the echinoid fauna from japan and adjacent regions part i

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24 S. NISIYAMA Family: Fibulariidae A. AGASSIZ, 1873 Family: Neolaganidae DURHAM, 1954 Suborder: Scutellina HAECKEL, 1896 Family: Scutellidae GRAY, 1825 Family: Protoscutellidae DURHAM, 1955 Family: Eoscutellidae DURHAM, 1955 Family: Dendraateridae LAMBERT, 19o-\) Family: Echinarachniidae LAMBERT, 1914 Family: Monophorasteridae LAHILLE, 1896 Family: Mellitidae STEFANINI, 1911 Family: Astriclypeidae STEF ANINI, 1911 Family: Abertellidae DURHAM, 1955 Family: Scutasteridae DURHAM, 1955 Suborder: Rotulina DURHAM, 1955 Family: Rotulidae GRAY, 1855 Superorder: Atelostom::tta ZITTEL, 1879 Order: Nucleolitoida HAWKINS, 1920 Family: Nucleolitidae AGASSIZ & DESOR, 1847 Family: Galeropydidae LAMBERT, 1911 Family: Neolampadidae LAMBERT, 1911 Order: Cassiduloida CLAUS, 1880 Family: Cassidulidae AGASSIZ & DESOR, 1847 Family: Echinolampadidae GRAY, 1851 Order: Holasteroida DURHAM & MELVILLE, 1957 Family: Collyritidae D'ORBIGNY, 1853 Family: Disasteridae A. GRAS, 1848 Family: Holasteridae PICTET, 1857 Family: Urechinidae DUNCAN, 1889 Family: Calymnidae MORTENSEN, 1907 Family: Pourtalesiidae A. AGASSIZ, 1881 Family: Stenonasteridae LAMBERT, 1922 Order: Spatangoida CLAUS, 1876 Family: Asterostomatidae PICTET, 1857 Family: Palaeostomatidae LOVEN, 1867 Family: Palaeopneustidae A. AGASSIZ, 1904 Family: Aeropsidae LAMBERT, 1896 Family: Toxasteridae LAMBERT, 1920 Family: Micrasteridae LAMBERT, 1920 Family: Hemiasteridae H. L. CLARK, 1917 Family: Spatangidae GRAY, 1825 Family: Loveniidae LAMBERT, 1905 Family: Pericosmidae LAMBERT, 1905 Family: Schizasteridae LAMBERT, 1905 Family: Brissidae GRAY, 1855 Family: Maretiidae LAMBERT, 1905 Incertae :;edis Family: Archiaciidae COTTEAU & TRIGER, 1869 Family: Heterocidaridae MORTENSEN, 1934 Family: Tiarechinidae GREGORY, 1896 In their major classification they recognized, as listed above, two subclasses or the Echinoidea, the Perischoechinoidea and the Euechinoidea. The first subclass include all the Palaeozoic Echinoids and the post-Palaeozoic Cidaroids. The remaining Echi--
The Echinoid Fauna from Japan and Adjacent Regions 25 noids are placed in the second subclass Euechinoidea. They divided the second into four superorders, as follows: -the Diadematacea (corresponding to the order Aulodonta as used by MORTENSEN, as well as families Echinothuriidae and Pygasteridae); the Echinacea (for the orders Stirodonta and Camarodonta as used by MORTENSEN); the Gnathostomata (for the order Holectypoida of MORTENSEN, excluding the Pygasteridae, and including his Clypeastroida and certain genera of the Cassiduloida); and the Atelostomata (for the remainder of MORTENSEN'S Cassiduloida and his Spatangoida). They also made some rearrangement on the ordinal level, but the families are left as used by MORTENSEN. In their systematic arrangement of the Echidoidea, the following results are important and noteworthy. 1. As for the position of Bothriocidaris they conceded, with three sound reasons, to the view that the genus, if it is ancestral or not, is a true Echinoid, contrasting to MORTENSEN'S view that Bothriocidaris is not a true Echinoid, and that it has no genetic connexion with the class. 2. They are lumping together numerous and diverse forms of the Palaeozoic Lepidocentroids into a single family, and prefer to accept the family Echinocystitidae (Lepidocentridae as a senior subjective synonym) in the wide sence of MORTENSEN; for example, they regarded that the family of the Palaeodiscids, established for genera with an open ambu13cral furrow (Aulechinus, Ectinechinus, Palaeodiscus, etc.) is of questionable value since it is by no means certain that a true ambulacral furrow is present in all these genera, and they can find no satisfactory basis for separating from the family of the Echinocystitids (Lepidocentrids): 3. They expressively claim that the family of the Echinothuriids, which are regarded by MORTENSEN as the surviving member of the Palaeozoic Lepidocentroids, originated from some other contemporary and closely similar Pedinid stock than the Echinocystitids (Lepidocentrids); the association of these families appears unreasonable and unnatural, and the authors classified the Echinothuriids (Lepidocentrids) with the Pedinids, by the evidence from the Jurassic Pelanechinus, the earliest Echinothuriid, or from certain Recent forms. 4. Although MORTENSEN (1948-a, pp. 9-26) admitted that the Pygasterids and the Holectypids have originated from different sources, the former from the Pedinids and the latter from the Diadematids, and have evolved along different lines, he classified them together in the order of the Holectypoids after their more important structural resemblances. DURHAM and MELVILLE (1957, pp. 246-247, 253), however, rightly regarded that the Pygasterids, which are referred by MORTENSEN to the primitive forms of the Holectypoids, should be regarded as a sterile offshoot of the Pedinids, associating the Pygasterids with the Diadematoids on the evidence derived from the general resemblance of the Pygasterids to the Pedinid genera. The Holectypids, which are characterized by having the perforate and crenulate tubercles and the ancestral family of the remaining Holectypoids, are perhaps near the root of certain other irregular stocks as well: and they were in turn derived from the stirodont regular ancestor, in spite of earlier opinions that the Holectypids were of the pygasterid derivation (LAMBERT and THERY, 1914, p. 277 ;-HAWKINS, 1920, p. 453 ;-HAWKINS, 1943, p. 69). 5. The division of the Cassiduloids into two orders, the Cassiduloida and Nucleolitoida, as proposed by HAWKINS, and followed by DURHAM and MELVILLE (1957, pp. 259-260), is opposed by later writers, such as KJER (1962) and PHILIP (1963), because it was judged
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'90 S. NISIYAMA Mag., London, Whole
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'96 S. NISIYAMA 4, va!. 24, pp. 604
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100 S. NISIYAMA cretacique du Portu
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102 S. NISIYAMA ---, 1845-a, Observ
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112 S. NISIY A:VIA NICHOLAS, H., 18
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116 S. NISIYAMA ---, 1894, Fische,
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128 S. NISIYAMA ---, 1908, Die Diad
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130 S. NISIYAMA ---" 1870, Descript
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132 S. NISIYAMA ---, and M.N. BRA:-
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144 S. NISIYAMA ----, 1947, Ecologi
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146 S. NISIYAMA OYAMA, K., 1950. St
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148 S. NISIYAMA SUGAI, K., et alt.,
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150 S. NISIYAMA Stratigraphic Studi
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158 S. NISIYAMA general conspicuous
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164 s. NISIY AyIA acteristic purpli
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170 S. NISIYAMA This subfamily does
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172 S. NISIYAMA the Miocene forms,
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174 s. NI SIYAMA large Cidarid are
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176 S. NISIYAMA diadematoid structu
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180 S. NISIYAMA MORTENSEN (1940; p.
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186 S. NISIYAMA 337. Salenocidaris
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188 S. NISIYAMA rather deep, 5.5 mm
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198 Test small to very large in siz
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200 S. NISIYAMA There are two relat
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202 s. NISIYAMA MEISS;-';ER, 1904,
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220 s. NISIYAMA MEIJERE, 1904, p. 8
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224 S. NISIYAMA part by a sinuous l
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226 S. NISIYAMA a c b Fig. 12. Temn
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228 S. NISIYAMA plate were divided
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230 S. NISIY AMA d .e a f Fig. 16.
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234 S. NISIYAMA p. 806, pi. 61, fig
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244 S. NlSIYAMA ferous zones straig
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248 S. N ISIYA lvI A is similar to
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252 S. NISIYAMA This genus is chara
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254 s. NISIY A:\IA Locality and geo
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256 S. NISIYAMA demi-plate, form ne
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258 S. NISIYAMA the arrangement of
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262 S. NISIYAMA genus, however, dif
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264 S. NISIY Ai'vIA subdivision of
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272 s. NISIYAMA Lat. 35° N.), wher
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276 S. NISIYAMR Koehleraster LAMBER
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