malone, 2000). In the mid-eighteenth century this shrub became popular in Europe. Quassia amara is well known in many countries and is recorded in the medical books of Europe, South and Central America, and India as “Suriname quassia” (Tirimana, 1987). Other common names are amargo, bitterhout, bitter wood, guavo, hombre grande, hombron, kwasi-bita, murupa, palo de causia, pau amarelo, quassia, quassia amarga, quassia Suriname, quinine de Cayenne, Suriname wood (Morton, 1981). Quassia amara is a member of the Simaroubaceae family, which has about 150 species (primarily tropical and subtropical) in approximately 25 genera. Simaroubaceae is a small family with bitter components in the wood, seeds and bark. The leaves in this family are spread and feathered and the flowers usually have scales at the feet of the fumitory (Wessels Boer, 1976). Quassia amara is a shrub or small tree growing mainly on sandy soils in lowland and highland forests and along the riverbanks. This shrub grows 4 to 6 m in height. All 13
Page 1 and 2: INITIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CRUDE E
Page 3 and 4: suggestions to the project and manu
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT The extracts of many plant
Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION According t
Page 9 and 10: 2.1. Background CHAPTER 2. LITERATU
Page 11 and 12: In drug discovery, the major second
Page 13 and 14: greenish, often with glands. The fr
Page 15 and 16: wood is soft and used for boxes, ki
Page 17: used for colic (Wessels Boer, 1976;
Page 21 and 22: and fuel. In Puerto Rico the wood o
Page 23 and 24: extracts from the dry quassia wood
Page 25 and 26: Quassin has important pharmaceutica
Page 27 and 28: alumina, cellulose powder, polyamid
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1
Page 31 and 32: 1. Concentration 2. LPE 3× with he
Page 33 and 34: II. At UV-365 nm the spots were cir
Page 35 and 36: Twenty-five milligrams of crude pow
Page 37 and 38: still not completely separated. Mob
Page 39 and 40: indication that fraction 3 is less
Page 41 and 42: concentration of them is too low to
Page 43 and 44: and then visualizing the spots at U
Page 45 and 46: other impure non polar fractions/co
Page 47 and 48: to three (Q. amara) fraction(s)/com
Page 49 and 50: the extraction solvent 50% methanol
Page 51 and 52: HCl, the filtrate was then basified
Page 53 and 54: than TLC in analyzing the specific
Page 55 and 56: Dayan, F.E., Watson, S.B., Galindo,
Page 57 and 58: Mbwambo, Z.H., Luyengi, L., Kinghor
Page 59 and 60: Unander, D.W., Webster, G.L. and Bl
Page 61 and 62: APPENDIX B. EXTRACTION LAYOUT Table
Page 63 and 64: APPENDIX C. THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAP
Page 65 and 66: Figure C.5 Fractions from crude P.
Page 67 and 68: Figure C.9 Fractions from crude P.
Page 69 and 70:
9:1 95:5 98:2 Figure C.13 Fractions
Page 71 and 72:
APPENDIX D. RF-VALUES OF FRACTIONS
Page 73 and 74:
Table D.3 Rf-values of the fraction
Page 75 and 76:
Table D.6 Rf-value of fractions in
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initial characterization of crude extracts from phyllanthus amarus

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