the echinoid fauna from japan and adjacent regions part i

The Echinoid Fauna from Japan and Adjacent Regions 211
leads to the conclusion that they must be placed together in the same suborder. It
now seems certain, from the characters of their tubercles and their compound ambulacral
structures, that there must exist an ascending line from the more primitive
Pseudodiadematid-like form through the Glyphocyphids to the Temnopleurids and
even to the Toxopneustids, the latter seems to represent the highest degree in the
feature of this ascending series and the youngest occurrence in geological age.
This is a large family comprising more than thirty genera, of which at least
:sixteen include Recent forms. They fall into two or three subfamilies, according to
H L. CLARK and MORTENSEN, respectively, distinguished chiefly by the characters of
the ornamentation of the test, particularly of the aboral side.
Subfamily TEMNOPLEURINAE A. AGASSIZ, 1872
Temnopleuridae A. AGASSIZ, 1872-74 (72), p. 285.-Temnopleurinae DU:-1CA:-1, 1889-a, p. 97.­
GREGORY, 1900-b, p. 312.-MoRTENSEN, 1904, p. 113.-H. L. CLARK, 1912-b, p. 310.-H. L.
CLARK, 1925, p. 75.-MoRTENSE:-1, 1943, p. 72.
Angular pits or pores usually present (may be more or less obliterated in adult
:specimens, are lacking in Pseudechinus MORTENSEN, 1903). No depressions or sculpture
on the coronal plates; but in the small forms of Toreumatica GRAY, 1855, the
'pits may widen considerably so as to produce a sculpture similar to that of member
·of the Trigonocidarinae. Plates united by dowelling in the large forms. Poison
:glands of the globiferous pedicellariae double (from MORTENSEN, 1943).
This subfamily comprises a rather large group of genera, e. g., Temnopleurus
(with a subgenus Toreumatica), Paratrema KOEHLER, 1927, Pseduodicoptella JEANNET,
1935, Medocechinus JEANNET, 1936, Trumechinus LAMBERT and THIERY, 1911, Temne­
,chinus FORBES, 1852, Temnotrema A. AGASSIZ, 1863, Mespilia DESOR, 1846, Microcyphus
AGASSIZ, 1841, Salmacis AGASSIZ, 1841, Amblypneustes AGASSIZ, 1841, Pseudechinus,
Holopneustes AGASSIZ, 1841, Salmaciella MORTENSEN, 1942, OPechinus DESOR, 1856, and
Erbechinus JEANNET, 1935. The latter two are once assigned to the subfamily Trigonocidarinae
owing to their test sculpture, but by the character of the globiferous
-pedicellariae they are referred to this subfamily. The greatest majority of these
'genera comprises the main stem of the family of the Temnopleurids, and seem to
'belong to the Recent Epoch, though such important genera as Temnopleurus, Micro­
.cyphus, Temnotrema, and OPechinus started in the Miocene.
Genus Temnopleurus AGASSIZ, 1841
Temnopleurus AGASSIZ, 1841, p. 7.-AGASSIZ, 1841-a, p. vii.-AGASSIZ and DESOR, 1846, p.
359.-D'ARCHIAC and HAIME, 1853-54 (53), p. 201.-DESOR, 1855-57 (56), p. 104.-vON
MARTENS, 1866, pp. 133, 158.-A. AGASSIZ, 1872-74, pp. 166, 460.-ZITTEL, 1879, p. 505.­
BELL, 1880-d, p. 423.-MARTIN, 1880-a, p. 73.-POMEL, 1883, p. 87.-DuNCAN, 1883, p. 350.­
DUNCAN, 1888, p. 112.-DuNCAN, 1889-a, p. 106.-LAMBERT, 1897, p. 497.-DELAGE and
HEROUARD, 1903, p. 24I.-MElssNER, 1904, p. 1362.-MoRTENSEN, 1904, p. 64.-LAMBERT
and THIERY, 1911, p. 217.-H. L. CLARK, 1912-b, p. 31I.-H. L. CLARK, 1925, p. 80.­
LAMBERT and JEANNET, 1935, p. 6.-MoRTENSEN, 1943, p. 72.-H. L. CLARK, 1946, p.
309.-TERMIER and TERMIER, 1953, p. 906.
Orthotype.-Cidaris toreumatica LESKE, 1778, p. 155.-Temnopleurus toreumaticus (LESKE)
A. AGASSIZ, 1872-74, pp. 163, 463, pI. 8a, figs. 4-5 (Indian Ocean).-MoRTENSEN, 1943, p.