LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY

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11.12 SECTION 11 TABLE 11.8 Organic Solvents Arranged by Boiling Points (Continued) Name BP, C Name BP, C 2-Phenoxyethanol 240 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether 245 Dibutyl oxalate 245.5 Butyl benzoate 250 1,2,3-Propanetriol 258–259 triacetate 1-Chloronaphthalene 259.3 Isopentyl benzoate 262 trans-Ethyl cinnamate 271.0 Bis[2-(methoxyethoxy)- 275.3 ethyl]ether 1-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzene 277 Isopentyl salicylate 277–278 1-Bromonaphthalene 281.1 Dimethyl o-phthalate 283.7 2,2-(Ethylenedioxy)- 285 bisethanol Glycerol 290 Diethyl o-phthalate 295 Benzyl benzoate 323.5 Dibutyl o-phthalate 340.0 Dibutyl decanedioate 344–345
TABLE 11.9 Molecular Elevation of the Boiling Point Ebullioscopic constants. Molecular weights can be determined with the relation: PRACTICAL LABORATORY INFORMATION 11.13 1000 w 2 M E b w T 1 b where T b is the elevation of the boiling point brought about by the addition of w 2 grams of solute to w 1 grams of solvent and E b is the ebullioscopic constant. In the column headed “Barometric correction” is the number of degrees for each millimeter of difference between the barometric reading and 760 mmHg to be subtracted from E b if the pressure is lower, or added if higher, than 760 mm. In general, the effect is within experimental error if the pressure is within 10 mm of 760 mm. The ebullioscopic constant, a characteristic property of the solvent, may be calculated from the relation: E b 2 RTb M H vap where R is the molar gas constant, M is the molar mass of the solvent, and vapH the molar enthalpy (heat) of vaporization of the solvent. Compound Barometric correction E b, C kg·mol 1 Acetic acid 0.0008 3.22 Acetic anhydride 3.79 Acetone 0.0004 1.80 Acetonitrile 1.44 Acetophenone 5.81 Aniline 0.0009 3.82 Benzaldehyde 4.24 Benzene 0.0007 2.64 Benzonitrile 4.02 Bromobenzene 0.0016 6.35 Bromoethane 1.73 1-Butanol 2.17 2-Butanone 2.28 cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol 2.73 D-()-Camphor 0.0015 4.91 Carbon disulfide 0.0006 2.42 Carbon tetrachloride 0.0013 5.26 Chlorobenzene 0.0011 4.36 1-Chlorobutane 3.13 Chloroethane 1.77 Chloroform 0.0009 3.80 Cyclohexane 0.0007 2.92 Cyclohexanol 3.5 Decane 6.10 1,2-Dibromomethane 0.0016 6.01 1,1-Dichloroethane 3.13 1,2-Dichloroethane 3.27 Dichloromethane 2.42 Diethyl ether 0.0005 2.20 Diethyl sulfide 3.14 Dimethoxymethane 2.12 N,N-Dimethylacetamide 3.22 Dimethyl sulfide 1.85 Dimethyl sulfoxide 3.22
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LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY John
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Grateful acknowledgment is hereby m
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION This n
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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION ix inv
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xii PREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITION l
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PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION This book
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For the detailed contents of any se
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1.2 SECTION 1 is derived from the G
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1.4 SECTION 1 rather than methylide
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1.6 SECTION 1 Styrene Toluene Xylen
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1.8 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.2 Fused Polyc
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1.10 SECTION 1 1.1.1.6 Bridged Hydr
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1.12 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.4 Suffixes f
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1.14 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.5 Trivial Na
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1.16 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.6 Trivial Na
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1.18 SECTION 1 Selection of the pri
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1.20 SECTION 1 attached to one anot
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1.22 SECTION 1 When side chains of
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1.24 SECTION 1 heterocyclic structu
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1.26 SECTION 1 Bivalent radicals of
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1.28 SECTION 1 Complex linear polya
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1.30 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.11 Names of
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1.32 SECTION 1 hydroxyamino- to the
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1.34 SECTION 1 may be named (1) by
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1.36 SECTION 1 Examples are methyl
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1.38 SECTION 1 tuted acid, respecti
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1.40 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.2 Newman pr
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1.42 SECTION 1 from the ring are kn
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1.44 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.11 Two isom
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1.46 SECTION 1 Chiral Center. The c
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1.48 SECTION 1 FIGURE 1.15 Isomers
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1.50 SECTION 1 entries to bring tog
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1.52 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.13 Names and
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1.60 SECTION 1 TABLE 1.14 Empirical
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2.2 SECTION 2 2.3.6 Student’s Dis
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2.4 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.6 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.1 Fundamental
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2.8 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical an
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2.10 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.2 Physical a
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2.24 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.3 Mathematic
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2.26 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.6 Abbreviati
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2.36 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.7 Conversion
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2.54 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.8 Temperatur
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2.66 SECTION 2 2.1.1 Conversion of
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2.68 SECTION 2 Oleometer. A hydrome
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2.70 SECTION 2 Example 3. To find t
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2.72 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.74 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.9 Barometer
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2.76 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.10 Barometri
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2.78 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.80 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.12 Reduction
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2.82 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.13 Viscosity
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2.84 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.14 Conversio
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2.86 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.15 Hydromete
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2.88 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.17 Correctio
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2.90 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.18 Molar Equ
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2.92 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.19 Factors f
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2.94 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.19 Factors f
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2.96 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.20 Values of
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2.98 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmitt
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2.100 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.21 Transmit
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2.102 SECTION 2 2.2 MATHEMATICAL TA
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2.104 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.23 Derivati
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2.106 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.108 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.24 Integral
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2.110 SECTION 2 Regular Polygon of
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2.112 SECTION 2 A h[0.4(y y ) 1.
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2.114 SECTION 2 2.2.3.1 Signs of th
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2.116 SECTION 2 x2 x3 x4 x5 ln(1 x
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2.118 SECTION 2 2.3.2 Errors in Qua
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2.120 SECTION 2 The breadth or spre
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2.122 SECTION 2 TABLE 2.26b Areas U
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2.124 SECTION 2 The distribution of
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2.126 SECTION 2 Should there be mor
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2.128 SECTION 2 Example 10 Six samp
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2.130 SECTION 2 2.3.9 The F Statist
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TABLE 2.29 F Distribution (Continue
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2.134 SECTION 2 mathematical treatm
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2.136 SECTION 2 The confidence limi
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2.138 SECTION 2 situation where rel
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3.2 SECTION 3 The alphabetical orde
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3.4 SECTION 3 When it is required t
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3.6 SECTION 3 PO phosphoryl SeO sel
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3.8 SECTION 3 3.1.5 Acids 3.1.5.1 A
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3.10 SECTION 3 3.1.6.6 Multiplicati
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3.12 SECTION 3 3.2 PHYSICAL PROPERT
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TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants of Ino
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3.16 TABLE 3.2 Physical Constants o
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3.62 SECTION 3 TABLE 3.3 Synonyms a
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SECTION 4 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADI
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4.3 Fermium Fm 100 [Rn] 5f 12 7s 2
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4.5 Silver (argentum) Ag 47 [Kr] 4d
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS,RADICALS,AND BO
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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND
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TABLE 4.5 Electronegativities of th
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TABLE 4.11 Bond Dissociation Energi
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TABLE 4.16 Table of Nuclides (Conti
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SECTION 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 S
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5.1 SOLUBILITIES PHYSICAL PROPERTIE
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.1 Solubility of Gases in Wa
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TABLE 5.2 Solubilities of Inorganic
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formateBa(CHO2) 2 26.2 28.0 29.9 31
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(III) sulfateCe2(SO4) 3 ·9H2O 21.4
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iodidePbI2 0.044 0.056 0.069 0.090
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Nickel sulfateNiSO4 ·6H2O (pale bl
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Praseodymium bromatePr(BrO 3) 3 55.
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formate NaCHO 2 43.9 62.5 81.2 102
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Uranyl nitrate UO 2(NO 3) 2 98 107
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TABLE 5.3 Vapor Pressure of Mercury
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TABLE 5.4 Vapor Pressure of Ice in
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TABLE 5.6 Vapor Pressure of Water (
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TABLE 5.8 Vapor Pressures of Variou
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.33 TABLE 5.8
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5.3 BOILING POINTS TABLE 5.10 Boili
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TABLE 5.11 Binary Azeotropic (Const
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TABLE 5.12 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtu
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5.4 FREEZING MIXTURES TABLE 5.13 Co
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TABLE 5.13 Compositions of Aqueous
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5.5 DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY TA
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.89 d D t t
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5.6.1 Refractive Index PHYSICAL PRO
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.137 where the
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5.7 COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES TABLE 5.23
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TABLE 5.23 Properties of Combustibl
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Deuterium 1150 1222 1297 1372 1448
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TABLE 5.25 Liquid Thermal Conductiv
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TABLE 5.26 Thermal Conductivity of
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TABLE 5.29 Van der Waals’ Constan
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TABLE 5.30 Triple Points of Various
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.171 This equa
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SECTION 6 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.3 6.1.1.2
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.5 A gener
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.7 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.9 TABLE 6
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THERMODYNAMICPROPERTIES 6.11 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.21 TABLE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.101 TABL
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PClF 3 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.1
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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 6.143 The
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TABLE 6.5 Critical Properties (Cont
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SECTION 7 SPECTROSCOPY 7.1 X-RAY ME
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TABLE 7.1 Wavelengths of X-Ray Emis
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.5 TABLE 7.1 Waveleng
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TABLE 7.2 Wavelengths of Absorption
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TABLE 7.3 Critical X-Ray Absorption
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TABLE 7.4 X-Ray Emission Energies i
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.13 Emission line K 1
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TABLE 7.7 Analyzing Crystals for X-
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.17 TABLE 7.8 Mass Ab
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TABLE 7.9 Electronic Absorption Ban
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TABLE 7.11 Absorption Wavelength of
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.23 TABLE 7.13 Solven
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7.3 FLUORESCENCE TABLE 7.16 Fluores
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.27 TABLE 7.16 Fluore
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TABLE 7.18 Detection Limits in ng/m
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TABLE 7.19 Sensitive Lines of the E
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TABLE 7.19 Sensitive Lines of the E
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In terms of m, the wavenumber of m
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The ionization constant can be calc
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.43 TABLE 7.20 Absorp
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TABLE 7.22 Absorption Frequencies o
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TABLE 7.27 Absorption Frequencies i
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TABLE 7.28 Infrared Transmitting Ma
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7.69
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7.6 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY SPECTROSCOPY
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.73 TABLE 7.30 Raman
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.75 TABLE 7.30 Raman
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TABLE 7.32 Raman Frequencies of Cum
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TABLE 7.33 Raman Frequencies of Car
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TABLE 7.34 Raman Frequencies of Oth
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TABLE 7.35 Raman Frequencies of Aro
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TABLE 7.36 Raman Frequencies of Sul
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TABLE 7.39 Raman Frequencies of Mis
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7.7 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE TABL
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TABLE 7.41 Nuclear Properties of th
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TABLE 7.42 Proton Chemical Shifts (
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.95 TABLE 7.44 Estima
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TABLE 7.46 Proton Spin Coupling Con
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.99 TABLE 7.48 Solven
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TABLE 7.49 Carbon-13 Chemical Shift
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SPECTROSCOPY 7.103 TABLE 7.51 Effec
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TABLE 7.54 Carbon-13 Chemical Shift
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TABLE 7.56 One-Bond Carbon-Hydrogen
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TABLE 7.58 Carbon-Carbon Spin Coupl
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7 Li CH3Li 15 SPECTROSCOPY 7.111 TA
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TABLE 7.63 Nitrogen-15 (or Nitrogen
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TABLE 7.64 Nitrogen-15 Chemical Shi
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TABLE 7.69 Fluorine-19 Chemical Shi
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TABLE 7.72 Silicon-29 Chemical Shif
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TABLE 7.73 Phosphorus-31 Chemical S
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TABLE 7.74 Phosphorus-31 Spin Coupl
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when z 3 and y 1. The empirical f
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Masses 19 and 31 Alcohol Mass 66
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TABLE 7.76 Condensed Table of Mass
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SECTION 8 ELECTROLYTES, ELECTROMOTI
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ELECTROLYTES, EMF, AND CHEMICAL EQU
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.7 Proton Transfer Reactions
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TABLE 8.9 Selected Equilibrium Cons
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8.75 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid (0) 4
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4-Hydroxyproline (1) 1.900 1C 1.850
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N-Propionylglycine (1) 3.728 3.723
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TABLE 8.14 National Bureau of Stand
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1 part 0.1% neutral red in alc. * V
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TABLE 8.25 Fluorescent Indicators (
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3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochlor
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8.7 CONDUCTANCE ELECTROLYTES, EMF,
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TABLE 8.35 Equivalent Conductivitie
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KCl 127.3 124.4 122.4 115.8 112.0 1
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NaIO 3 75.2 72.6 70.9 64.4 60.5 1
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Conductance of an Electrolyte Solut
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9.2 SECTION 9 9.1 LINEAR FREE ENERG
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9.4 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.6 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.1 Hammett and
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9.8 SECTION 9 TABLE 9.3 pKa and Rho
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10.2 SECTION 10 10.4.6 Polyacrylate
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10.4 SECTION 10 10.2 ADDITIVES TO P
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10.6 SECTION 10 injection molding.
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10.8 SECTION 10 10.3 FORMULAS AND K
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10.10 SECTION 10 Key properties of
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10.12 SECTION 10 10.3.8 Fluorocarbo
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10.14 SECTION 10 10.3.11 Phenolics
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10.16 SECTION 10 The resin has the
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10.18 SECTION 10 10.3.19 Polyuretha
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10.20 SECTION 10 10.3.22 Sulfones B
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TABLE 10.2 Properties of Commercial
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Page 1077 and 1078: 10.60 SECTION 10 10.4.8 Polychlorop
Page 1079 and 1080: 10.62 SECTION 10 Styrene-butadiene
Page 1081 and 1082: 10.5 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE TABLE 10.4
Page 1083 and 1084: 10.6 GAS PERMEABILITY TABLE 10.5 Ga
Page 1085 and 1086: TABLE 10.5 Gas Permeability Constan
Page 1087 and 1088: TABLE 10.7 Constants ofFats and Oil
Page 1089 and 1090: TABLE 10.8 Constants ofWaxes Wax Me
Page 1091 and 1092: SECTION 11 PRACTICAL LABORATORY INF
Page 1093 and 1094: 11.1 COOLING TABLE 11.1 Cooling Mix
Page 1095 and 1096: 11.2 DRYING AND HUMIDIFICATION TABL
Page 1097 and 1098: PRACTICAL LABORATORY INFORMATION 11
Page 1099 and 1100: TABLE 11.7 Relative Humidity from D
Page 1101: 3-Methyl-1-butanol 132.0 Cyclohexyl
Page 1107 and 1108: TABLE 11.11 Solvents of Chromatogra
Page 1111 and 1112: TABLE 11.13 McReynolds’ Constants
Page 1119 and 1120: FIGURE 11.1 Profile of a solute ban
Page 1123 and 1124: TABLE 11.16 Guide to Ion-Exchange R
Page 1125 and 1126: TABLE 11.16 Guide to Ion-Exchange R
Page 1131 and 1132: 11.5 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS TABLE 11.
Page 1133 and 1134: TABLE 11.19 Gravimetric Factors (Co
Page 1153 and 1154:
TABLE 11.19 Gravimetric Factors (Co
Page 1155 and 1156:
Page 1157 and 1158:
Page 1159 and 1160:
Sodium tetraphenylborate, NaB(C 6H
Page 1161 and 1162:
TABLE 11.24 Porosities of Fritted G
Page 1163 and 1164:
TABLE 11.26 HeatingTemperatures, Co
Page 1165 and 1166:
PRACTICAL LABORATORY INFORMATION 11
Page 1167 and 1168:
TABLE 11.28 Titrimetric (Volumetric
Page 1169 and 1170:
Page 1171 and 1172:
Page 1173 and 1174:
Page 1175 and 1176:
Page 1177 and 1178:
HN 3 PRACTICAL LABORATORY INFORMATI
Page 1179 and 1180:
11.6.5 Precipitation Titrations PRA
Page 1181 and 1182:
Page 1183 and 1184:
Page 1185 and 1186:
TABLE 11.31 Indicators for Precipit
Page 1187 and 1188:
TABLE 11.33 Variation of 4 with pH
Page 1189 and 1190:
Page 1191 and 1192:
TABLE 11.38 Common Demasking Agents
Page 1193 and 1194:
TABLE 11.41 Pipet Capacity Toleranc
Page 1195 and 1196:
TABLE 11.45 Cubical Coefficients of
Page 1197 and 1198:
TABLE 11.48 Standard Stock Solution
Page 1199 and 1200:
TABLE 11.48 Standard Stock Solution
Page 1201 and 1202:
Page 1203 and 1204:
Page 1205 and 1206:
Page 1207 and 1208:
Page 1209 and 1210:
Page 1211 and 1212:
Page 1213 and 1214:
Page 1215 and 1216:
Page 1217 and 1218:
Page 1219 and 1220:
Page 1221 and 1222:
Page 1223 and 1224:
Page 1225 and 1226:
Page 1227 and 1228:
11.8 SIEVES AND SCREENS TABLE 11.53
Page 1229 and 1230:
Page 1231 and 1232:
TABLE 11.55 Thermoelectric Values i
Page 1233 and 1234:
TABLE 11.57 Type E Thermocouples: N
Page 1235 and 1236:
TABLE 11.59 Type K Thermocouples: N
Page 1237 and 1238:
TABLE 11.61 Type R Thermocouples: P
Page 1239 and 1240:
TABLE 11.63 Type T Thermocouples: C
Page 1241 and 1242:
Index Terms Links Abbreviations: of
Page 1243 and 1244:
Index Terms Links Aggregation, stat
Page 1245 and 1246:
Index Terms Links Anions, inorganic
Page 1247 and 1248:
Index Terms Links Benzoylacetone, f
Page 1249 and 1250:
Index Terms Links Carbon-carbon: bo
Page 1251 and 1252:
Index Terms Links Chemical shifts:
Page 1253 and 1254:
Index Terms Links Correction for so
Page 1255 and 1256:
Index Terms Links Dielectric streng
Page 1257 and 1258:
Index Terms Links Emergent stem cor
Page 1259 and 1260:
Index Terms Links Excitation wavele
Page 1261 and 1262:
Index Terms Links Gases: equations
Page 1263 and 1264:
Index Terms Links Hydrogen: binary
Page 1265 and 1266:
Index Terms Links Iodine: bond diss
Page 1267 and 1268:
Index Terms Links Lithium: bond dis
Page 1269 and 1270:
Index Terms Links Mode for set of n
Page 1271 and 1272:
Index Terms Links Nitrogen-oxygen d
Page 1273 and 1274:
Index Terms Links Peak asymmetry fa
Page 1275 and 1276:
Index Terms Links Polybutylene poly
Page 1277 and 1278:
Index Terms Links Precipitates, hea
Page 1279 and 1280:
Index Terms Links Rankine scale, co
Page 1281 and 1282:
Index Terms Links Selection rules:
Page 1283 and 1284:
Index Terms Links Specific gravity:
Page 1285 and 1286:
Index Terms Links Sulfuric acid sol
Page 1287 and 1288:
Index Terms Links Thiosulfate: form
Page 1289 and 1290:
Index Terms Links Vaporization: ent
Page 1291:
Index Terms Links Zincon, formation
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LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY

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