Red Book of Butterflies in Turkey Red Book of Butterflies in Turkey

Recommendations

Info

Red Book of Butterflies in Turkey Taxonomic notes Despite the recent proposal for the use of the senior synonym Phengaris for all recognised Maculinea taxa, an appeal for the precedence of the name Maculinea over Phengaris was submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomencalature in mid 2010, and published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Balletto et al. 2010). A decision is awaited. Habitat and Ecology The Dusky Large Blue occurs on damp, moderately nutrient-rich grassland and rough vegetation where its larval foodplant Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) grows. The butterflies are usually found on or near the larval foodplant, which is also the main nectar source for the adults. Females preferably deposit the eggs on large flowerheads of large plants. The egg load per flowerhead can exceed 20 which leads to high resource competition, and usually not more than three to four caterpillars per flowerhead successfully reach their final larval instar. After about three weeks they move out of the flowerheads to the ground in order to be carried by workers of the ant genus Myrmica to an ant nest. There, they feed on ant grubs and ant regurgitations, hibernate and pupate early the following summer. As soon as they emerge from the chrysalis, the butterflies leave the nest. The Dusky Large Blue is one of the most specialised of all the obligate myrmecophilous blues: its life cycle being adapted to only one species of host ant in most of its range. While in most of Europe Myrmica rubra is the main and often only host ant, some populations at the edge of the range are adapted to Myrmica scabrinodis but these are very rare (Tartally et al. 2008, Settele et al. 2008c). The Myrmica species used in Turkey is not known. This butterfly species usually has one generation a year from mid-July to mid-August (Hesselbarth et al. 1995) but it may also happen that caterpillars in the ant nest take two years to fully develop (Witek et al. 2006). Population trend Increasing Decreasing Stable Unknown Population This is a local species, restricted to (semi-) natural areas (van Swaay et al. 2009c). The populations in Turkey are considered fragmented. The areas of suitable habitat are small and isolated and unlikely to be connected as the longest migration so far documented for this species is 5 km (Binzenhöfer and Settele 2000) with most displacements hardly exceeding 500 m (van Langevelde and Wynhoff 2009). For the same reason, exchange of individuals with the nearest populations in Georgia is uncertain. Small and isolated patches have a lower probability of occupancy (Nowicki et al. 2007). However, it is known that very small populations of this species can survive for some time (Wynhoff 2001). In Europe, this species is listed on the regional European Red List as Near Threatened due to a strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30% in Romania, the Netherlands and Ukraine, and a decline of between 6-30% in Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, Slovenia and Switzerland (van Swaay et al. 2009c). Although there is no monitoring data available for Turkey, the decline observed in Europe may also be occurring in Turkey as habitat management changes and other threats are similar. 50 Phengaris nausithous Threats The management of the hay meadows where the larval foodplant grows is critical. Best is traditional cutting by scythe in small blocks, with some areas cut late, or left uncut for one year, to provide flowerheads where the larvae can complete their development. However, mowing large areas with a tractor in the middle of the season (as seen in Kılıçkaya, Artvin, in 2009), destroys the structural diversity, removes the foodplant while the caterpillars are in the flowerheads and damages the larger ant nests which are most valuable to the butterflies. Mechanisation at Kılıçkaya was also facilitating drainage and ploughing of the marginal habitats which provide important refuges for this butterfly. In the long-term, abandonment is also a problem (van Swaay et al. 2009c) although initially abandoned meadows can support very high population densities of this butterfly. But, after 10-20 years the grassland turns to forest and populations face extinction. In the long-term this species may be vulnerable to climate change as its distribution is well explained by climate variables (Settele et al. 2008c) and Turkey is a long way south of the main area of distribution. Recommended conservation action This species is listed in the EU Habitats Directive Annexes 2 and 4, and the Bern Convention Annex 2. Careful control of the implementation of habitat management is needed on a site by site basis. For example, damage done by mowing with tractors can be reduced if it takes place early enough, generally before mid June to allow sufficient regrowth of the foodplant, or after mid September when the caterpillars have left the flowerheads. However, mechanisation can have a negative effect on the ant nests and this should be monitored. Selected References Balletto, E., Bonelli, S., Settele, J., Thomas, J., Verovnik, R. and Wahlberg, N. (2010) Case 3508: Maculinea van Eecke, 1915 (Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae): proposed precedence over Phengaris Doherty, 1891. BNZ 67(2), pp.129-132. Binzenhöfer B. and Settele J. (2000) Vergleichende autökologische Untersuchungen an Glaucopsyche (Maculinea) nausithous Bergstr. und G. (M.) teleius Bergstr. (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) im nördlichen Steigerwald. In: Settele, J & Kleinewietfeld S (eds) Populationsökologische Studien an Tagfaltern 2. UFZ- Bericht 2/2000, pp.1-98. Nowicki, P., Pepkowska, A., Kudlek, J., Skorka, P., Witek, M., Settele, J. and Woyciechowski, M. (2007) From metapopulation theory to conservation recommendations: lessons from spatial occurrence and abundance patterns of Maculinea butterflies. Biol. Conservation, 140, pp.119–129. Settele, J., Kudrna, O., Harpke, A., Kühn, I., van Swaay, C.A.M., Verovnik, R., Warren, M., Wiemers, M., Haspanch, J., Hickler, T., Kühn, E., van Halder, I., Velling, K., Vliegenthart, A., Wynhoff, I. and Schweiger, O. (2008g) Phengaris nausithous IN: Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies. Sofia, Moscow: Pensoft, pp.272-273. Tartally, A., Rákosy, L., Vizauer, T.C., Goia, M. and Varga, Z. (2008) Maculinea nausithous exploits Myrmica scabrinodis in Transylvania: Unusual Host Ant Species of a Myrmecophilous Butterfly in an Isolated Region (Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae; Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 51(2), pp.373-380. van Langevelde, F. and Wynhoff, I. (2009) What limits the spread of two congeneric butterfly species after their reintroduction: quality or spatial arrangement of habitat? Animal Conservation, 12, pp.540-548. van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M.,Maes, D., Šašic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. and Settele, J. (2009c) Phengaris nausithous IN: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2010. Version 2010.3. [Online]. Available from: www.iucnredlist.org. [Downloaded 12 October 2010]. Witek, M., Sliwinska, E.B., Skórka, P., Nowicki, P., Settele, J. and Woyciechowski, M. (2006) Polymorphic growth in larvae of Maculinea butterflies, as an example of biennialism in myrmecophilous insects. Oecologia, 148, pp.729–733. Wynhoff, I. (2001) At home on foreign meadows. Dissertatie Departement Omgevingswetenschappen, Wageningen Universiteit en Research Centrum. Assessment date 11.08.2009 Assessors Karaçetin, E., Welch, H.J., Sáfián, S., Wynhoff, I. & Red List Working Group participants, Ankara 10-12.08.2009 Karaçetin, E. and Welch, H.J. (2011). Red Book of Butterflies in Turkey. Ankara, Turkey: Doğa Koruma Merkezi. Available from: [www.dkm.org.tr]
001310 Order: LEPIDOPTERA Family: LYCAENIDAE Aricia teberdina (Sheljuzhko, 1934) IUCN Global Red List category IUCN Global Red List criteria - - RECENT SYNONYMS Scientific: Plebeius teberdinus, Polyommatus (Aricia) teberdina English: Georgian False Argus, Caucasian Silvery Argus Turkish: Teberda Çokgözlüsü DISTRIBUTION - Global: Northern slopes of the central Greater Caucasus and Turkey (Tuzov et al. 2000). In the Russian Caucasus there are two localities; the type locality at Teberda in the Chatipara Mts. at 2,200-2,300 m (Sheljuzhko 1934) and Itkol in the Elbrus Mts. (Eckweiler 1978). Red Book of Butterflies in Turkey EN Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Turkey: Extent Of Occurrence (EOO) post 1980 (km2 )
Page 1 and 2:
Red Book of Butterflies in in Turke
Page 3 and 4:
Red Book of Butterflies in Turkey E
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements Foreword 1 The Imp
Page 7 and 8: The world is facing a biodiversity
Page 9 and 10: Alcon Blue eggs on Cross-leaved Gen
Page 11 and 12: The first red list of butterflies i
Page 13 and 14: are important pollinators, and many
Page 15 and 16: Tackling taxonomy and revising the
Page 17 and 18: Red Listing Data preparation - Data
Page 19 and 20: additional province could, at minim
Page 21 and 22: present throughout the square (an a
Page 23 and 24: Melanargia wiskotti occurs only in
Page 25 and 26: CONTENTS full assessments RE Region
Page 27 and 28: 001570 Order: LEPIDOPTERA Family: L
Page 31 and 32: 002420 Order: LEPIDOPTERA Family: N
Page 49 and 50: 000230 Order: LEPIDOPTERA Family: P
Page 55: 001070 Order: LEPIDOPTERA Family: L
Page 61 and 62: 003650 Order: LEPIDOPTERA Family: H
Page 99 and 100: 003470 Order: LEPIDOPTERA Family: H
Page 101 and 102: All DD species assessments were car
Page 103 and 104: 000380 000840 Family: PIERIDAE Pier
Page 105 and 106: 000360 000450 000540 Family: PIERID
Page 107 and 108:
000770 Family: LYCAENIDAE Nekrutenk
Page 109 and 110:
002850 003060 Family: NYMPHALIDAE G
Page 111 and 112:
003680 003690 Family: HESPERIIDAE E
Page 113 and 114:
Table 7. Data Deficient (DD) specie
Page 115 and 116:
This list presents the revised list
Page 117 and 118:
Code Scientific name Species author
Page 119 and 120:
Karaçetin, E. and Welch, H.J. (201
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Bibliography Abadjiev, S. and Beshk
Page 125 and 126:
Munzuroğlu, O., Karataş, F. and G
Page 127 and 128:
van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovni
Page 129 and 130:
the best available evidence indicat
Page 131 and 132:
show all

Red Book of Butterflies in Turkey Red Book of Butterflies in Turkey

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?