the echinoid fauna from japan and adjacent regions part i

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44 S. NISIYAMA from various localities and geological horizons in Japan and the adjacent regions, it may be noticed that many of the generic and specific names used by previous authors are very diverse and are in need of various changes, and they are made in the part of this article dealing with the description of the species. Besides above mentioned literatures on the fossil Echinoids from Japan and the adjacent regions there are many other literatures concerning the fossils, but they are either the only mention of manuscript names, only the presenting of figures without description, only the citation of Echinoids names, or the report on the occurrence of fossil Echinoids; these remain out of consideration for the time being. Available literature shows that a large number of genera and species have been reported from Japan and the adjacent regions. By refined methods of H. L. CLARK, MORTENSEN, DURHAM, and others, however, the number of species and genera have increased in some cases and have decreased in others. Particularly because some have proved to be synonyms of others, certain cases or found to be mere local variation or mutations unworthy of new names in the others, and in still other cases some have been taken as type-species of new genera and subgenera. And, in future, even in present, it is expected that the number of generic and specific names will be increased, simultaneously the number of synonyms and homonyms may also be increased on the one hand, and be found to be valid on the other. In the present article, the writer gives many localities and geological horizons for the fossil Echinoids, with the hope that future workers can add more to those here enumerated. MATERIAL The material studied by the writer is probably one of the largest collections of fossil Echinoids known from Japan and the adjacent regions. The collections studied include the large number of specimens now stored in the Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Tohoku University, Sendai, the collection of the Department of the Saito Ho-on Kai Museum, Sendai, the collection of the Paleontological Branch of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, and the specimens now stored in the Geological Department of the Shimane University, Matsue. Dr. COOKE'S specimens in the col- .lection of the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C., and the part of A. AGASSIZ'S and H. L. CLARK's collections in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, Cambridge, may be added to the material examined, as the writer had an opportunity to examine them though for a short time. The specimens in the Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Tohoku University were collected mostly by early members of the Institute, having been increased in kinds and number by some later members, as well. The fossil specimens are from nearly every part of Japan and the adjacent regions where fossils of Echinoids are known to occur, no exact Triassic occurrence has been on record until now. Covering nearly the whole regions of Japan and the adjacent areas, and ranging in time from the Permian to the Pleistocene Epoch, excepting the Triassic, the large collection studied by the writer, has afforded the writer the opportunity to work out many interesting problems. In the course of this work it was necessary to ascertain, as far as possible, the precise localitIes and stratigraphical 'positions from which the specimens offossB
The Echinoid Fauna from Japan and Adjacent Regions 45 Echinoids described in the literature were collected, as well as of those newly added to the material. Because there are many names of the stratigraphical units in Japan, especially of the Tertiary, a glossary describing these units which concern the fossil Echinoids seems to be necessary here, but it is not referred to this article. In this chapter the writer only lists the genera and subgenera of the fossil Echinoids treated in this work, arranged according to the geological age. Permian Period Miocidaris Triassic Period Cidarid spines are reported to occur by authors, they are not accessible to the writer. Some of them seem to represent primary spines of the Hemicidarids or the Pseudodiadematids. Jurassic Period Balanocidaris, Firmacidaris, Pygurus (Echinopygus) , and Allotoxaster. Cretaceous Period Pseudocidaris, Goniopygus, Caenholectypus, Holaster, Cm'disaster, Cottreaucorys (Cordastrum), Niponaster, Aphelaster, He71liaster, Heteraster (Enallaster) , and Paraheterastei'. Tertiary Period Palaeogene Subperiod Chondrocidaris, Phyllacanthus, Salenia, Eoglyptocidaris, Stomopneustes, Tripneustes, Mirechinus, Parasalenia, Procassidulus, Echinolampas, Sismondia, Kewia, Allaster, Echinodiscus, Paraster, Palmeraster, Linthia, Schizaster, Nudobrissus Aplospatangus, Brissopsis, and Metalia. Neogene Subperiod Stereocidaris, Stereocidaris (Phalacrocidaris), Salenocidm'is, Glyptocidaris, Coelopleurus, Temnopleurus, Temnotrema, Erbechinus, Brochopleurus, Salmaciella, Pseudocentrotus, Stronglocentrotus, Allocentrotus, Echinometra, Echinanthus, Oligopodia, Echinolampas, Clypeaster, Peronella (Peronellites)?, Laganum, Kewia, Echinarachnius, Scaphechinus, Pseudoastrodapsis, Echinodiscus (Amphiope) , Astriclypeus, Palaeopneustes, Palaeopneustes (Oopneustes), Echinoneus, Hemiaster, Spatangus, Breynia, Echinocardium, Pericosmus, Linthia, Cagaster, Brisaster, Moira, Moira (Moiropsis) , Brissopsis, and Eupatagus. Quaternary Period Pleistocene Epoch Prionocidaris, Phyllacanthus, Glyptocidaris, Coelopleurus, Echinothrix, Temnopleurus, Temnopleurus (Toreumatica), Temnotrema, Echinostrephus, Echinometra, Echinoneus, Echinolampas, Clypeaster, Echinocyamus, Fibularia, Fibularia (Fibullariella) , Peronelia, Laganum, Scaphechinus, Astriclypeus, Spatangus, j'v/aretia, Lovenia, Brisaster, Metalia, and Brissus.
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174 s. NI SIYAMA large Cidarid are
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176 S. NISIYAMA diadematoid structu
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180 S. NISIYAMA MORTENSEN (1940; p.
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186 S. NISIYAMA 337. Salenocidaris
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188 S. NISIYAMA rather deep, 5.5 mm
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198 Test small to very large in siz
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224 S. NISIYAMA part by a sinuous l
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226 S. NISIYAMA a c b Fig. 12. Temn
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228 S. NISIYAMA plate were divided
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230 S. NISIY AMA d .e a f Fig. 16.
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234 S. NISIYAMA p. 806, pi. 61, fig
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244 S. NlSIYAMA ferous zones straig
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248 S. N ISIYA lvI A is similar to
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252 S. NISIYAMA This genus is chara
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254 s. NISIY A:\IA Locality and geo
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256 S. NISIYAMA demi-plate, form ne
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258 S. NISIYAMA the arrangement of
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262 S. NISIYAMA genus, however, dif
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264 S. NISIY Ai'vIA subdivision of
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