the echinoid fauna from japan and adjacent regions part i

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12 S. NISIYAMA Regular Echinoidea of JACKSON, is as follows (only the ranks higher than taxa of the family-group cited). H. L. CLARK (1925) Order 1: Cidaroida DUNCAN Family 1: Cidaridae J. MULLER Order 2: Diadematoida DUNCAN Suborder A: Aulodonta JACKSON Family 1: Aspidodiadematidae DUNCAN Family 2: Diadematidae PETERS Family 3: Echinothuriidae WYVILLE THOMSON Suborder B: Stirodonta JACKSON Family 1: Saleniidae DESOR Family 2: Stomopneustidae MORTE;'\SEN Family 3: Arbaciidae GRAY Suborder C: Camarodonta JACKSON Family 1: Temnopleuridae DESOR Family 2: Echinidae AGASSIZ Family 3: Strongylocentrotidae GREGORY Family 4: Echinometridae GRAY Order 3: Exocycloida JACKSON Suborder A: Clypeastrina GREGORY Family 1: Clypeastridae AGASSIZ Family 2: Arachnoididae GREGORY Family 3: Laganidae A. AGASSIZ Family 4: Fibulariidae GRAY Family 5: Scutellidae AGASSIZ Suborder B: Echinoneina HAWKINS Family 1: Echinoneidae WRIGHT Suborder C: Nucleolitina HAWKINS Family 1: Nucleolitidae GREGORY Suborder D: Cassidulina HAWKINS Family 1: Cassidulidae AGASSIZ Suborder E: Urechinina H. L. CLARK Family 1: Urechinidae LAMBERT Family 2: Calymnidae MORTENSEN Family 3: Pourtalesiidae LOVEN Suborder F: Spatangina JACKSON Family 1: Palaeostomatidae GREGORY Family 2: Aeropsidae H. L. CLARK Family 3: Palaeopneustidae A. AGASSIZ Family 4: Hemiasteridae H. L. CLARK Family 5: Spatangidae GRAY Among them, the family Echinothuriidae cannot be classified with the Diadematids,. as discussed above. Another major classification of the so-called Regular Echinoidea, as far as the Recent forms are concerned, may have not a strong contradiction, except for some details here and there. In the Aulodonta the genus Caenopedina A. AGASSIZ, CLARK included it into the family of the Diadematids, as none of the characters he described, have been found to warrant its being anything else. This dealing is· contrary to the former assignment of it to the family of the Pedinids (H. L. CLARK,. 1912-b, p. 213) by himself. The structure of the spines of the Pedinids, recalling
The Echinoid Fauna from Japan and Adjacent Regions 13. that of the Cidarid spines, is so fundamentally different from that of the Diadematid spines, and the genus Caenopedina, the living representative of the Pedinids, cannot classified with the Diadematids. H. L. CLARK strongly holds his view for the essential difference between the tri porous (or oligoporous) and polyporous forms of the so·called Regular Echinoidea. He recognized three families, of which the least specialized is the Echinids, the intermediate, the Strongylocentrotids, and the most specialized, the Echinometrids, under the Camarodonta, excepting the sculptured Temnopleurids. The first family Echinidae, comprise the genera Echinus, Toxopneustes, and Tripneustes, with trigeminate ambulacra and circular ambitus. The second family Strongylocentrotidae, comprise the genera Echinostrephus, Strongylocentrotus, and Heliocidaris, with multigeminate ambulacra and circular ambitus. The third family Echinometridae, comprise the genera Paraselenia, Echinometra, and Heterocentrotus, with tri- to multigeminate ambulacra and elliptical ambitus. This treatment of classification met a strong opposition of MORTENSEN_ MORTENSEN claims that the distinction between the oligoporous and the polyporous forms of the Regular Echinoidea is a mistake, and in various families there is a clear evidence of development from primitive, simple to compound ambulacral plates, trigeminate and, ultimately as the most specialized, polyporous plates. On the other hand, H. L. CLARK claims that the test structure is essential for the classification of these forms, but the appendages of the test, pedicellariae and spines, are subject to all environmental influences, and that Toxopneustid-like globiferous pedicellariae, which characterize MORTENSEN'S Toxopneustids, have arisen independently three times is at least as equally likely as the alternative, that polyporous ambulacra have arisen independently. These two diverse courses of the authors present an interesting problem as to the systematic arrangement of the Echinoidea. At any rate, the true genetic relations of the so-called Regular Echinoidea with complex morphologies cannot be steadily determined on single independent characters. In the systematic arrangement of the so-called Irregular Echinoidea (the order Exocycloida), H. L. CLARK subdivided them into six suborders as listed above; each of these, the Clypeastrina, Echinoneina, and Urechinina, forms a more or less natural and distinct group as a whole. But the Spatangina (emended by CLARK, 1925) itself comprise, diversified forms derived from different sources, and the grouping of genera and species made by him seem to be far from the natural affinities. CLARK included in his family Sptangidae the Brissids and the Loveniids also, besides an evident Palaeopneustid, Linopneustes: the presence of a subanal fasciole is taken as the main characteristic, regardless of all other characters. His classification is in the main the same as that of DUNCAN. This classification, as well as his family Hemiasteridae, cannot be accepted. MORTENSEN, in his great and exhaustive work" A Monograph of the Echinoidea, 1928-1951 ", the greatest and most valuable monograph in the former half of the twentieth century, based on the very large amount of materials accumulated in a long time, the most experienced savant on the Echinoidea, with the deep and precise knowledge on the animals, describing the Recent forms to species, and fossil forms to genera, rearranged and reviewed the systematic arrangement of the Echinoidea and steadily made great strides in the science. MORTENSEN'S classificatory scheme is as.
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130 S. NISIYAMA ---" 1870, Descript
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146 S. NISIYAMA OYAMA, K., 1950. St
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148 S. NISIYAMA SUGAI, K., et alt.,
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150 S. NISIYAMA Stratigraphic Studi
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170 S. NISIYAMA This subfamily does
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172 S. NISIYAMA the Miocene forms,
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174 s. NI SIYAMA large Cidarid are
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176 S. NISIYAMA diadematoid structu
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180 S. NISIYAMA MORTENSEN (1940; p.
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186 S. NISIYAMA 337. Salenocidaris
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188 S. NISIYAMA rather deep, 5.5 mm
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198 Test small to very large in siz
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200 S. NISIYAMA There are two relat
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226 S. NISIYAMA a c b Fig. 12. Temn
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228 S. NISIYAMA plate were divided
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234 S. NISIYAMA p. 806, pi. 61, fig
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244 S. NlSIYAMA ferous zones straig
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254 s. NISIY A:\IA Locality and geo
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256 S. NISIYAMA demi-plate, form ne
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258 S. NISIYAMA the arrangement of
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262 S. NISIYAMA genus, however, dif
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