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MPA vs. MPP: A Distinction Without a Difference? public administration are more likely to emphasize “finance & budgeting” and “organization & human resource management.” Although these associations are observed, the basis of the association is not clear. That is, curriculum composition may influence hires or faculty composition may influence curriculum content. Our analysis revealed that programs with higher percentages of faculty members with economics doctoral degrees are associated with more emphasis on “economic & policy analysis” and less emphasis on “organization & human resource management.” In addition, “organization & human resource management” courses are stressed more when the programs have relatively more faculty members with doctorates in public administration. When the programs have more faculty members with doctorates in political science, “finance & budgeting” is emphasized more. In sum, the core courses such as “economics & policy analysis,” “finance & budgeting,” and “organization & human resource management” are associated with faculty academic disciplines, while the other core courses such as policy process, public management, and research methods are not. Therefore, Hypothesis 2 is partially supported. It should be noted that only the core courses that are differently emphasized by MPA and MPP programs have significant relationships with faculty academic disciplines. This analysis suggests an association rather than causality between core curriculum content and faculty members’ academic disciplines. Given the association we found, schools that have more faculty members with doctorates in a specific academic discipline appear to be more likely to have core curricula that contain more courses associated with that discipline. At the same time, the association of faculty background and core curriculum content may suggest that programs with an emphasis in certain academic content may attract faculty with similar academic backgrounds. Therefore, if there is any causal relationship between a faculty’s academic background and the core curriculum content, it remains ambiguous and indeterminate. (See Table 2.) Since more emphasis is placed on “economics & policy analysis” in MPP programs (contrary to Hypothesis 1) and core faculty academic disciplines have a partial impact on core courses (partially supporting Hypothesis 2), we examined the impact of core faculty disciplines on offering MPP programs and being APPAM members. In fact, all MPP programs are offered by APPAMmember schools, regardless of whether they belong only to APPAM or are dualmembership schools. According to ANOVA results in Table 3, among three major core faculty disciplines, economics and public administration are associated with offering MPP programs and being APPAM members. Further analysis (not shown) revealed that, in these programs, more faculty with doctorates in economics or fewer faculty with doctorates in public administration were significantly associated with offering MPP programs and being APPAM members. (See Table 3.) Journal of Public Affairs Education 405
MPA vs. MPP: A Distinction Without a Difference? Table 2. ANOVA Results for Core Courses and Faculty’s Academic Disciplines Core Courses (F-Statistics) Research Methods Organization & Human Resource Mngt Public Mngt Policy Process Finance & Budgeting Economics & Policy Analysis Core Faculty’s Disciplines Economics 2.04* ( 2.14*) f 1.02 (1.73*) 1.43 (1.70) 1.38 (1.07) 2.63** ( 5.73***) 1.06 (1.39) Political Science 1.48 (1.70) 1.08 (1.69*) 0.93 (1.68) 1.14 (1.41) 0.84 (1.40) 0.58 (1.35) Overalla (70) b Public Administration 1.29 (1.04) 0.79 (0.85) 0.75 (1.42) 1.35 (1.51) 2.86*** (2.62**) 0.89 (1.15) Economics 0.63 (.084) 1.05 (0.93) 1.93 (1.40) 0.26 (0.35) 1.71 (1.23) 0.96 (0.68) Political Science 1.13 (0.87) 7.32**(2.26) 1.27 (1.33) 0.66 (0.74) 0.22 (0.41) 1.77 (1.27) MPA-Only c (19) Public Administration 1.08 (0.47) 0.89 (26.00**) 1.31 (4.11) 0.67 (6.44*) 2.54 (10.16*) 1.00 (2.74) 406 Journal of Public Affairs Education Economics 1.06 (4.60) 1.25 (1.85) 0.54 (1.64) 0.92 (6.29) 0.50 (342.47***) 0.44 (1.48) Political Science .040 (0.94) 1.43 (1.24) 0.85 (2.55) 1.05 (2.72) 0.91 (0.56) 1.29 (1.52) Public Administration 2.33 (0.47) 0.65 (0.77) 0.62 (1.07) 1.73 (1.00) 1.03 (0.86) 0.70 (1.11) MPP-Only d & MPA/MPPd (20) Economics 0.66 (0.66) 1.21 (1.21) 0.49 (0.49) 0.21 (0.21) 10.64*** (10.64***) 2.20 (2.20) Political Science 2.86* (2.86*) 1.42 (1.42) 1.66 (1.66) 1.29 (1.29) 2.62 (2.62) 0.89 (0.89) MPA-Only e (24) Public Administration 2.96* (2.96*) 0.87 (0.87) 1.63 (1.63) 1.10 (1.10) 1.32 (1.32) 1.09 (1.09) Note. *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 ***p < 0.001 Significant ANOVA results may indicate positive or negative relationships. Further analyses were conducted to determine the direction of the relationships, by adding the Bonferroni option to ANOVA (see Statacorp 2003, pp. 108-109) a. All schools with Web sites that provided information about their core faculty’s disciplines b. Number of schools c. MPA-only-offering schools among dual-membership schools (i.e., NASPAA and APPAM) d. MPP-only-offering schools and both MPA/MPP-offering schools among dual-membership schools e. MPA-only-offering schools among dual-membership schools, among NASPAA-only members f. When joint-appointment faculty were included
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