A Current Bibliography on African Affairs - Baywood Publishing

A CURRENT BIBLIOGRAPHY ON AFRICAN AFFAIRS, Vol. 42(4) 345-443, 2009-2010 

ARCHAEOLOGY, PALEONTOLOGY, AND GEOLOGY 

1126. Chazan, M. et al. RADIOMETRIC DATING OF THE EARLIER STONE AGE 

SEQUENCE IN EXCAVATION AT WONDERWERK CAVE, SOUTH AFRICA: 

PRELIMINARY RESULTS. Journal of Human Evolution. 2008, 55(1):1-11. 

We present here the results of 44 paleomagnetic measurements, and single cosmogenic 

burial and optically stimulated luminescence ages for the Earlier Stone Age deposits from 

Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape, South Africa. The resulting paleomagnetic sequence: 

N>R>N>R>N constrains the Earlier Stone Age strata in this part of the site to between 

approximately 0.78-1.96 Ma. A single cosmogenic date of approximately 2.0 Ma from the 

base of the section offers some corroboration for the paleomagnetic sequence. Preliminary 

results indicate that the same lithic assemblage from the basal stratum may contain an 

Oldowan facies. This is overlain by several strata containing Acheulean industries. The preliminary 

radiometric dates reported here place the onset of the Acheulean at this site to 

approximately 1.6 Ma, which is roughly contemporaneous with that of East Africa. 

1127. Elton, S. THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT OF HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY 

HISTORY IN EURASIA AND AFRICA. Journal of Anatomy. 2008, 212(4):377-393. 

This review has three main aims: (1) to make specific predictions about the habitat of the 

hypothetical last common ancestor of the chimpanzee/bonobo-human clade; (2) to outline 

the major trends in environments between 8-6 Ma and the late Pleistocene; and (3) to pinpoint 

when, and in some cases where, human ancestors evolved to cope with the wide range 

of habitats they presently tolerate. Several lines of evidence indicate that arboreal environments, 

particularly woodlands, were important habitats for late Miocene hominids and 

hominins, and therefore possibly for the last common ancestor of the chimpanzee/bonobohuman 

clade. 

1128. Habgood, P. J., and N. R. Franklin. THE REVOLUTION THAT DIDN’T 

ARRIVE: A REVIEW OF PLEISTOCENE SAHUL. Journal of Human Evolution. 2008, 

55(2):187-222. 

There is a “package” of cultural innovations that are claimed to reflect modern human 

behaviour. The introduction of the “package” has been associated with the Middle-to- 

Upper Palaeolithic transition and the appearance in Europe of modern humans. It has been 

proposed that modern humans spread from Africa with the “package” and colonized not 

only Europe but also southern Asia and Australia. In order to evaluate this proposal, we 

explore the late Pleistocene archaeological record of Sahul, the combined landmass of 

Australia and Papua New Guinea, for indications of these cultural innovations at the 

earliest sites. It was found that following initial occupation of the continent by anatomically 

and behaviorally modern humans, the components were gradually assembled over a 

2010 Baywood Publishing Co., Inc. 

345

346 / A CURRENT BIBLIOGRAPHY ON AFRICAN AFFAIRS 

30,000-year period. We discount the idea that the “package” was lost en route to Sahul and 

assess the possibility that the “package” was not integrated within the material culture of 

the initial colonising groups because they may not have been part of a rapid colonisation 

process from Africa. 

1129. Hellenthal, G., A. Auton, and D. Falush. INFERRING HUMAN COLONIZA- 

TION HISTORY USING A COPYING MODEL. PLoS Genetics. 2008, 4(5):e1000078. 

Genome-wide scans of genetic variation can potentially provide detailed information on 

how modern humans colonized the world but require new methods of analysis. We introduce 

a statistical approach that uses Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) data to identify 

sharing of chromosomal segments between populations and uses the pattern of sharing to 

reconstruct a detailed colonization scenario. We apply our model to the SNP data for the 53 

populations of the Human Genome Diversity Project described in Conrad et al. Our results 

are consistent with the consensus view of a single “Out-of-Africa” bottleneck and serial 

dilution of diversity during global colonization, including a prominent East Asian bottleneck. 

1130. Martinón-Torres, M. et al. DENTAL REMAINS FROM DMANISI (REPUB- 

LIC OF GEORGIA): MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND COMPARATIVE STUDY. 

Journal of Human Evolution. 2008, 55(2):249-273. 

The systematic excavation of the Dmanisi site (Republic of Georgia) has provided the 

earliest evidence of hominins outside Africa, dating back to ca. 1.8Ma. The analysis of the 

hominin remains has mainly focused on the morphology of the crania and mandibles. We 

present the first detailed morphological analysis and comparison of the Dmanisi teeth. The 

dental evidence from Dmanisi shows a unique combination of primitive and derived traits. 

In general, although the Dmanisi dental fossils show primitive morphology that resembles 

that seen in Australopithecus and H. habilis, they also display some derived characteristics, 

particularly in relation to dental reduction, resembling that seen in the dentition of H. 

erectus from the Far East. 

1131. Raoult, D. et al. MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF LICE FROM PRE- 

COLUMBIAN MUMMIES. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008, 197(4):535-543. 

Three distinctly different lineages of head and body lice are known to parasitize humans. 

One lineage includes head and body lice and is currently worldwide in distribution (type 

A). The other 2 (types B and C) include only head lice and are geographically restricted. It 

was hypothesized that head louse phylotypes were exchanged only recently, after European 

exploration and colonization (after Columbus). We determine which louse type or types 

were found in the Americas before European colonization, we used polymerase chain reaction 

in 2 laboratories to amplify DNA from 2 genes (Cytb and Cox1) belonging to 

1000-year-old lice collected from Peruvian mummies. Only the worldwide type (type A) 

was found. Therefore, this phylotype was worldwide before European colonization, as type 

A lice were common in Europe, Africa, and Asia. The findings of this study show that 

several phylotypes of head lice have coexisted for centuries in humans and support the 

claim that type A lice were present in the Americas before the time of Columbus. 

1132. Ting, N. MITOCHONDRIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND DIVERGENCE 

DATES OF THE AFRICAN COLOBINES: EVIDENCE OF MIOCENE ORIGINS FOR

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 347 

THE LIVING COLOBUS MONKEYS. Journal of Human Evolution. 2008, 55(2): 

312-325. 

The African colobines represent a neglected area of cercopithecid systematics. Resolving 

the phylogenetic relationships and estimating divergence dates among the living forms 

will provide insight into the evolution of this group and may shed light upon the evolution 

of other African primates as well. This is the first molecular assessment of the evolutionary 

relationships among the modern colobus monkeys, which are comprised of the black-andwhite, 

olive, and red colobus groups. Over 4,000 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA were 

amplified and sequenced in over 40 colobus monkey individuals incorporating representatives 

from all commonly recognized species. Gene trees were inferred using maximum 

likelihood and Bayesian inference, and penalized likelihood was employed to estimate 

mitochondrial divergence dates among the sampled taxa. 

ARTS 

1133. Aiyejina, F., R. Gibbons, and B. S. Phills. CONTEXT AND MEANING IN 

TRINIDAD YORUBA SONGS: PETER WAS A FISHERMAN AND SONGS OF THE 

ORISHA PALAIS. Research in African Literatures. 2009, 40(1):127-136. 

This paper discusses two bodies of songs from the Yoruba oral tradition in Trinidad and 

Tobago connected especially with the veneration of divinities in the Yoruba pantheon. This 

tradition, originally brought to the New World by enslaved Africans, continues to be 

augmented by new compositions modeled after the older forms dealing with subjects as 

varied as worship and social intercourse. While the new songs exhibit linguistic and other 

departures from the older ones, they are evidence of a vibrant relocation of an old culture in 

the New World and represent a unique recreation of and complement to a larger, global 

African identity. 

1134. Alabi, A. ON SEEING AFRICA FOR THE FIRST TIME: ORALITY, 

MEMORY, AND THE DIASPORA IN ISIDORE OKPEWHO’S CALL ME BY MY 

RIGHTFUL NAME. Research in African Literatures. 2009, 40(1):145-155. 

This paper explores the auto/biographical, panegyric, and cultural features of the 

different chants, and particularly that of Otis Hampton, a young African American man, in 

Isidore Okpehwo’s Call Me by My Rightful Name within the contexts of orality, memory, 

and the diaspora. The paper also discusses how Otis’s panegyric poem becomes an archaeological 

artifact needed to probe his memory and ancestry to unravel the mysteries of the 

ancient and the contemporary cord that links Black Africa, the Caribbean, and the United 

States. Finally, the paper considers how this cord foregrounds the infamous triangular slave 

trade, black consciousness, and resistance both on the continent and in the diaspora. 

1135. Carman, J. COLONIAL ALLEGIANCES CIRCA 1910: THE ENGELENBURG- 

MIDDELBERG CORRESPONDENCE IN THE JOHANNESBURG ART GALLERY. de 

arte. 2008, 78:4-17. 

The correspondence between F. V. Engelenburg and G. A. A. Middelberg, in the archive 

of the Johannesburg Art Gallery, gives extraordinary insight into the cultural and political 

dynamics between Johannesburg and Pretoria circa 1910. A detailed examination of the 

letters reveals the nature of colonial allegiances at a time when the Second South African


(Anglo-Boer) War of 1899 to 1902 was still fresh in the nation’s psyche, the Union of South 

Africa was proclaimed, the first national elections were held, and a major public art 

collection (the Johannesburg Art Gallery) was formed. They give an important insight into 

a sector of society of that time: the informed elite who transcended racial tensions between 

English and Afrikaner in the interests of cultural excellence. 

1136. de Jager, M. TRACING AND ERASURE IN KATHRYN SMITH’S PSYCHO- 

GEOGRAPHIES: THE WASHING AWAY OF WRONGS. de arte. 2008, 78:33-51. 

Kathryn Smith’s Psychogeographies: The Washing Away of Wrongs is a series of twelve 

prints comprising photographs and handwritten text, wherein she records her ‘pilgrimage’ 

to the former homes of British serial killer Dennis Nilsen. As such, it utilises photographic 

and autographic traces to ‘track’ the elusive traces left by Nilsen. Given the lapse of two 

decades between Nilsen’s arrest and Smith’s visit, the traces of Nilsen’s ‘wrongs’ seem all 

but erased by the banal façade of suburban living which has continued on, regardless. In 

taking this as a starting point, the following article considers the motif of absence that 

characterises Smith’s work as intrinsic to traces per se. This is not just because traces 

gravitate towards erasure through time and forgetting, but also because traces mark both the 

former presence and the current absence of whatever caused them. 

1137. Dreyer, E. NOT TO BELIEVE OR NOT TO BE BELIEVED: A REVIEW OF 

THE EXHIBITION TRACES DU SACRÉ, 7 MAY TO 11 AUGUST 2008, CENTRE 

POMPIDOU, PARIS. de arte. 2008, 78:52-55. 

Le sacré, voilà l’ennemi! (translated as ‘The sacred, that is the enemy!’) is the title of a 

special edition of art press 2 (May/June/July 2008, trimestriel No. 9) on the exhibition, 

Traces du sacré, currently on show at the Centre Pompidou in Paris. This outcry of disgust 

at the choice of concept of the mega-exhibition expressed through an exploration of the 

relationship of art to religion, similar to Gauguin’s old question on human beings’ destiny 

(Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?), is an outright demonstration 

of the depth and width of the nihilism and agnosticism of our time. 

1138. Etoke, N. MARIAMA BARRY, KEN BUGUL, CALIXTHE BEYALA, AND 

THE POLITICS OF FEMALE HOMOEROTICISM IN SUB-SAHARAN FRANCO- 

PHONE AFRICAN LITERATURE. Research in African Literatures. 2009, 40(2):173-189. 

The emergence of African feminism and womanism has elucidated pivotal issues that 

African women face in a patriarchal society that undermines their existence. However, such 

movements reinforce the dominant presence of heterosexual standards in denying the 

reality of its most marginalized subset, same-sex love interactions. This article explores the 

relationship between culture, society, law, gender, free will, and sexuality. I unravel the 

strategies of writing female homoerotic desire, displaying the ingenious literary devices, 

adroit techniques, and skills that allow three African women writers—Mariama Barry, Ken 

Bugul, and Calixthe Beyala—to create a narrative space in which female sexuality is 

viewed through complex lenses that alternate, combine, or contradict heterosexuality, 

bisexuality, and homosexuality. 

1139. Murdoch, A. ART BANK JOBURG (JUNE 2006–2008). de arte. 2008, 78: 

56-61. 

As far back as June 1996 a White Paper was published by the Department of Arts and

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 349 

Culture (DAC), suggesting the Art Bank model for South Africa. The Art Bank initiative 

was further sparked by a visit from the then Minister of Arts and Culture, Science and 

Technology, Dr. Ben Ngubane, to Ottawa in 2000, when Victoria Henry, Director of the 

Canadian Art Bank, introduced the Art Bank concept to him during a formal lunch. He was 

immediately taken with the idea and the value of this kind of support for artists. Discussions 

continued and in 2002, during a visit to South Africa as a member of an African Trade 

Mission, Ms. Henry met with the Minister and the Director of the National Arts Council (at 

the time), Ms. Doreen Nteta, and the project planning began. Two years later, at the 

invitation of the National Arts Council, Ms. Henry returned to South Africa to help move 

the project forward. 

1140. Murdoch, H. A. AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND DEPARTMENTALIZATION IN 

CHAMOISEAU’S CHEMIN D’ÉCOLE: REPRESENTATIONAL STRATEGIES AND 

THE MARTINICAN MEMOIR. Research in African Literatures. 2009, 40(2):15-38. 

Purportedly a childhood memoir, Chamoiseau’s Chemin-d’école is inscribed in a long 

tradition of Caribbean autobiographical writing. As such, it inherits and expands upon the 

themes and tensions of autobiography, both as a narrative of selfhood and as a discursive 

tool of identity and culture in the Caribbean context. Patrick Chamoiseau inscribes a set of 

writing practices in Ecrire en pays dominé and Chemin-d’école, both aimed at illuminating 

the contradictory results of almost fifty years of French Caribbean overseas departmentalization. 

This double process of economic and cultural domination appropriates 

identitarian issues of ambiguity, belonging, and authenticity predicated on the departmental 

experience in general and its educational practices in particular, and inserts them into his 

re-presentation of his Martinican childhood. 

1141. Nieman, M. M. INTERTEKSTUALITEIT IN DRIE AFRIKAANSE JEUG- 

BOEKE: RIGLYNE VIR JONG LESERS. Mousaion Special Issue. 2008, 205-224. in 

Afrikaans 

Intertextuality is not a new concept and although intertextuality in postmodern literature 

for adults and in English youth literature has been a topic of discussion in many books and 

research articles, very little research has been done on this topic in Afrikaans youth literature. 

After analysing three Afrikaans youth novels, namely Anderkantland by Martie 

Preller, Dans op die rand van ‘n krans by Elkarien Fourie and Die ongelooflike avonture 

van Hanna Hoekom by Marita van der Vyver, the conclusion in this article is that 

fairytales, myths, films, prescribed books, the Bible and music are typical intertexts used in 

these texts. 

1142. Odhiambo, C. WHOSE NATION? ROMANTICIZING THE VISION OF A 

NATION IN BOLE BUTAKE’S BETROTHAL WITHOUT LIBATION AND FAMILY 

SAGA. Research in African Literatures. 2009, 40(2):159-172. 

This paper reflects on the project of the nation and nation-ness in postcolonial Africa 

with specific attention to the two plays by the anglophone Cameroonian playwright Bole 

Butake. The paper argues that in Butake’s dramatic imaginary, the project of the nation and 

nation-ness are highly romanticized. The paper locates its argument in Butake’s two 

play-texts: Betrothal without Libation (2005) and Family Saga (2005).


1143. Osaaji, M. G. SUBVERSION OF PATRIARCHAL IDEOLOGY: A CASE 

STUDY OF MAGDALENE, A WOMAN ORAL NARRATIVE PERFORMER FROM 

THE SAMBURU OF KENYA. Research in African Literatures. 2009, 40(1):19-26. 

This paper is based on narrative performances collected in research by students of the 

University of Nairobi under the guidance of their lecturers. The fieldwork was conducted in 

February 2005 among nomadic communities in northern Kenya. The main thrust of the 

paper is to explore how Magdalene, a woman narrator, subverts the dominant masculine 

ideology inherent in the structure and orientation of oral narratives. The paper identifies the 

discrete and subtle ways in which the narrator seeks to undermine the manifest inclination 

of oral narratives towards male dominance. 

1144. Potgieter, F. THEORISING SAMENESS AND DIFFERENCE IN SOUTH 

AFRICAN TELEVISION ADVERTISEMENTS. de arte. 2008, 78:18-32. 

An overview of current television advertisements suggests that the pre- and post-1994 

endeavour to engage directly and explicitly with the differences that constitute this rainbow 

nation seem to be declining. I find this unfortunate as we are, after all, still a divided nation 

where pretending otherwise does not solve problems. Furthermore, advertisements that 

engage with differences are, as argued, often artistically creative and exciting, whereas 

those that are predicated on human sameness tend to be tired and predictable. This article 

also argues that advertisements that exploit human sameness are generally speaking more 

morally dubious than those that engage with human differences. 

1145. Stoeltje, B. J. ASANTE TRADITIONS AND FEMALE SELF-ASSERTION: 

SISTER ABENA’S NARRATIVE. Research in African Literatures. 2009, 40(1):27-41. 

Exploring the relationship between narrative and conflict, this study takes as its subject 

the narrative of one individual woman in Kumasi, Ghana. In her account, she narrates the 

situation in which her former boyfriend places a curse on her, and the process she followed 

in order to revoke the curse. Utilizing Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept of a dialogic process and 

recent work on the representation of conflict in narrative, the paper examines the 

significance of narrative in shaping social life. Specifically, it identifies the link between 

the performance of oral traditions, narrative in particular, and traditional institutions. It also 

reveals the process by which one genre links to another, moving the process forward, and it 

explores how experience is communicated and conflict interpreted and resolved through 

the performance of narrative. 

1146. Tadjo, V. PUBLISHING CHILDREN’S BOOKS IN FRANCOPHONE WEST 

AFRICA. Mousaion Special Issue. 2008, 192-204. 

This article focuses on the production of children’s books in francophone West Africa. It 

starts by defining the meaning of “francophone” and, by extension, of “francophonie.” It 

also addresses the language issue in relation to French in Africa. It questions the 

commercial viability of the publishing industry in francophone Africa, as the main French 

companies remain strongly entrenched in local markets, through their branches and their 

control of the lucrative textbook industry. There is no reciprocity, as books published on the 

African continent can seldom be found abroad. However, books for children seem to have 

found a niche.

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 351 

1147. Tamari, T. ORAL LITERATURE AS MORAL GUIDE: “SUNBA” IN 

CONTEMPORARY MEDIA. Research in African Literatures. 2009, 40(1):57-73. 

Over the past twenty years, “Sunba,” an old Malinke story combining narrative and sung 

portions, has inspired several songs composed for diffusion via contemporary media (radio, 

television, audio- and videocassettes); three new songs were created in Mali about 2000. 

The pop creations associate refrains from the old songs with evocations of friends and 

relatives of the artists as well as, in one instance, civil strife on the African continent. Thus, 

the words, personages, and events of the ancient story are still fundamental to artists’ and 

listeners’ identities, and their understandings of the problems they face in their own lives 

today. The artists whose works are analyzed are: Mory Kanté, Moutchatcha (Yoro Diallo), 

Mah Kouyaté, and Doussou Bagayogo. 

1148. Toussaint, M. TRINIDAD CALYPSO AS POSTMODERNISM IN THE 

DIASPORA: LINKING RHYTHMS, LYRICS, AND THE ANCESTRAL SPIRITS. 

Research in African Literatures. 2009, 40(1):137-144. 

This paper examines how the Trinidad calypso has sought to maintain its relevance both 

to its society and within the global musical environment. Through an examination of its 

general rhythmic, lyrical, and African-based religious tenets, the discussion seeks to 

answer the question of how this primarily African-based musical genre has sought to reach 

out to the wider world while maintaining a relationship with its source community. Against 

this background, I examine one of calypso’s more discernable contemporary phenomena: a 

returning of the art form to its African roots through the incorporation by its artists and 

performers of a more pronounced level of African ancestral religiosity within the genre. 

1149. Wiredu, K. AN ORAL PHILOSOPHY OF PERSONHOOD: COMMENTS ON 

PHILOSOPHY AND ORALITY. Research in African Literatures. 2009, 40(1):8-18. 

An oral tradition is a transmission of thought over generations by the spoken word and 

techniques of communication other than writing. Under this definition, such items as 

poems, lyrics, proverbs, and maxims, of course, qualify as elements of our oral traditions. 

So too do drum texts and art motifs. But languages do have embedded in their syntax and 

semantics various notions about reality and human experience. Through these, our habits of 

speech influence our habits of writing. And so we cannot regard written traditions as 

altogether independent of orality. I illustrate this point with a brief discussion of the 

influence of orality in the empiricism of John Locke and in the normative conception of 

personhood in African philosophy. 

ECOLOGY 

1150. Abong’o, B., and M. N. Momba. PREVALENCE AND POTENTIAL LINK 

BETWEEN E. COLI O157:H7 ISOLATED FROM DRINKING WATER, MEAT AND 

VEGETABLES AND STOOLS OF DIARRHOEIC CONFIRMED AND NON-CON- 

FIRMED HIV/AIDS PATIENTS IN THE AMATHOLE DISTRICT, SOUTH AFRICA. 

Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2008, 105(2):424-431. 

The current study investigated the prevalence and molecular relatedness between 

Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from water, meat and meat products and vegetables 

and from stools of confirmed and non-confirmed Human Immune Virus/Acquired


Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients with diarrhoea. Water, meat and meat 

products and vegetables are potential sources of E. coli O157:H7 that are potentially 

capable of causing diarrhoea in humans especially HIV/AIDS patients. Great care should 

be exercised to ensure that water and foods consumed by HIV/AIDS patients are safe, as 

contaminated water and foods can cause secondary infections in these patients. 

1151. Abong’o, G. O., M. N. Momba, and J. N. Mwambakana. PREVALENCE AND 

ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 IN 

VEGETABLES SOLD IN THE AMATHOLE DISTRICT, EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE 

OF SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of Food Protection. 2008, 71(4):816-819. 

Fresh vegetables have been implicated in outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in most 

parts of the world. Microbiological quality of vegetables used as recipes for salads is very 

crucial. Residents of the Amathole District in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa 

consume salads frequently, although the microbial quality of recipe vegetables is questionable. 

The present study investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of 

E. coli O157:H7 isolated from selected vegetables sold within the Amathole District. Even 

though the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was low and those isolated were susceptible to 

most of the antimicrobials, there remains a need for E. coli O157:H7 surveillance in 

vegetables used in salad recipes in urban and rural areas of South Africa. 

1152. Aisien, M. S. O., S. O. Ogoannah, and A. A. Imasuen. HELMINTH PARASITES 

OF AMPHIBIANS FROM A RAINFOREST RESERVE IN SOUTHWESTERN 

NIGERIA. African Zoology. 2009, 44(1):1-7. 

Helminth parasites of amphibians from the Gelegele Forest Reserve, a pristine forest in 

southwestern Nigeria, were investigated. Amphibians encountered included Amietophrynus 

maculatus, Hoplobatrachus occipitalis, Aubria subsigillata, Ptychadena longirostris, 

Ptychadena oxyrynchus, Ptychadena bibroni, Ptychadena pumilio, Chiromantis 

refuscens, Leptopelis hyloides, Hyperolius fusciventris and a Phrynobatrachus sp. 

Nineteen helminth parasites, including two cestodes, three monogeneans, six trematodes 

and eight nematodes were recorded from these amphibians. Contrary to the earlier assumption 

that monogeneans in Nigeria were preferentially parasites of amphibians in drier 

environments such as the savanna, this study has shown that these parasites also infect 

amphibians in highly humid environments such as the rainforest. 

1153. Allemann, J., and G. M. Ceronio. EFFECT OF MICROENCAPSULATED 

ALACHLOR ON SOUTH AFRICAN SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) 

CULTIVARS. South African Journal of Plant and Soil Science. 2009, 26(2):110-118. 

Occasionally a herbicide that has been in use for a long period of time causes unexplained 

damage to crops when used in the prescribed manner. Sensitivity to a herbicide 

depends upon the amount and rate of herbicide absorption by the plant, as well as its 

inherent ability to detoxify the herbicide. Any factor that influences the amount of herbicide 

absorbed such as cultivar, herbicide placement, temperature, soil moisture and other 

soil factors would, therefore, be likely to affect the plant’s susceptibility to the herbicide.

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 353 

1154. Bamuamba, K. et al. ANTI-MYCOBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF FIVE PLANT 

SPECIES USED AS TRADITIONAL MEDICINES IN THE WESTERN CAPE PROV- 

INCE (SOUTH AFRICA). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008, 117(2):385-390. 

Five plants used in traditional medicine in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, 

have been investigated for anti-mycobacterial activity: Olea capensis, Tulbaghia alliacea, 

Dittrichia graveolens, Leysera gnaphalodes and Buddleja saligna. The aim was to assess 

anti-mycobacterial activity in plants used in treatment of symptoms of TB, and through 

activity-guided fractionation of extracts to isolate compounds or mixtures with potential as 

anti-TB drug leads. Anti-mycobacterial activity of extracts of selected plants is consistent 

with their traditional use. The identification of oleanolic and ursolic acids in these plants, 

and verification of their activity, underlines the potential for exploring structure-activity 

relationships of derivatives of these ubiquitous triterpenoids. 

1155. Beckerleg, S. KHAT SPECIAL EDITION INTRODUCTION. Substance Use 

and Misuse. 2008, 43(6):749-761. 

Although khat (Catha edulis)is not widely known outside its countries of production in 

East Africa and Yemen, it evokes strong views among consumers, development workers, 

and government officials who often behave as self-styled experts on the drug. Yet, the 

evidence of harm to health is scant. As khat consumption has spread to five continents it is 

perceived as being “exotic” and “alien” and to be a major cause of poverty and underdevelopment. 

However, it is argued here that khat is being used as a scapegoat for a wide 

range of social and economic ills across the world. 

1156. Botha, C., N. W. McLaren, and W. J. Swart. EVALUATION OF GREEN- 

HOUSE INOCULATION TECHNIQUES USED TO SCREEN FOR SCLEROTINIA 

STEM ROT RESISTANCE IN SOYBEANS. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 

Science. 2009, 26(1):48-50. 

Numerous inoculation methods have been used to screen soybean germplasm for 

resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This study was conducted 

to compare six inoculation methods viz. (i) spray mycelium, (ii) drop mycelium, 

(iii) cut stem, (iv) cotyledon inoculation, (v) straw inoculation and (vi) petiole. Four soybean 

cultivars were planted in 1-l pots in the greenhouse and grown to V3 (third trifoliate) 

growth stage. Overseeded pots were thinned to four plants which were inoculated using the 

respective methods and covered for nine days with transparent plastic bags. 

1157. Brown, K. FROM UBOMBO TO MKHUZI: DISEASE, COLONIAL SCI- 

ENCE, AND THE CONTROL OF NAGANA (LIVESTOCK TRYPANOSOMOSIS) IN 

ZULULAND, SOUTH AFRICA, c. 1894-1953. Journal of the History of Medicine and 

Allied Sciences. 2008, 63(3):285-322. 

This article looks at the scientific studies and debates that surrounded the control of 

nagana (trypanosomosis in livestock) in Zululand, South Africa, from the late nineteenth 

century until the 1950s. By 1953 the disease appeared to be contained following the use of 

DDT to exterminate the tsetse fly that spread the infection from immune wildlife to susceptible 

livestock. It argues that South Africa made an important contribution to western 

knowledge about trypanosomosis in terms of its etiology and possibilities for its control—a 

fact that has often been overlooked in the historical literature that has tended to focus on 

events in colonial central and east Africa. It explores Zulu conceptualizations of nagana,


which influenced early researchers, the evolution of veterinary, entomological, and 

ecological sciences as “tools” for understanding and suppressing disease, as well as the 

difficulties involved in reconciling game conservation with colonial settlement. 

1158. Clementson, C. L., and A. C. Hansen. PILOT STUDY OF MANUAL SUGAR- 

CANE HARVESTING USING BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Journal of Agricultural 

Safety and Health. 2008, 14(3):309-320. 

In many countries, sugar cane harvesting is a very labor-intensive activity in which 

workers usually become fatigued after manually cutting the cane for a few hours. They need 

frequent pauses for rest, and they experience sustained injuries from excessive stress on the 

joints and muscles of the body. The cutting tool and motion involved directly influence the 

stresses created. A cutting tool that has not been designed by taking into consideration 

occupational biomechanics can lead to unnecessary strains in the body’s muscle system, 

resulting in injuries. The purpose of this research was to carry out a pilot study of the impact 

of two common manual sugarcane cutting tools and the cutting posture they induce on the 

body with the aid of biomechanics. The machete and the cutlass from South Africa and 

Guyana, respectively, were examined to determine the cutting forces. 

1159. Clermont, O. et al. THE CTX-M-15-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI 

DIFFUSING CLONE BELONGS TO A HIGHLY VIRULENT B2 PHYLOGENETIC 

SUBGROUP. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2008, 61(5):1024-1028. 

A clone of CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli has recently been reported to be 

spreading through Europe and Africa. The aim of this work was to thoroughly characterize 

this clone. The CTX-M-15-producing E. coli diffusing clone is associated with a high 

level of antibiotic resistance and with high virulence, showing that, under certain selective 

pressures, the previously observed trade-off between resistance and virulence may 

not apply. 

1160. Daly, J., A. Daas, and M. E. Behr-Gross. COLLABORATIVE STUDY FOR 

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A CANDIDATE EQUINE INFLUENZA SUBTYPE 2 

AMERICAN-LIKE STRAIN A/EQ/SOUTH AFRICA/4/03—HORSE ANTISERUM 

BIOLOGICAL REFERENCE PREPARATION. Pharmeuropa Bio. 2007, 2007(1):7-14. 

In 2004, the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) Expert Surveillance Panel on 

equine influenza recommended that the American lineage component (H3N8) of equine 

influenza vaccines (A/eq/Newmarket/1/93-like) be updated to an A/eq/South Africa/4/03like 

virus. As a consequence the common European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.)-OIE 

reference for equine influenza subtype 2 American-like antiserum had to be complemented 

by an antiserum raised in horses against an A/eq/South Africa/4/03 strain. 

1161. Das, S. et al. CHIKUNGUNYA EPIDEMIC: GLOBAL AND INDIAN SCE- 

NARIO. Journal of Communication Disorders. 2007, 39(1):37-43. 

Chikungunya is a disease of zoonotic importance affecting man with non-human 

primates as a main reservoir. Recently the world has seen its outbreaks in Asia and Africa 

affecting large population. The disease has re-emerged after 2 long decades. Other 

part of the world reported it as a disease which is introduced through travelers. The known 

vectors of Chikungunya are Aedes mosquitoes, notably Aedes aegypti and A. albopiticus. 

Although the people of rural areas are among more risk groups, the disease spread very

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 355 

rapidly among urban population. The disease shows epidemic pattern with severe arthralgia 

and usually without any mortality but in the recent outbreak it has shown mortality also. 

1162. Delmas, O. et al. GENOMIC DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION OF THE 

LYSSAVIRUSES. PLoS ONE. 2008, 3(4):e2057. 

Lyssaviruses are RNA viruses with single-strand, negative-sense genomes responsible 

for rabies-like diseases in mammals. To date, genomic and evolutionary studies have most 

often utilized partial genome sequences, particularly of the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein 

genes, with little consideration of genome-scale evolution. Herein, we report the first 

genomic and evolutionary analysis using complete genome sequences of all recognised 

lyssavirus genotypes, including 14 new complete genomes of field isolates from 6 genotypes 

and one genotype that is completely sequenced for the first time. 

1163. Delshad, E. et al. CUTEREBRA CUTANEOUS MYIASIS: CASE REPORT 

AND WORLD LITERATURE REVIEW. International Journal of Dermatology. 2008, 

47(4):363-366. 

Most cases of myiasis in North America are caused by fly larvae from South America or 

Africa, as these cases represent travelers returning from endemic regions. The etiology of 

creeping eruptions and furuncular lesions in North American patients who have no history 

of recent travel can therefore be a diagnostic problem. Among cases acquired in North 

America, Cuterebra species are the usual cause. Dermatologists and dermatopathologists 

should be aware that this unusual infestation may occur without a travel history. Though 

rare, myiasis can occur in North America without a travel history. Awareness of this entity, 

its epidemiologic patterns and diagnostic characteristics, can prevent lengthy delays in 

diagnosis and unnecessary treatments. 

1164. de Meyer, E. M. et al. TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY OF NEW WOOD- 

AND SOIL-INHABITING SPOROTHRIX SPECIES IN THE OPHIOSTOMA STE- 

NOCERAS-SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKII COMPLEX. Mycologia. 2008, 100(4):647-661. 

Sporothrix, one of the anamorph genera of Ophiostoma, includes the important human 

pathogen S. schenckii and various fungi associated with insects and sap stain of wood. A 

survey of fungi from wood utility poles in South Africa yielded two distinct groups of 

Sporothrix isolates from different geographical areas. DNA sequence and morphological 

data derived in this study showed that isolates in these groups represent two novel species in 

the S. schenckii-O. stenoceras species complex. A new species isolated from pine poles and 

rosebush wood and phylogenetically closely related to S. pallida is described here as 

Sporothrix stylites. Phylogenetic analyses also confirmed the synonymy of S. albicans and 

S. nivea with S. pallida. 

1165. Dessalegn, Y., L. Herselman, and M. Labuschagne. COMPARISON OF SSR 

AND AFLP ANALYSIS FOR GENETIC DIVERSITY ASSESSMENT OF ETHIOPIAN 

ARABICA COFFEE GENOTYPES. South African Journal of Plant and Soil Science. 

2009, 26(2):119-125. 

Dessalegn et al. employed AFLP analysis to assess the level of genetic variation among 

arabica coffee genotypes currently grown in Ethiopia and to explore the possibility of 

utilizing AFLP markers for cultivar identification. Although comparison among molecular 

marker techniques is important for marker selection and was done on a number of plant


species, such types of studies are rare on arabica coffee. Therefore, this study was 

conducted to estimate the genetic diversity among coffee genotypes currently grown in 

northwestern and southwestern parts of Ethiopia using a combination of AFLP and SSR 

marker data and to compare AFLP and SSR markers in detecting genetic variation among 

arabica coffee genotypes. 

1166. du Plessis, M. et al. NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS INTERMEDIATELY 

RESISTANT TO PENICILLIN AND CAUSING INVASIVE DISEASE IN SOUTH 

AFRICA IN 2001 TO 2005. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2008, 46(10):3208-3214. 

Neisseria meningitidis strains (memingococci) with decreased susceptibility to penicillin 

(MICs, >0.06 microg/ml) have been reported in several parts of the world, but the 

prevalence of such isolates in Africa is poorly described. Twelve sequence types were 

identified among 18 isolates arbitrarily selected for multilocus sequence typing. DNA 

sequence analysis of the penA gene identified 26 different alleles among the Pen(i) isolates. 

Intermediate penicillin resistance is thus widespread among meningococcal serogroups, 

has been selected in a variety of lineages, and, to date, does not appear to be associated with 

increased mortality. This is the first report describing the prevalence and molecular 

epidemiology of Pen(i) meningococcal isolates from sub-Saharan Africa. 

1167. Engelbrecht, D., and J. Lonzer. NEST AND NESTLING DATA FOR BAR- 

LOW’S LARK, CALENDULAUDA BARLOWI. African Zoology. 2009, 44(1):123-125. 

Barlow’s lark is one of southern Africa’s least known lark species. This study is the first 

to report on the structure and dimensions of this species’ nest and aspects of the nestling 

period. The ontogenetic development of the nestling is described with regard to plumage 

development, increase in mass and growth of the head and tarsus. The parameters of the 

logistic growth curve for the increase in mass and growth of the tarsus are also provided. 

The nestling period lasted 13 days and both sexes contributed to feeding nestlings exclusively 

on invertebrates. 

1168. Epp, T., and S. Parker. FACTORS IN FOODBORNE DISEASE CONTROL: A 

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF ISSUES IN CHANGING ZOONOTIC DISEASE TRANSMIS- 

SION AND THE ROLES OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND VETERINARY PROFES- 

SIONALS. Journal of Agromedicine. 2009, 14:228-234. 

Worldwide, foodborne illness remains a constant public health issue, despite improvements 

in husbandry, food processing, preservation, and preparation. Both veterinary 

medicine and public health have roles to play in the surveillance, prevention and control of 

this on-going issue. The objectives of this summary are to describe foodborne hazards of 

the 21st century, highlighting a few of the recent emerging pathogens, and identify some 

key areas of focus for prevention and control of foodborne illness. The roles of both public 

health and the veterinary profession in control will also be discussed. 

1169. Gautret, P. et al. RABIES POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS IN RETURNED 

INJURED TRAVELERS FROM FRANCE, AUSTRALIA, AND NEW ZEALAND: A 

RETROSPECTIVE STUDY. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2008, 15(1):25-30. 

There is little published information available describing rabies pre- and postexposure 

prophylaxis (PEP) in tourists returning to their home country and seeking care for animalassociated 

injuries, especially those associated with a rabies risk. This study highlights

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 357 

important deficiencies in rabies PEP for travelers who acquire high-risk, animal-associated 

injuries in rabies-endemic countries, with the majority not receiving adequate PEP or 

experiencing a substantial delay before receiving rabies vaccination. 

1170. Gebissa, E. SCOURGE OF LIFE OR AN ECONOMIC LIFELINE? PUBLIC 

DISCOURSES ON KHAT (CATHA EDULIS) IN ETHIOPIA. Substance Use and Misuse. 

2008, 43(6):784-802. 

Until the turn of the 20th century, only the religious and political elite of the city of Harer 

in eastern Ethiopia chewed khat. Its consumption has since spread to all regions of Ethiopia 

and all social groups, irrespective of religious affiliation, gender category, and age bracket, 

have taken up the habit. In a few decades khat has been transformed from a shrub grown for 

domestic consumption to the region’s predominant cash crop; from a substance chewed on 

religious and cultural occasions to a visible and pervasive social habit; from a product sold 

in local markets to the most profitable commodity, whose trade involves millions of 

farmers, traders, and other service providers in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian 

Peninsula. The growing importance of khat has engendered a heated national debate in 

Ethiopia concerning the legal status of the plant. Opponents contend that khat is a health 

hazard with deleterious socioeconomic consequences and seek a complete ban to curb its 

“evil influence” on the country’s youth and future. 

1171. Grace, D. et al. RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 IN 

MARKETED UNPASTEURIZED MILK IN SELECTED EAST AFRICAN COUN- 

TRIES. Journal of Food Protection. 2008, 71(2):257-263. 

We carried out a study to assess the risk associated with the presence of Shiga toxigenic 

Escherichia coli (STEC) in informally marketed unpasteurized milk in urban East Africa. 

Data for the risk models were obtained from on-going and recently completed studies in 

Kenya and Uganda. Inputs for the model were complemented with data from published 

literature in similar populations. A fault-tree scenario pathway and modular process risk 

model approach were used for exposure assessment. Hazard characterization was based on a 

socioeconomic study with dose-responses derived from the literature. We used a probabilistic 

approach with Monte Carlo simulation and inputs from farm and household surveys. 

1172. Graziani, M., M. S. Milella, and P. Nencini. KHAT CHEWING FROM THE 

PHARMACOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW: AN UPDATE. Substance Use and Misuse. 

2008, 43(6):762-783. 

Khat chewing is deeply rooted in the every day life of people living in the Horn of Africa 

and South Arabia, where Catha edulis is endemic. Considered little more than an exotic 

habit producing just milk pharmacological effects, systematic investigations on its active 

principles have instead led to the isolation and chemical characterization of cathinone, a 

compound structurally related to amphetamine. Three decades of intense experimental and 

clinical research on khat have depicted a consistently clear picture of its pharmacological 

and toxicological effects. 

1173. Grusak, M. A. GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR SEED MINERAL COMPO- 

SITION IN THE WILD LEGUME TERAMNUS LABIALIS. Plant Foods and Human 

Nutrition. 2008, 63(3):105-109. 

Teramnus labialis (L.) Spreng. is a wild, tropical legume whose seeds are collected and


used as a food source by tribal populations. In order to assess the potential of this legume to 

provide dietary minerals for humans, fourteen diverse accessions were grown under 

controlled, nutrient-replete conditions and seeds were harvested for mineral analysis. The 

germplasm originated from Indonesia, Africa, the Caribbean, and South America. Seed 

concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), 

manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were found to fall within the range of published values for 

several cultivated grain legumes, while calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were higher in 

T. labialis seeds. 

1174. Jezile, G. G. et al. EFFECTS OF LIMING ON MICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND 

N MINERALIZATION IN BROILER MANURE-AMENDED SOILS FROM BIZANA, 

EASTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA. South African Journal of Plant and Soil Science. 

2009, 26(1):18-23. 

No research has been conducted on the effects of liming on microbial activity and N 

mineralization in acid soils of the Eastern Cape that have been amended with animal 

manures in general and broiler manure in particular. Broiler manure was selected because 

Judge reported that its addition to acid soils raised the soil pH. The objective of the present 

study was to determine the effects of liming of acid soils on microbial activity and N 

mineralization in soils amended with broiler chicken manure. 

1175. Kimurto, P. K. et al. PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH 

DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN BREAD WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) UNDER 

TROPICAL CONDITIONS. South African Journal of Plant and Soil Science. 2009, 26(2): 

80-90. 

The objective of this study was to evaluate the responses of physiological traits, which 

control grain yield in bread wheat, to water stress. The hypothesis tested was that grain 

yield of bread wheat produced under drought stress condition is controlled by several 

physiological traits, which may be used as indirect selection criterion for drought tolerance 

in wheat breeding programmes. 

1176. Kouassi, K. I. et al. DEMOGRAPHY AND LIFE HISTORY OF TWO 

RATTAN SPECIES, EREMOSPATHA MACROCARPA AND LACCOSPERMA SECUN- 

DIFLORUM, IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 2008, 24:493-503. 

Life-history evolution is an important field of modern ecology. A useful approach is to 

compare the life histories of related organisms to determine how evolution has shaped the 

relationship between different life-history traits. Because the population growth rate is a 

function of all life-history parameters, changes in these parameters will cause changes in 

the growth rate. In this context, palm trees are suitable models to study perennial plant 

demography and life history. In particular, the relatively simple morphology of palm trees 

makes it easy to define stages based on morphological traits and size. 

1177. Kuye, R. A. et al. PESTICIDE HANDLING AND EXPOSURES AMONG 

COTTON FARMERS IN THE GAMBIA. Journal of Agromedicine. 2007, 12(3):57-69. 

There are substantial health hazards to farmers and the environment associated with 

pesticide use in developing countries. Based on observations by the authors and previous 

reports, most previous studies in Africa are descriptive in nature. The aim of this study was 

to investigate how cotton farmers are exposed to pesticides in The Gambia and quantify

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 359 

their pesticide exposures and provide information for the formulation of a policy on 

pesticide safety for the country. A low level of awareness of pesticide toxicity prevails 

amongst cotton farmers in The Gambia. There is a less than adequate control of pesticides 

and other hazardous agrichemicals in the country. 

1178. Lindholm, M., D. O. Hessen, and L. Ramberg. DIVERSITY, DISPERSAL AND 

DISTURBANCE: CLADOCERAN SPECIES COMPOSITION IN THE OKAVANGO 

DELTA. African Zoology. 2009, 44(1);24-35. 

The cause for the diversity of species inhabiting most of the earth is a keystone topic in 

ecology. A general assumption claims that species sharing niches cannot coexist, as the 

competitive superior will exclude the competitors. Coexisting species should hence be 

accordingly rare, and depend on niche partitioning. Coexistence should be even rarer in 

homogenous environments, as is the case inmost pelagic systems. The sometimes very high 

diversity among planktonic life forms can thus be seen as a true paradox. 

1179. Liu, W. et al. MOLECULAR ECOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY OF 

SIMIAN FOAMY VIRUS INFECTION IN WILD-LIVING CHIMPANZEES. PLoS 

Pathogens. 2008, 4(7):e1000097. 

Identifying microbial pathogens with zoonotic potential in wild-living primates can be 

important to human health, as evidenced by human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 

(HIV-1 and HIV-2) and Ebola virus. Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) are ancient retroviruses 

that infect Old and New World monkeys and apes. Although not known to cause disease, 

these viruses are of public health interest because they have the potential to infect humans 

and thus provide a more general indication of zoonotic exposure risks. 

1180. Lockhart, S. R. et al. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND ANTIFUNGAL 

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE NEWLY DESCRIBED SPECIES CANDIDA ORTHOPSIL- 

OSIS AND CANDIDA METAPSILOSIS IN COMPARISON TO THE CLOSELY 

RELATED SPECIES CANDIDA PARAPSILOSIS. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 

2008, 46(8):2659-2664. 

Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis are recently described species, having 

previously been grouped with the more prevalent species Candida parapsilosis. <strong>Current</strong> 

literature contains very little data pertaining to the distributions and antifungal susceptibilities 

of these Candida species. We determined the species and antifungal susceptibilities 

of 1,929 invasive clinical isolates from the ARTEMIS antifungal surveillance program 

collected between 2001 and 2006 and identified as C. parapsilosis using Vitek and conventional 

methods. 

1181. Lybaert, P. et al. KATP CHANNEL SUBUNITS ARE EXPRESSED IN THE 

EPIDIDYMAL EPITHELIUM IN SEVERAL MAMMALIAN SPECIES. Biology of 

Reproduction. 2008, 79:253-261. 

Within the male reproductive tract, the epididymis plays a crucial role in spermatozoa 

maturation and storage. Posttesticular sperm maturation is indeed necessary to produce 

fertile and motile spermatozoa that will initiate normal egg development. Understanding 

this maturation process is essential to reveal prime targets for developing means of 

restoring and/or controlling male fertility. The mechanisms by which spermatozoa gain this 

fertilizing capacity during their passage through the epididymis involve modifications


of the lipid and/or protein components of their membrane, including glycosylations, 

relocalization, or new protein incorporation. These modifications result from interactions 

between the sperm plasma membrane and the epididymal luminal fluid. 

1182. Madgula, V. L. et al. IN VITRO METABOLIC STABILITY AND INTES- 

TINAL TRANSPORT OF P578AS3 (P57) FROM HOODIA GORDONII AND ITS 

INTERACTION WITH DRUG METABOLIZING ENZYMES. Planta Medica. 2008, 

74(10):1269-1275. 

Hoodia gordonii, a succulent cactus-like plant growing in South Africa, has been used in 

traditional medicine for its appetite suppressant properties. Its use as a dietary supplement 

to promote weight loss has recently gained popularity. An oxypregnane steroidal glycoside 

P57AS3 (P57) is reported to be the active constituent of the sap extract responsible for 

anorexigenic activity. No information is available about its metabolic stability, intestinal 

transport and interaction with drug metabolizing enzymes. Intestinal transport of P57 was 

mediated by P-gp and MRP transporters. The compound was metabolically stable and 

showed weak inhibition of CYP 3A4. 

1183. Marais, G. F., C. W. Groenewald, and A. S. Marais. SCAR MARKERS THAT 

SPECIFICALLY TAG CHROMOSOMES 2D OF WHEAT AND 2J1 d OF THINOPYRUM 

DISTICHUM. South African Journal of Plant and Soil Science. 2009, 26(2):129-131. 

A SCAR marker for Thinopyrum distichum chromosome 2J1 d (involved in salt tolerance) 

also amplified a slightly larger fragment in chromosome 2D of common wheat and substituted 

hexaploid triticale. The Thinopyrum and wheat derived fragments were isolated and 

used to develop two new and highly specific markers for 2J1 d L and 2DL, respectively. The 

chromosome 2J1 d L marker is useful in attempts to introgress salt tolerance into cultivated 

wheat and triticale whereas the 2DL marker can be used for rapid identification of 

hexaploid triticales with the 2D (2R) chromosome substitution. 

1184. McCrindle, C. M., S. P. Bisschop, and K. Modise. EVALUATION OF THE 

APPLICATION OF A THERMOSTABLE NEWCASTLE DISEASE VACCINE BY 

COMMUNITY VOLUNTEERS IN THE NORTH WEST PROVINCE OF SOUTH 

AFRICA. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association. 2007, 78(3):158-162. 

Participatory research on vaccination of village poultry against Newcastle disease (ND) 

was carried out in the village of Disaneng, in the North West Province of South Africa. 

Three application methods for ND Inkukhu vaccine were shown to induce sufficient levels 

of immunity in back-yard poultry when correctly administered. These are eye-droplet 

administration to individual fowls, in-feed and in-water administration to small flocks. 

Structured interviews indicated that deaths in poultry and the attitude of the owners 

probably contributed to the demotivation of the volunteers used as community vaccinators. 

It was concluded that volunteers are not the ideal choice for vaccination of village poultry 

against Newcastle disease. 

1185. Mendes, A. M. et al. CONSERVED MOSQUITO/PARASITE INTERAC- 

TIONS AFFECT DEVELOPMENT OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM IN AFRICA. 

PLoS Pathogens. 2008, 4(5):e1000069. 

In much of sub-Saharan Africa, the mosquito Anopheles gambiae is the main vector of 

the major human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Convenient laboratory studies

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 361 

have identified mosquito genes that affect positively or negatively the developmental cycle 

of the model rodent parasite, P. berghei. Here, we use transcription profiling and reverse 

genetics to explore whether five disparate mosquito gene regulators of P. berghei 

development are also pertinent to A. gambiae/P. falciparum interactions in semi-natural 

conditions, using field isolates of this parasite and geographically related mosquitoes. We 

detected broadly similar albeit not identical transcriptional responses of these genes to the 

two parasite species. 

1186. Miller, A. K., and G. J. Alexander. DO DWARF CHAMELEONS (BRAD- 

YPODION) SHOW DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY? African Zoology. 2009, 44(1): 

45-54. 

Phenotypic plasticity uncouples phenotype from genotype, whereby one genotype may 

produce numerous phenotypic expressions in response to environmental variations. These 

phenotypic variations can include variations in behaviour and physiology, and are categorized 

as either reversible or irreversible. Changes in organ size, behaviour, physiology 

and seasonal variations are considered reversible and are commonly categorized under 

‘phenotypic flexibility’, while irreversible expressions are termed ‘developmental plasticity’. 

A well-known example of developmental plasticity is temperature-dependent sex 

determination (TDS) during incubation of turtle, crocodilian and some lizards’ eggs. 

1187. Montoya-Maya, P. H., and N. A. Strydom. DESCRIPTION OF LARVAL FISH 

COMPOSITION, ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION IN NINE SOUTH AND WEST 

COAST ESTUARIES OF SOUTH AFRICA. African Zoology. 2009, 44(1):75-92. 

Research on estuarine larval fishes in South Africa has mainly focused on systems from 

the subtropical and warm-temperate regions. This research has focussed on community 

structure, the role of estuarine environmental conditions and estuary type in characterizing 

larval fish assemblages and the effects of freshwater supply variations on larval fish 

communities in estuarine systems. Despite the diversity of work on larval fishes occurring 

in South African estuaries, no literature exists on larval fishes occurring in estuaries along 

the south and west coasts. The work by Whitfield in the Swartvlei Estuary represents the 

farthest south that such research has taken place, leaving the col-temperate region of the 

country, and the boundary region for this climatic zone, unexplored. 

1188. Moussa, A. S., L. Van Rensburg, and K. Kellner. SOIL PROPERTIES 

CHANGES AFTER SHORT-TERM LIVESTOCK EXCLUSION IN “DEGRADED” 

COMMUNALLY MANAGED RANGELANDS IN THE WESTERN BOPHIRIMA 

DISTRICT, SOUTH AFRICA. South African Journal of Plant and Soil Science. 2009, 

26(2):102-109. 

Soil is the most important biophysical rangeland resource which, once degraded may 

impede veld recovery. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate soil 

properties (chemical and biochemical) changes following short-term livestock exclusion as 

compared to grazed areas in semi-arid communally managed rangelands. 

1189. Mphahlele, M. et al. PYRAZINAMIDE RESISTANCE AMONG SOUTH 

AFRICAN MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS ISO- 

LATES. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2008, 46(10):3459-3464. 

Pyrazinamide is important in tuberculosis treatment, as it is bactericidal to semidormant


mycobacteria not killed by other antituberculosis drugs. Pyrazinamide is also one of the 

cornerstone drugs retained in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). 

However, due to technical difficulties, routine drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium 

tuberculosis for pyrazinamide is, in many laboratories, not performed. The 

objective of our study was to generate information on pyrazinamide susceptibility among 

South African MDR and susceptible M. tuberculosis isolates from pulmonary tuberculosis 

patients. 

1190. Nacher, M. WORMS AND MALARIA: BLIND MEN FEELING THE ELE- 

PHANT? Parasitology. 2008, 135(7):861-868. 

For thousands of years the deadliest human parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has been 

evolving in populations also infected by the most prevalent parasites, worms. This is likely 

to have shaped the genome of all 3 protagonists—man, worms and malaria. Observational 

studies in Thailand have shown that although P. falciparum malaria incidence increased 

two-fold in helminth-infected patients, there was a 64% reduction of cerebral malaria and 

an 84% reduction of acute renal failure in helminth-infected patients relative to those 

without helminths. The present hypotheses, their implications and the limitations of the 

results described and of those from studies in Africa are discussed. 

1191. Obi, C. L. et al. PREVALENCE, PATHOGENESIS, ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTI- 

BILITY PROFILES, AND IN-VITRO ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL 

PLANTS AGAINST AEROMONAS ISOLATES FROM STOOL SAMPLES OF 

PATIENTS IN THE VENDA REGION OF SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of Health, 

Population, and Nutrition. 2007, 25(4):428-435. 

The prevalence, pathogenic indices, such as haemolytic and haemagglutinating activities, 

antibiograms, and in-vitro activities of local medicinal plants against Aeromonas 

isolates in Vhembe district of Limpopo province, South Africa, were studied using standard 

microbiological methods. In total, 309 diarrhoeic stool samples were collected from 

patients attending five health centres in the region during December 2004-May 2005. 

Aeromonas species were identified using the API 20E system. The haemagglutinating and 

haemolytic activities of isolates on human, sheep, pig and chicken red blood cells were 

investigated. The genetic characterization of the isolates will further confirm their 

pathogenicity and the origin of multiple antibiotic resistance. 

1192. Okello, J. B. et al. EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE DYNAMICS REVEAL 

IMPACTS OF HISTORICAL CLIMATIC EVENTS AND RECENT ANTHROPOGENIC 

PRESSURE IN AFRICAN ELEPHANTS. Molecular Ecology. 2008, 17(17):3788-3799. 

Two hundred years of elephant hunting for ivory, peaking in 1970-1980s, caused local 

extirpations and massive population declines across Africa. The resulting genetic impacts 

on surviving populations have not been studied, despite the importance of understanding 

the evolutionary repercussions of such human-mediated events on this keystone species. 

Using Bayesian coalescent-based genetic methods to evaluate time-specific changes in 

effective population size, we analysed genetic variation in 20 highly polymorphic 

microsatellite loci from 400 elephants inhabiting the greater Samburu-Laikipia region of 

northern Kenya. This area experienced a decline of between 80% and 90% in the last few 

decades when ivory harvesting was rampant. The most significant change in effective 

population size, however, occurred approximately 2500 years ago during a mid-Holocene

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 363 

period of climatic drying in tropical Africa. Unique insights into the genetic signature of 

mid-Holocene climatic change in Africa and effects of recent poaching pressure on 

elephants are discussed. 

1193. Olbers, J. M., L. Celliers, and M. H. Schleyer. ZONATION OF BENTHIC 

COMMUNITIES ON THE SUBTROPICAL ALIWAL SHOAL, DURBAN, KWAZULU- 

NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA. African Zoology. 2009, 44(1):8-23. 

Aliwal Shoal (3015Sto3016S) is a subtidal, subtropical reef that is located within a 

transition zone between the tropical/subtropical Maputaland reefs (2650S to2755S) 

and warm-temperate Pondoland reefs (3110S to3158S). This is also reflected in both 

the fauna and flora of Aliwal Shoal. The benthic communities of the shoal are dominated by 

algae and sponges and a variety of hard and soft corals, ascidians and echinoderms can also 

be found. 

1194. Oosthuizen, I. B., and H. A. Snyman. ROOT DYNAMICS OF THEMEDA 

TRIANDRA FORSK. IN RELATION TO WATER STRESS AND DEFOLIATION AT 

DIFFERENT PHENOLOGICAL STAGES. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 

Science. 2009, 26(1):1-8. 

It is therefore essential to develop a better understanding of root systems, their productivity 

and how these patterns relate to the driving influences of water availability, if we are 

to maximise animal production and minimise potentially detrimental ecological impacts. 

Themeda triandra occurs naturally in the grasslands of Australia, southern Africa, 

South-East Asia, India and the Middle-East, where it is a grass species of significant ecological 

and economic importance. Themeda triandra is an apomectic species and therefore 

the lack of genetic variability can be an enormous research advantage. There is a lack of 

knowledge on the impact of defoliation during a drought or period of water stress on the 

root dynamics of this C4-grass species. 

1195. Oosthuizen, M. K., and N. C. Bennett. SEASONAL VARIATION IN 

GONADAL STEROIDS OF MALES AND FEMALES IN THE CAPE MOLE-RAT 

(GEORYCHUS CAPENSIS): THE POTENTIAL FOR OPPORTUNISTIC BREEDING. 

African Zoology. 2009, 44(1):117-122. 

The Cape mole-rat (Georychus capensisi) is a solitary rodent mole that is xenophobic 

and highly aggressive towards conspecifics. Foot drumming is used to convey information 

about territorial boundaries, such that neighbouring tunnel systems may come to within a 

metre of one another but do not interlink. 

1196. Oparaocha, E. T., and C. Okorie. IN VIVO EVALUATION OF ANTI- 

MALARIAL ACTIVITY OF THREE MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN SOUTH 

EASTERN NIGERIA. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants. 2009, 15:121-128. 

Aqueous extracts of the stem bark, fruit pericarp, seeds, and leaves of Pentaclethra 

macrophylla Benth.; the leaves of Phyllanthus niruri L.; and the leaves of Euphorbia hirta 

L. were tested for anti-plasmodial activity using albino mice. The stem bark, fruit pericarp, 

seed, and leaves of P. macrophylla showed no antimalarial activity, even at high doses of 

100 mg/kg of body weight, whereas P. niruri and E. hirta demonstrated significant (p < .05) 

antiplasmodial activity in mice at a low does of 30 mg/kg body weight. The percentage 

reduction of parasitemia exhibited by P. niruri was significantly higher (p < .05) than the


reduction after treatment with E. hirta, and relatively comparable to reductions observed 

with that of chloroquine. 

1197. Osemwota, I. O., J. A. I. Omueti, and A. I. Ogboghodo. DISTRIBUTION OF 

MAGNESIUM FORMS IN SURFACE SOILS OF CENTRAL SOUTHERN NIGERIA. 

South African Journal of Plant and Soil Science. 2009, 26(2):59-63. 

Magnesium in soils occurs in water soluble, exchangeable, fixed and primary mineral 

forms. According to Andres, three forms of Mg can be discerned, namely dissolved, 

exchangeable and structural. Particularly beneficial to plant growth are water soluble and 

exchangeable Mg. In soils of temperate and tropical regions, Mg has been fractionated into 

mineral Mg [Mg(m)], acid-soluble Mg [Mg(a)], exchangeable Mg [Mg(e)] and organic 

complexed Mg [Mg(o)]. Information regarding distribution of these Mg forms is not 

available from soils of the Edo State of Central Southern Nigeria. It is therefore the 

objective of the present study to determine the various Mg forms present in the surface soils 

of the Edo State. 

1198. Osuntoki, A. A., and A. O. Sanusi. TELFAIRIA OCCIDENTALIS EXTRACT 

STABILIZES HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANES. Nigerian Quarterly Journal of 

Hospital Medicine. 2007, 17(3):116-119. 

In addition to being a widely consumed vegetable in West Africa, the leaves extract of 

Telfairia occidentalis is believed to have beneficial health effects and is used in tradomedical 

preparations. The effect of saline extract of T. occidentalis leaves on sickle and 

normal erythrocytes membrane stability was investigated. The marked difference in the 

observed effect between the normal and sickle erythrocytes membranes suggests that 

pharmacogenetic factors may be involved in the response to herbal preparations. 

1199. Palé, S., S. C. Mason, and S. J. B. Taonda. WATER AND FERTILIZER 

INFLUENCE ON YIELD OF GRAIN SORGHUM VARIETIES PRODUCED IN 

BURKINA FASO. South African Journal of Plant and Soil Science. 2009, 26(2):91-97. 

Grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] originated in Africa and India, and has 

historically been one of the five major cereal crops, along with rice (Oryza sativa L.), maize 

(Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestvum L.), and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. 

Br.), used as food by humans. Grain sorghum constitutes, along with pearl millet, the staple 

cereal of millions of people living in the very hot, drought-prone tropical regions of West 

Africa and India. In addition to its use as food, grain sorghum is also used as livestock feed, 

mainly in the western hemisphere. In Burkina Faso, especially in the Central Plateau 

Region, where its 21-yr average grain yield is 700 kg ha –1 , grain sorghum is the major cereal 

crop used to produce the traditional beer, commonly called ‘dolo’. 

1200. Pfaller, M. A. et al. GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL TRENDS IN ISOLA- 

TION AND ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CANDIDA PARAPSILOSIS: A 

GLOBAL ASSESSMENT FROM THE ARTEMIS DISK ANTIFUNGAL SURVEIL- 

LANCE PROGRAM, 2001 TO 2005. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2008, 46(3): 

842-849. 

We examined data from the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program to 

describe geographic and temporal trends in the isolation of Candida parapsilosis from

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 365 

clinical specimens and the in vitro susceptibilities of 9,371 isolates to fluconazole and 

voriconazole. We also report the in vitro susceptibility of bloodstream infection (BSI) 

isolates of C. parapsilosis to the echinocandins, anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin. 

C. parapsilosis represented 6.6% of the 141,383 isolates of Candida collected from 

2001 to 2005 and was most common among isolates from North America (14.3%) and Latin 

America (9.9%). High levels of susceptibility to both fluconazole (90.8 to 95.8%) and 

voriconazole (95.3 to 98.1%) were observed in all geographic regions with the exception of 

the Africa and Middle East region (79.3 and 85.8% susceptible to fluconazole and 

voriconazole, respectively). 

1201. Pollini, J. CARBON SEQUESTRATION FOR LINKING CONSERVATION 

AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN MADAGASCAR: THE CASE OF THE VOHI- 

DRAZANA-MANTADIA CORRIDOR RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION CAR- 

BON PROJECT. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 2009, 28:322-342. 

The carbon market recently appeared as a new way to finance conservation programs in 

Madagascar. Based on an analysis of a pioneer carbon sequestration project co-financed by 

the Biocarbon Fund of the World Bank, I contend in this article that this new approach will 

fail to contribute to the protection of Malagasy biodiversity. A first argument is that carbon 

projects will inherit rural development practices and discourses that did not lead to 

successful agricultural intensification until now. 

1202. Power, R. J., and R. X. S. Compion. LION PREDATION ON ELEPHANTS IN 

THE SAVUTI, CHOBE NATIONAL PARK, BOTSWANA. African Zoology. 2009, 

44(1):36-44. 

Elephants (Loxondonta Africana) are rarely preyed upon by lions (Panthera leo), and 

when this does occur it has been associated with yearling calves, or those weakened by 

poaching or drought. However, in the Savuti area of the Chobe National Park (CNP), 

Botswana, the frequency of elephant predation by lions has increased from the 1990s 

onwards, and is not confined to weak or juvenile elephants. During the 1970s McBride 

recorded two instances of this, but a decade later Viljoen had not reported this at all. 

1203. Ralston, K. S., and K. L. Hill. THE FLAGELLUM OF TRYPANOSOMA 

BRUCEI: NEW TRICKS FROM AN OLD DOG. International Journal of Parasitology. 

2008, 38(8-9):869-884. 

African trypanosomes, i.e., Trypanosoma brucei and related sub-species, are devastating 

human and animal pathogens that cause significant human mortality and limit sustained 

economic development in sub-Saharan Africa. T. brucei is a highly motile protozoan 

parasite and coordinated motility is central to both disease pathogenesis in the mammalian 

host and parasite development in the tsetse fly vector. Therefore, understanding unique 

aspects of the T. brucei flagellum may uncover novel targets for therapeutic intervention in 

African sleeping sickness. The flagellum has been found to be an essential organelle, with 

critical roles in parasite motility, morphogenesis, cell division and immune evasion. This 

review highlights recent discoveries on the T. brucei flagellum.


1204. Rankins, J., S. K. Sathe, and M. T. Spicer. SOLAR DRYING OF MANGOES: 

PRESERVATION OF AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF VITAMIN A IN FRENCH- 

SPEAKING WEST AFRICA. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2008, 

108(6):986-990. 

Vitamin A deficiency, which is especially widespread among children younger than age 

5 years, is a major barrier to reducing child mortality rates in French-speaking West Africa. 

A large amount of an indigenous plant source of provitamin A carotenoids are lost to 

postharvest waste. The use of this technology that requires solar energy and manpower has 

the potential of increasing dietary vitamin A supply by up to 27,000-fold, compared to the 

currently available vitamin A in the region. Moreover, mango is a fruit that is well-liked by 

the population in this geographic area increasing the likelihood of its ready acceptance. 

Reducing postharvest loss of mangoes by using greenhouse model solar dryers is a 

promising strategy to help combat vitamin A deficiency in French-speaking West Africa. 

1205. Samie, A. et al. PREVALENCE, HAEMOLYTIC AND HAEMAGGLUTINA- 

TION ACTIVITIES AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILES OF CAMPYLO- 

BACTER SPP. ISOLATED FROM HUMAN DIARRHOEAL STOOLS IN VHEMBE 

DISTRICT, SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2007, 

25(4):407-413. 

Campylobacter species are increasingly being recognized as agents of gastroenteritis 

worldwide. However, data on the pathogenic characteristics of the organism isolated in 

rural communities in South Africa are lacking. In this study, the prevalence of Campylobacter 

spp. from diarrhoeal stools, haemolytic and haemagglutinating activities of the isolates, 

and antibiotic susceptibility profiles, including minimum inhibitory concentration 

(MIC) patterns to different antibiotics, were determined using the standard microbiological 

techniques. Haemolytic and haemagglutinating activities may be useful in preliminary 

characterization of pathogenic strains in settings where Campylobacter-associated 

infections are common. 

1206. Samra, N. A. et al. SEROPREVALENCE OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN SHEEP 

IN SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association. 2007, 

78(3):116-120. 

Serum samples from 600 sheep were collected from 5 different provinces randomly 

chosen in South Africa. Two sheep abattoirs (representing formal slaughter of sheep) and 1 

rural location (representing informal slaughter of sheep) per province were also selected 

randomly. The serum samples were tested for anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies using 

2 different serological tests: an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test and an enzymelinked 

immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test available as a commercial kit. This study provides 

the first published data on seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in sheep in South Africa, 

although positive titres have been found previously in wild felids, ferrets, chinchillas 

and a dog. 

1207. Schumann, M., L. H. Watson, and B. D. Schumann. ATTITUDES OF NAMIB- 

IAN COMMERCIAL FARMERS TOWARD LARGE CARNIVORES: THE INFLUE- 

NCE OF CONSERVANCY MEMBERSHIP. South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 

2008, 38(2):123-132. 

Persecution of large carnivores has led to the decline of many populations outside

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 367 

protected areas. These areas may, however, be important for the conservation of large 

carnivores, particularly those with large home ranges, given that protected areas remain 

limited (e.g., only 7% of the African continent is designated as protected areas). An understanding 

of how the attitudes and actions of local communities toward large carnivores 

relates to human–carnivore conflict is therefore fundamental to the conservation of large 

carnivores outside protected areas. 

1208. Sheard, A. G., S. D. Johnson, and N. C. Cook. EFFECT OF TIMING AND 

CONCENTRATION OF REST BREAKING AGENTS ON BUDBURST IN ‘BING’ 

SWEET CHERRY UNDER CONDITIONS OF INADEQUATE WINTER CHILLING IN 

SOUTH AFRICA. South African Journal of Plant and Soil Science. 2009, 26(2):73-79. 

Insufficient winter chilling limits the successful production of deciduous fruit crops 

under warm climatic conditions. Most areas in South Africa are climatically marginal for 

the production of high-chill stone fruit such as sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) which have a 

chilling requirement exceeding 1 100 Utah chill units (UCU). Pheno-climatographic 

modeling showed that ‘Bing’ sweet cherry grown at Prosser, Washington State University, 

USA, required a minimum of 880 UCU to complete endo-dormancy. The chilling 

requirement of floral and vegetative buds during warm winters is seldom fully satisfied 

leading to uneven floral bud burst, delayed foliation and poor fruit set. 

1209. Smith, M. F. et al. APPLICATION OF PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES 

REGRESSION TO RELATE TASTINESS OF BOILED POTATOES TO CHEMICAL 

AND PHYSICAL TESTS. South African Journal of Plant and Soil Science. 2009, 26(1): 

31-35. 

PLS regression was used to understand the relationship between sensory attributes of 

potatoes boiled in their skins to six objective test measurements, with the objective of 

determining the most important chemical and physical measurements that influence the 

sensory profiles of the potatoes. 

1210. Strangeland, T., S. S. Dhillion, and H. Reksten. RECOGNITION AND 

DEVELOPMENT OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN TANZANIA. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 

2008, 117(2):290-299. 

The aim of this paper is to trace developments in Traditional Medicine (TM) and 

legislation concerning conservation and use of biodiversity in Africa, with Tanzania as a 

case study. Based on field trips, interviews with different actors, site visits, and literature 

we explored the history, current status, re-establishment, and development of TM. A summary 

of laws and regulations concerning forests, access and benefit sharing is presented. 

During the last decade the Government of Tanzania put forth legislation to address national 

health needs, traditional knowledge, and the resource base for TM (e.g., practitioners, 

biodiversity). Our findings indicate that TM is the most common form of health care, and 

that the HIV pandemic has highlighted the need to work across health sectors. 

1211. Steyn, J. M. et al. FRODO AND DARIUS: SOUTH AFRICAN POTATO 

CULTIVARS WITH GOOD PROCESSING QUALITY. South African Journal of Plant 

and Soil Science. 2009, 26(1):24-30. 

The production of high quality potatoes depends on the cumulative effect of various 

factors, including the genetic make-up of cultivars, the climate and the physical and


biological properties of the soil. External and internal tuber characteristics affect the final 

processing quality of tubers. According to David et al., high quality tubers should be turgid, 

well shaped and uniform in size. In addition, tubers destined for processing should be free 

from adhering soil, mechanical damage, greening, sprouts, disease and physiological 

defects. Quality traits important for cultivars used in potato chip manufacturing include 

high dry matter content (or high specific gravity), low reducing sugar levels and being free 

from defects. 

1212. Taylor, P. J. et al. CRYPTIC LINEAGES OF LITTLE FREE-TAILED BATS, 

CHAEREPHON PUMILUS (CHIROPTERA: MOLOSSIDAE) FROM SOUTHERN 

AFRICA AND THE WESTERN INDIAN ISLANDS. African Zoology. 2009, 44(1): 

55-70. 

The little free-tailed bat Chaerephon pumilus (Cretzschmar, 1830–31), a small, common, 

house-roosting molossid bat (forearm length c. 37 mm; mass c. 10 g), is characterized by 

extreme phenotypic variation throughout its broad distribution (confined mostly to 

altitudes

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 369 

grain mould fungi due to reduced germination vigour and therefore, diastatic power. The 

objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of treating sorghum grains with different 

NaOCl concentrations during steeping on fugal colonization, germination and root length 

during the malting process. 

ECONOMICS 

1216. Cook, C. T., and K. Kalu. THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF HEALTH 

POLICY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. Medicine and Law. 2008, 27(1):29-51. 

This paper discusses the health status of Sub-Saharan Africa focusing on infectious and 

parasitic diseases, HIV/AIDS, maternal and child health, famine, and political instability. 

Its contention is that Africa is stuck in the second stage of the demographic transition (high 

birth rate, low death rate) and the first stage of the epidemiological transition (deaths related 

to pestilence, famine, and war). Africa’s lack of sustainable development is attributed to 

ineffective governmental policy and leadership. The prognosis is that the health and wellbeing 

of Africa’s most vulnerable population, women and children, will improve when 

government shifts its attention from external funding and affairs to internal and concentrates 

on retaining Africa’s ‘talented tenth’; that the ‘brain drain’ and political instability 

has robbed Africa of its most talented young people, medical and science professionals, 

who are needed to provide primary care and development to a region with a high mortality 

rate, a low life expectancy, and a low per capita income. 

1217. Ferraro, P. J. REGIONAL REVIEW OF PAYMENTS FOR WATERSHED 

SERVICES: SUB-SAHARA AFRICA. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 2009, 28:525-550. 

This review of African Payment for Watershed Services (PWS) schemes describes 

ongoing and proposed initiatives, and describes the factors that cause Africa to have far 

fewer PWS initiatives than Latin America. An understanding of these factors can help 

natural resource management and development practitioners identify the field characteristics 

under which PWS programs can succeed. One particularly important element of 

existing and proposed African PWS initiatives is their focus on poverty alleviation. 

1218. Gurmu, E., and R. Mace. FERTILITY DECLINE DRIVEN BY POVERTY: 

THE CASE OF ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA. Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008, 40(3): 

339-358. 

Demographic transition theory states that fertility declines in response to development, 

thus wealth and fertility are negatively correlated. Evolutionary theory, however, suggests 

a positive relationship between wealth and fertility. Fertility transition as a result of 

industrialization and economic development started in the late 19th and early 20th centuries 

in Western Europe; and it extended to some of the Asian and Latin American countries later 

on. However, economic crises since the 1980s have been co-incident with fertility decline 

in sub-Sahara Africa and other developing countries like Thailand, Nepal and Bangladesh 

in the last decade of the 20th century. A very low level of fertility is observed in Addis 

Ababa (TFR = 1.9) where contraception prevalence rate is modest and recurrent famine as 

well as drought have been major causes of economic crisis in the country for more than 

three consecutive decades, which is surprising given the high rural fertility.


1219. Hardy, B. J. et al. SOUTH AFRICA: FROM SPECIES CRADLE TO 

GENOMIC APPLICATIONS. Nature Reviews: Genetics. 2008, 9(Suppl 1):S19-S23. 

The South African government is committed to science and technology innovation, to 

establishing a knowledge-based economy and to harnessing life-sciences research for 

health and economic development. Given the constraints and the early stage of development 

of the field as a whole in South Africa, we found an impressive amount of research on 

human genomic variation in this country. Encouragingly, South Africa is beginning to 

apply genomics to address local health needs, including HIV and tuberculosis (TB) 

infections. We document a number of initiatives in South Africa that are beginning to study 

genetic variation within the various local indigenous populations. Other early initiatives 

focus on pharmacogenetic studies, mutation characterization in individual disease genes 

and genome-wide association studies. 

1220. Kairo, J. G., C. Wanjiru, and J. Ochiewo. NET PAY: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 

OF A REPLANTED MANGROVE PLANTATION IN KENYA. Journal of Sustainable 

Forestry. 2009, 28:395-414. 

One of Kenya’s forest development objectives for the year 2000 and beyond is: “To 

increase the forest and tree cover in order to ensure an increasing supply of forest products 

and services for meeting the basic needs of present and future generations, and for 

enhancing the role of forestry in socio-economic development” (KFMP, 1994). This 

objective cannot be realized unless there are concerted efforts to reforest degraded forests. 

1221. Meel, B. L. UNNATURAL DEATHS AMONG CHILDREN IN THE TRANS- 

KEI REGION OF SOUTH AFRICA. Medicine, Science, and the Law. 2008, 48(3): 

232-236. 

Nearly 99% of the 10.9 million children worldwide under the age of five years who died 

in 2000 were from developing countries. This amounts to at least 29,000 deaths per 

day (UNICEF, 2005). This study aims to trace the pattern of unnatural deaths in the 

Transkei region of South Africa. It is a records review of the medico-legal autopsies 

carried out between 1996 and 2004 at Umtata General Hospital (UGH). There is a high risk 

of unnatural death among children in the area of Mthatha. It threatens the survival of 

young children in this region of South Africa. Poverty is an underlying cause for these preventable 

deaths. 

1222. Naidoo, S. et al. AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, PESTICIDE USE AND 

OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS AMONG WOMEN WORKING IN SMALL SCALE 

FARMING IN NORTHERN KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA. International 

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2008, 14(3):218-224. 

South Africa’s land policies have increased women’s participation in agriculture, but 

limited information exists about their agricultural activities. We surveyed 911 women 

working on the Makhatini Flats in Northern KwaZulu-Natal in 2006, gathering data on 

demographics, agricultural activities, crop production and pesticide use in both irrigated 

and Dryland areas. This analysis suggests that women on the Drylands face greater risk of 

adverse ergonomic health outcomes and women from both areas are equally at risk for 

adverse pesticide-related health outcomes.

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 371 

1223. Norris, S. A. et al. CURRENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC MEASURES, AND NOT 

THOSE MEASURED DURING INFANCY, AFFECT BONE MASS IN POOR URBAN 

SOUTH AFRICAN CHILDREN. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2008, 

23(9):1409-1416. 

Understanding the impact of socio-economic status (SES) on physical development in 

children is important, especially in developing countries where considerable inequalities 

persist. This is the first study to examine the association between SES on bone development 

at the whole body, femoral neck, and lumbar spine in black children living in Soweto and 

Johannesburg, South Africa. SES has a significant independent effect on whole body BMC 

through its impact on BA. This suggests that poverty alleviation policies in South Africa 

could have a positive effect on bone health. 

1224. Oldewage-Theron, W. H., and T. J. Slabbert. IMPACT OF FOOD AND NUTRI- 

TION INTERVENTIONS ON POVERTY IN AN INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IN THE 

VAAL REGION OF SOUTH AFRICA. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2008, 

67(1):91-97. 

UNICEF has stated that urban poverty is primarily found in squatter settlements. At 

present 13.5% of all South African households live in informal settlements. The major 

research question is to what extent does poverty influence the food, nutrition and 

health of informal-settlement dwellers. The purpose of the present study was to determine 

the depth of poverty in this community and to measure the possible effect that planned 

food and nutrition interventions may have on eliminating poverty in this area. The results 

indicate that this community is poverty-stricken and has chronic food insecurity, and 

they will be used to facilitate planning and implementation of sustainable incomegenerating 

community-based interventions to promote urban food security and alleviate 

poverty in this community. 

1225. Pather, R., and C. Stilwell. THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF JOURNAL 

OWNERSHIP VERSUS FULL-TEXT ELECTRONIC ACCESS IN A UNIVERSITY- 

BASED FACULTY OF SCIENCE. Mousaion. 2008, 26(2):22-45. 

The article describes a crisis in access to scholarly journals at the former University of 

Natal, Durban Campus Libraries between 2002 and 2004. The Libraries experienced a 

substantial increase in the costs of the journal collection. From 2002 to 2003 the increased 

foreign exchange rate and frequent increases in the price of journal subscriptions meant 

higher journal costs although costs were lower again for some titles held by the Library 

from 2003 to 2004. The library budget was not able to keep pace with these increases. 

1226. Pick, W., L. Rispel, and S. Naidoo. POVERTY, HEALTH AND POLICY: A 

HISTORICAL LOOK AT THE SOUTH AFRICAN EXPERIENCE. Journal of Public 

Health Policy. 2008, 29(2):165-178. 

The resurgence of interest in links between health and development raises interesting 

questions about the process of research, policy-making, and implementation in the field of 

health and poverty. To learn abut the process in South Africa, we examined three 

commissions of inquiry relating poverty and health—in 1929, 1942, and the early 1980s. 

Power relations of the players were a decisive factor and determined the type and nature of 

the research conducted.


1227. Rebelo, E., C. P. Szabo, and G. Pitcher. GENDER ASSIGNMENT SURGERY 

ON CHILDREN WITH DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT: A CASE REPORT 

AND DISCUSSION FROM SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of Child Health Care. 2008, 

12(1):49-59. 

This case report highlights the dilemma faced by staff with regard to the timing of 

surgery on a child with a disorder of sex development living in a large, lower socioeconomic 

class, South African, urban township. In this community, children with disorders 

of sex development can sometimes become an object of interest and ridicule or are thought 

to be bewitched. Many parents of children with such disorders find it difficult to protect 

their offspring from the marginalization and rejection that is the consequence of such 

curiosity and transparency. The absence of a support group to assist these children and their 

parents, and the paucity of information available in the public domain, compounds an 

already challenging problem. 

1228. Robinson, A. L., and E. E. Seiber. DOES COMMUNITY CLUSTERING 

MITIGATE THE NEGATIVE EFFECT OF POVERTY ON ADOLESCENT CONDOM 

USE IN SOUTH AFRICA? International Family Planning Perspectives. 2008, 34(3): 

121-126. 

It is important to examine whether youth from disadvantaged households are less likely 

than others to use a condom at first sex, even after correcting for shared characteristics 

within communities. The importance of community clustering of neighborhood-level 

characteristics differs by gender in South Africa. Poverty remains a central risk factor for 

HIV among young women, regardless of the surrounding context, but not among men. 

1229. Schroeder, D., and R. Chennells. BENEFIT SHARING AND ACCESS TO 

ESSENTIAL HEALTH CARE: A HAPPY MARRIAGE? Medicine and Law. 2008, 

27(1):53-69. 

In May 2003, one of the most important benefit sharing agreements to date was signed in 

South Africa. The South African San Council and the South African Centre for Scientific 

and Industrial Research agreed to share the benefits derived from genetic research on the 

Hoodia plant. Payments to the San Council started in 2005 and could reach 1.3 million U.S. 

Dollars per year for approximately 15 years. Members of the San community in Southern 

Africa are exposed to serious poverty, resulting in malnutrition and avoidable illnesses. The 

question we are interested in is: could benefit sharing in compliance with the Convention on 

Biological Diversity be a partial solution to lack of access to essential health care? In the 

first part of the paper, we shall briefly introduce the legal background of benefit sharing and 

the San case. In the second part of the paper, we shall argue that benefit sharing and access 

to essential health care should not be formally linked. 

1230. Spies, A. et al. INHALABLE DUST AND PROTEIN EXPOSURE IN SOY- 

BEAN PROCESSING PLANTS. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental 

Health. 2008, 14(3):225-230. 

Little is known about inhalable dust concentrations in soybean processing plants in 

southern Africa. This project measured inhalable dust in soybean plants in the region and 

correlated dust measurements with total protein and soy trypsin inhibitor. No statistically 

significant correlations between presence of inhalable dust and soy trypsin inhibitor were 

found. Total protein and soy trypsin inhibitor were better correlated. This study indicates

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 373 

that total protein might be a good proxy for soybean specific protein concentrations in 

soybean processing plants. 

1231. Stuckler, D. et al. WHO’S BUDGETARY ALLOCATIONS AND BURDEN OF 

DISEASE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. The Lancet. 2008, 372(9649):1563-1569. 

Ministers of health, donor agencies, philanthropists, and international agencies will meet 

at Bamako, Mali, in November 2008, to review global priorities for health research. These 

individuals and organisations previously set health priorities for WHO, either through its 

regular budget or extra-budgetary funds. We asked what insights can be gained as to their 

priorities from previous decisions within the context of WHO. Decision makers at Bamako 

should consider the implications of the present misalignment of global health priorities and 

disease burden for health research worldwide. Funds allocated by external donors substantially 

differ from those allocated by WHO member states. The meeting at Bamako 

provides an opportunity to consider how this disparity might be addressed. 

MEDICAL STUDIES 

1232. Abong’o, B. O. et al. PREVALENCE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 

AMONG DIARRHOEIC HIV/AIDS PATIENTS IN THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE, 

SOUTH AFRICA. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2008, 11(8):1066-1075. 

This study investigated the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the stool of 

confirmed and non-confirmed diarrhoeic HIV/AIDS patients. Escherichia coli O157:H7 

was isolated by culture-based and immunomagnetic separation from three hundred and 

sixty stool swabs. Identification was by conventional IMViC, 20E API and molecular 

techniques. Escherichia coli O157:H7 might be a silent cause of diarrhoea in HIV/AIDS 

patients. It is recommended that HIV/AIDS patients with diarrhoea should be screened for 

E. coli O157:H7 and surveillance programs for these bacteria should be established in both 

urban and rural areas of South Africa. 

1233. Abor, P. A., and A. Bouwer. MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PRAC- 

TICES IN A SOUTHERN AFRICAN HOSPITAL. International Journal of Health Care 

Quality Assurance. 1008, 21(4):356-364. 

The purpose of this paper is to examine the medical waste management practices of a 

hospital in Southern Africa. The results revealed that the hospital does not quantify medical 

waste. Segregation of medical waste into infectious waste and non-infectious waste is not 

conducted according to definite rules and standards. Separation of medical waste and 

municipal waste is however practiced to a satisfactory extent. Wheeled trolleys are used for 

on-site transportation of waste. Off-site transportation of waste is outsourced to a private 

firm. Incineration is used in the final disposal of infectious waste. Non-infectious waste is 

disposed using land disposal method. 

1234. Abu-Raddad, L. J. et al. GENITAL HERPES HAS PLAYED A MORE 

IMPORTANT ROLE THAN ANY OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION 

IN DRIVING HIV PREVALENCE IN AFRICA. PLoS ONE. 2008, 3(5):e2230. 

Extensive evidence from observational studies suggests a role for genital herpes in the 

HIV epidemic. A number of herpes vaccines are under development and several trials of the


efficacy of HSV-2 treatment with acyclovir in reducing HIV acquisition, transmission, and 

disease progression have just reported their results or will report their results in the next 

year. The potential impact of these interventions requires a quantitative assessment of the 

magnitude of the synergy between HIV and HSV-2 at the population level. HSV-2 role as a 

biological cofactor in HIV acquisition and transmission may have contributed substantially 

to HIV particularly by facilitating HIV spread among the low-risk population with stable 

long-term sexual partnerships. 

1235. Abu-Zekry, M. et al. PREVALENCE OF CELIAC DISEASE IN EGYPTIAN 

CHILDREN DISPUTES THE EAST-WEST AGRICULTURE-DEPENDENT SPREAD 

OF THE DISEASE. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2008, 47(2): 

136-140. 

Celiac disease (CD) seems to be a common disorder in north Africa; however, to our 

knowledge no data are yet available on its prevalence in Egypt. This study was undertaken to 

investigate the frequency of CD in Egyptian children. Celiac disease is a frequent disorder 

among Egyptian children, both in the general population and in at-risk groups. Therefore, 

our data do not support the theory of a Middle East-Europe CD prevalence gradient 

secondary to the pattern of agriculture spreading from the so-called Fertile Crescent. 

1236. Aderaye, G. et al. EVALUATION OF TOLUIDINE BLUE O STAINING FOR 

THE DIAGNOSIS OF PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI IN EXPECTORATED SPUTUM 

SAMPLE AND BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FROM HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS 

IN A TERTIARY CARE REFERRAL CENTER IN ETHIOPIA. Infection. 2008, 36(3): 

237-243. 

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is becoming increasingly recognized in sub-Saharan 

Africa. The currently recommended diagnostic methods using induced sputum (IS) and 

bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are neither technically feasible nor affordable for a wider 

clinical use in developing countries. Therefore, there is a need for a simple and affordable 

diagnostic test. Compared to IF, TBO staining has an acceptable sensitivity and very high 

specificity both in expectorated sputum and BAL samples. Expectorated sputum is, 

therefore, the most practical specimen and TBO staining an inexpensive diagnostic method 

to be recommended for high-HIV, resource-constrained settings. Bronchoscopy for the 

diagnosis of PCP is often not required for patients who can produce sputum. For patients 

who cannot produce sputum, however, the cost and efficacy of TBO in IS sample needs to 

be investigated in resource-poor countries. 

1237. Aguas, R. et al. PROSPECTS FOR MALARIA ERADICATION IN SUB- 

SAHARAN AFRICA. PLoS ONE. 2008, 3(3):e1767. 

A characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum infections is the gradual acquisition of 

clinical immunity resulting from repeated exposures to the parasite. While the molecular 

basis of protection against clinical malaria remains unresolved, its effects on epidemiological 

patterns are well recognized. Accumulating epidemiological data constitute a 

valuable resource that must be intensively explored and interpreted as to effectively inform 

control planning. In regions that support mesoendemic transmission, intervention success 

depends critically on reducing prevalence below a threshold which separates endemic and 

malaria-free regimens.

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 375 

1238. Ahmadi, A. et al. SELF-IMMOLATION IN IRAN. Journal of Burn Care and 

Research. 2008, 29(3):451-460. 

Deliberate self-inflicted burn is rare in high-income countries, but is reported more 

frequently in low- and middle-income countries, especially in Asia and Africa. Rates in 

Iran are among the highest in the world, with up to 71% of committed suicides conducted 

via self-immolation in some regions. The objective of this study was to identify the 

epidemiologic features and factors of self-immolation in Iran to aid in development of 

effective intervention programs. People of Kurdish ethnicity were more likely to engage in 

self-immolation. Unemployment was a risk factor for self-immolation, while mental disorders 

and lack of access to health and treatment facilities did not play an important role for 

increasing the rate of self-immolation. Overall, this study demonstrates that self-immolation 

is a significant public health problem in some parts of Iran. 

1239. Aka, N. A. et al. FIRST FINDINGS ON THE SEROEPIDEMIOLOGY OF 

HUMAN PARAGONIMOSIS AT THE ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS CENTRE OF DIVO, 

REPUBLIC OF IVORY COAST (WEST AFRICA). Parasite. 2008, 15(2):157-161. 

An epidemiological study was carried out in 2004-2005 at the anti-tuberculosis centre of 

Divo (Ivory Coast) to collect sera from patients who consulted for tuberculosis suspicion 

and to estimate the seroprevalence of human paragonimosis in the context of a systematic 

screening. No Paragonimus egg was found in the stools and/or sputa of the 167 persons 

investigated. In contrast, 41 sera were ascertained with antibodies against Paragonimus 

africanus using ELISA testing. As the optical density (OD) values related to seropositive 

findings were found under 0.6 (the minimal OD to detect an active paragonimosis), the 

above antibody titres might originate from patients in chronic or in convalescent stages, or 

might result of cross reactions with trematodes. 

1240. Akintola, O. DEFYING ALL ODDS: COPING WITH THE CHALLENGES OF 

VOLUNTEER CAREGIVING FOR PATIENTS WITH AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA. 

Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2008, 63(4):357-365. 

This paper is a report of a study to explore the challenges experienced by volunteer 

caregivers of people living with HIV/AIDS and the strategies employed in coping with 

these challenges. A clear understanding of how volunteers deal with challenges of caring 

for people living with HIV/AIDS can give insight into their weaknesses and strengths and 

can inform the design of interventions aimed at providing support. Studies are needed to 

facilitate better understanding of the processes of appraisal of challenges by volunteers and 

the effectiveness of coping strategies, and to track coping strategies over time. 

1241. Akolo, C. et al. THE CLINICAL FEATURES OF HIV/AIDS AT PRESEN- 

TATION AT THE JOS UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL. Nigerian Journal of 

Medicine. 2008, 17(1):83-87. 

The clinical characteristics and consequences of HIV-I infection observed in studies 

from developed countries cannot be generalized across the multiple virus subtypes that 

circulate in sub-Saharan Africa in general and Nigeria in particular. This study was therefore 

conducted to determine the commonest symptoms and signs at presentation in 

HIV-infected individuals at the Jos University Teaching Hospital. The symptoms and signs


of HIV/AIDS obtained were similar to those obtained by other workers from different parts 

of the world; however, the findings of hyperpigmented nails and finger clubbing have not 

been frequently reported for other populations. 

1242. Amechi, E. P. REGULATING DEVELOPMENTS IN EMBRYONIC STEM 

CELL RESEARCH IN AFRICA: A THIRD PERSON’S PERSPECTIVE. Journal of Law 

and Medicine. 2008, 15(4):571-586. 

Among the many advances in modern biotechnology, embryonic stem (ES) cell research 

has raised perhaps the most intense debate over the ethical, legal and policy issues involved. 

This debate has centred inter alia on the lives and well-being of the donors or participants in 

clinical trials, the presumed lives of embryos, the possibility of reproductive cloning, and 

government funding, among others. These ethical, legal and policy issues tend to overlap 

and cut across all strata of society, with opponents of the research calling for prohibition 

and proponents calling for promotion. One important question is whether African countries 

should regulate to limit or promote developments in ES cell research. This article argues 

that, in view of the dynamism of modern biotechnology, African countries should regulate 

in such a way as to maximise the benefits while minimising the disadvantages associated 

with the research. 

1243. Amuna, P., and F. B. Zotor. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND NUTRITION 

TRANSITION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH AND 

DEVELOPMENT. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2008, 67(1):82-90. 

Whereas common infectious and parasitic diseases such as malaria and the HIV/AIDS 

pandemic remain major unresolved health problems in many developing countries, 

emerging non-communicable diseases relating to diet and lifestyle have been increasing 

over the last two decades, thus creating a double burden of disease and impacting 

negatively on already over-stretched health services in these countries. The role of 

preventable environmental risk factors for obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing 

countries is emphasized and also these challenges are related to meeting the millennium 

development goals. The possible implications of these changing trends for human and 

economic development in poorly-resourced healthcare settings and the implications for 

nutrition training are also discussed. 

1244. Andrews, J. R. et al. EXOGENOUS REINFECTION AS A CAUSE OF 

MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT AND EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCUL- 

OSIS IN RURAL SOUTH AFRICA. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008, 198(11): 

1582-1589. 

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) are 

now major threats in areas of South Africa with a high prevalence of TB and human 

immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The role of exogenous reinfection as a cause of 

MDR and XDR TB in these settings has not been determined. Exogenous reinfection is an 

important mechanism for the development of MDR and XDR TB. In addition to

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 377 

strengthening TB treatment programs, effective infection control strategies are urgently 

needed to reduce the transmission of MDR and XDR TB. 

1245. Anonymous. CLINICAL SIGNS THAT PREDICT SEVERE ILLNESS IN 

CHILDREN UNDER AGE 2 MONTHS: A MULTICENTRE STUDY. The Lancet. 2008, 

371(9607):135-142. 

Neonatal illness, particularly in the first week of life, is a leading cause of death 

worldwide. Improving identification of young infants who require referral for severe illness 

is of major public-health importance. A single simple algorithm could be recommended for 

identifying severe illness in infants aged 0-2 months who are brought to health facilities. 

Further research is needed on screening newborn children for illness in the community 

during routine home visits. 

1246. Anonymous. EVERY DEATH COUNTS: USE OF MORTALITY AUDIT 

DATA FOR DECISION MAKING TO SAVE THE LIVES OF MOTHERS, BABIES, 

AND CHILDREN IN SOUTH AFRICA. The Lancet. 2008, 371(9620):1294-1304. 

South Africa is one of the few developing countries with a national confidential inquiry 

into maternal deaths. 164 health facilities obtain audit data for stillbirths and neonatal 

deaths, and a new audit network does so for child deaths. Three separate reports have been 

published, providing valuable information about avoidable causes of death for mothers, 

babies, and children. These reports make health-system recommendations, many of which 

overlap and are intertwined with the scarcity of progress in addressing HIV/AIDS. The 

leaders of these three reports have united to prioritize actions to save the lives of South 

Africa’s mothers, babies, and children. The country is off-track for the health-related 

Millennium Development Goals. 

1247. Anonymous. PROVIDER-INITIATED HIV TESTING AND COUNSELING 

OF TB PATIENTS—LIVINGSTONE DISTRICT, ZAMBIA, SEPTEMBER 2004– 

DECEMBER 2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2008, 57(11):285-289. 

Tuberculosis (TB) is the second most common cause of death from infectious disease in 

the world after human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 

(HIV/AIDS). Immunosuppressed HIV-infected persons are highly susceptible to TB 

disease, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa have the highest TB incidence rates, primarily 

because of the HIV epidemic. These findings demonstrate the practicality and acceptance 

of PITC and HIV rapid testing and support the need to expand this program to TB clinical 

settings in Zambia and other countries with high rates of TB and HIV. 

1248. Ansaldi, F. et al. MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CASE-CONTROL 

APPROACHES FOR MANAGEMENT OF AN OUTBREAK OF HEPATITIS A IN 

LIGURIA, ITALY. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene. 2007, 48(3):103-108. 

Hepatitis A remains an important public health problem in low endemicity areas, 

because of the social and economic high burden of cyclical outbreaks. In this study we 

described an outbreak of HAV infection occurred in the city of Genoa and in its proximity 

and the viral circulation in the post-epidemic period. In order to identify risk factors 

associated to the illness and to determine the source of infection and the dynamics of virus


evolution, we conducted an epidemiological and molecular investigation by a case-control 

study and by sequence analysis of high variable regions in the genome. 

1249. Anukam, K. C. et al. YOGURT CONTAINING PROBIOTIC LACTOBACIL- 

LUS RHAMNOSUS GR-1 AND L. REUTERI RC-14 HELPS RESOLVE MODERATE 

DIARRHEA AND INCREASES CD4 COUNT IN HIV/AIDS PATIENTS. Journal of 

Clinical Gastroenterology. 2008, 42(3):239-243. 

HIV/AIDS is changing the human landscape in sub-Saharan Africa. Relatively few 

patients receive antiretroviral therapy, and many suffer from debilitating diarrhea that 

affects their quality of life. Given the track record of probiotics to alleviate diarrhea, 

conventional yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbruekii var bulgaricus and Streptococcus 

thermophilus was supplemented with probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and 

L. reuteri RC-14. This is the first study to show the benefits of probiotic yogurt on quality of 

life of women in Nigeria with HIV/AIDS, and suggests that perhaps a simple fermented 

food can provide some relief in the management of the AIDS epidemic in Africa. 

1250. Anunobi, C. C. et al. ADULT LYMPHOMAS IN LAGOS NIGERIA: A 

FOURTEEN YEAR STUDY. Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2007, 

17(2):63-66. 

We present a 14-year retrospective histopathological study of 92 cases of adult lymphomas 

in Lagos. The aim is to document the histologic types, age and sex distribution. Non- 

Hodgkin’s lymphoma is commoner than Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The age and sex distribution 

agrees with reports from other parts of Nigeria and Africa with minimal variations. 

1251. Apicella, C. L., A. C. Little, and F. W. Marlowe. FACIAL AVERAGENESS 

AND ATTRACTIVENESS IN AN ISOLATED POPULATION OF HUNTER- 

GATHERERS. Perception. 2007, 36(12):1813-1820. 

Average faces possess traits that are common to a population. Preferences for averageness 

have been found in several types of study of both real and computer-manipulated 

faces. Such preferences have been proposed to be biologically based and thus should be 

found across human populations, though cross-cultural evidence to date has been limited. 

In this study we examined preferences for averageness in both the West and in an isolated 

hunter-gatherer society, the Hadza of Northern Tanzania in Africa. We show that 

averageness is generally preferred across faces and cultures, but there were no significant 

preferences for averageness in European faces by Hadza judges. The different visual 

experience of the two cultures may explain the differences in preferences. 

1252. Arbeille, P. et al. ABDOMINAL AND FETAL ECHOGRAPHY TELE- 

OPERATED IN SEVERAL MEDICAL CENTRES SITES, FROM AN EXPERT 

CENTER, USING A ROBOTIC ARM AND TELEPHONE OR SATELLITE LINK. Journal 

of Gravitational Physiology. 2007, 14(1):P139-P140. 

We design and validate a method for tele-operating (from an expert site) an echographic 

examination in an isolated site where the patient stays. Robotized tele-echography provide 

similar information as direct examination. No false diagnostic was reported. Moreover the 

patients were examined by an expert from the University Hospital while staying in the 

Medical center proximal to their home.

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 379 

1253. Arbyn, M. et al. POOLED ANALYSIS OF THE ACCURACY OF FIVE 

CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING TESTS ASSESSED IN ELEVEN STUDIES IN 

AFRICA AND INDIA. International Journal of Cancer. 2008, 123(1):153-160. 

Cervical cancer is the main cancer among women in sub-Saharan Africa, India and other 

parts of the developing world. Evaluation of screening performance of effective, feasible 

and affordable early detection and management methods is a public health priority. Five 

screening methods, naked eye visual inspection of the cervix uteri after application of 

diluted acetic acid (VIA), or Lugol’s iodine (VILI) or with a magnifying device (VIAM), 

the Pap smear and human papillomavirus testing with the high-risk probe of the Hybrid 

Capture-2 assay (HC2), were evaluated in 11 studies in India and Africa. Because of the 

correlation between visual screening tests and colposcopy and a certain degree of 

over-diagnosis of apparent CIN2+ by study pathologists, it is possible that both sensitivity 

and specificity of VIA and VILI were overestimated. Gold standard verification error could 

also explain the surprisingly low sensitivity of HC2, which contrasts with findings from 

other studies. 

1254. Argent, A. C. MANAGING HIV IN THE PICU—THE EXPERIENCE AT THE 

RED CROSS WAR MEMORIAL CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL IN CAPE TOWN. Indian 

Journal of Pediatrics. 2008, 75(6):615-620. 

The HIV pandemic has affected children throughout the developing world. This article 

describes the experience of the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit at the Red Cross War 

Memorial Children’s Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Over the last 20 years we have 

improved our management of HIV infected children requiring intensive care admission. In 

the absence of anti-retroviral therapy, long term outcomes from PICU admission of HIV 

infected children have not improved significantly, and it is debatable whether PICU 

admission is justified. Once anti-retroviral therapy is available to children, there may be 

significant improvements in outcome and possible affected children should be admitted to 

the PICU if resources are available. 

1255. Arita, I., and M. Nakane. ROAD MAP FOR PILIO ERADICATION— 

ESTABLISHING THE LINK WITH MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL NO. 4 

FOR CHILD SURVIVAL. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008, 61(3):169-174. 

The global polio eradication program, started in 1988, initially targeted the year 

2000 for the worldwide elimination of the disease. Although poliovirus transmission has 

been markedly reduced, it has not been eliminated. As we enter the 20th year of the 

campaign, poliovirus continues to infect and cause paralysis in localized areas of South 

Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. To combat this scourge, the World Health Organization, 

together with other worldwide partners, has newly committed to worldwide eradication by 

2009. It appears that the delay has been caused by a combination of the failure of 

globalization to deliver the prosperity it initially promised and technical problems specific 

to polio eradication. 

1256. Arya, A. P., and L. Klenerman. THE JAIPUR FOOT. Journal of Bone and Joint 

Surgery. British Volume. 2008, 90(11):1414-1416. 

The Jaipur foot was developed for barefoot amputees by Professor P. K. Sethi. He used 

local artisans and readily available materials. The prosthesis was cheap and could be made 

in one hour. It enabled amputees to work in rural conditions, muddy and wet fields and to


climb trees. It has been widely used in India, South East Asia and Africa, where local 

variations to the design have now been made. 

1257. Ashaye, A., and A. Aimola. KERATITIS IN CHILDREN AS SEEN IN A 

TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN AFRICA. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2008, 

100(4):385-390. 

Blindness studies have shown that keratitis complicated by the use of traditional eye 

medications is a major factor of childhood blindness in developing countries. Most cases of 

such keratitis were presumably due to nutritional causes or bacterial infection. The patterns 

of outcome that are seen in hospitals may be different. We determine the clinical types of 

keratitis seen in children at a tertiary hospital and compare with other reports. Herpes 

simplex keratitis was the leading cause of keratitis in children seen at this tertiary hospital, 

and clinical presentations do not differ from those reported in other populations. Very poor 

visual outcome was associated with all types of keratitis except those with herpes keratitis. 

Blindness studies may underrepresent the burden of herpes simplex keratitis in the location 

of this study. 

1258. Asherson, R. A. et al. A CASE OF ADULT-ONSET SATOYOSHI 

SYNDROME WITH GASTRIC ULCERATION AND EOSINOPHILIC ENTERITIS. 

Nature Clinical Practice. Rheumatology. 2008, 4(8):439-444. 

The patient was misdiagnosed as having Sjögren’s syndrome (on the basis of a 

lower-limb rash and dry eyes and mouth) in 1999, and then as having systemic lupus 

erythematosus (on the basis of hair loss and a high antinuclear antibody titer) in 2005. Total 

alopecia, muscular spasms and diarrhea developed over the following 2 years, and the 

patient experienced gastric ulceration in 2006. A rheumatologic opinion was sought in 

2007. The patient had only a transitory response to glucocorticoid treatment. Complete 

amelioration of symptoms resulted on two occasions when treated with intravenous 

immunoglobulin; however, the remissions only lasted for 6-8 weeks. More-intensive 

immunosuppression with azathioprine is currently being attempted. 

1259. Aspeling, H. E., and N. C. van Wyk. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH 

ADHERENCE TO ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY FOR THE TREATMENT OF HIV- 

INFECTED WOMEN ATTENDING AN URBAN CARE FACILITY. International 

Journal of Nursing Practice. 2008, 14(1):3-10. 

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is often jeopardized by factors misapprehended 

by health-care providers. As South Africa is severely affected by HIV and AIDS, 

identifying factors that influence adherence in this specific context becomes essential. An 

exploratory and descriptive case study design was used to further explore this subject and to 

identify factors that could influence adherence to ART. A significant correlation with 

international data was found. Most participants indicated that their traditional beliefs and 

customs did not interfere with their adherence to ART, although the lack of HIV education 

might facilitate reversion to traditional customs. 

1260. Auricchio, De Mello, M. T. et al. FREQUENCY AND ORIGINS OF 

HEMOGLOBIN S MUTATION IN AFRICA-DERIVED BRAZILIAN POPULATIONS. 

Human Biology. 2007, 79(6):667-677. 

Africans arrived in Brazil as slaves in great numbers, mainly after 1550. Before the

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 381 

abolition of slavery in Brazil in 1888, many communities, called quilombos, were formed 

by runaway or abandoned African slaves. These communities are presently referred to as 

remnants of quilombos, and many are still partially genetically isolated. These remnants 

can be regarded as relicts of the original African genetic contribution to the Brazilian 

population. In this study we assessed frequencies and probable geographic origins of hemoglobin 

S (HBB*S) mutations in remnants of quilombo populations in the Ribeira River 

valley, São Paulo, Brazil, to reconstruct the history of African-derived populations in the 

region. The high frequency of the sickle cell trait and the diversity of HBB*S linked haplotypes 

indicate that Brazilian remnants of quilombos are interesting repositories of genetic 

diversity present in the ancestral African populations. 

1261. Aust, M. C. et al. PERCUTANEOUS COLLAGEN INDUCTION THERAPY: 

AN ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT FOR SCARS, WRINKLES, AND SKIN LAXITY. 

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2008, 121(4):1421-1429. 

Skin laxity, rhytides, and photoaging are generally treated by ablative procedures that 

injure or destroy the epidermis and its basement membrane, at lest in the beginning, and 

subsequently lead to fibrosis of the papillary dermis. The ideal treatment would be to 

preserve the epidermis and promote normal collagen and elastin formation in the dermis. 

Percutaneous collagen induction takes us closer to this idea. Percutaneous collagen induction 

was started in 1997 and has proved to be a simple and fast method for safely treating 

wrinkles and scars. As opposed to ablative laser treatments, the epidermis remains intact 

and is not damaged. For this reason, the procedure can be repeated safely and is also suited 

to regions where laser treatments and deep peels cannot be performed. 

1262. Auvert, B. et al. ESTIMATING THE RESOURCES NEEDED AND SAVINGS 

ANTICIPATED FROM ROLL-OUT OF ADULT MALE CIRCUMCISION IN SUB- 

SAHARAN AFRICA. PLoS ONE. 2008, 3(8):e2679. 

Trials in Africa indicate that medical adult male circumcision (MAMC) reduces the risk 

of HIV by 60%. MAMC may avert 2 to 8 million HIV infections over 20 years in sub- 

Saharan Africa and cost less than treating those who would have been infected. This paper 

estimates the financial and human resources required to roll out MAMC and the net savings 

due to reduced infections. A rapid roll-out of MAMC in sub-Saharan Africa requires 

substantial funding and a high number of circumcisers for the first five years. These 

investments are justified by MAMC’s substantial health benefits and the savings accrued 

by averting future HIV infections. Lower ongoing costs and continued care savings suggest 

long-term sustainability. 

1263. Bacaër, N. et al. MODELING THE JOINT EPIDEMICS OF TB AND HIV IN A 

SOUTH AFRICAN TOWNSHIP. Journal of Mathematical Biology. 2008, 57(4):557-593. 

We present a simple mathematical model with six compartments for the interaction 

between HIV and TB epidemics. Using data from a township near Cape Town, South 

Africa, where the prevalence of HIV is above 20% and where the TB notification rate is 

close to 2,000 per 100,000 per year, we estimate some of the model parameters and study 

how various control measures might change the course of these epidemics. Condom 

promotion, increased TB detection and TB preventive therapy have a clear positive effect. 

The impact of antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of HIV is unclear and depends on the


extent to which it reduces sexual transmission. However, our analysis suggests that it will 

greatly reduce the TB notification rate. 

1264. Bai, Z. G. et al. AZITHROMYCIN VS. BENZATHINE PENICILLIN G FOR 

EARLY SYPHILIS: A META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS. 

International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2008, 19(4):217-221. 

The World Health Organization estimates that at least 12 million people are infected with 

syphilis in the world. Southeast Asia accounts for 5.8 million; Africa accounts for 3.5 

million. There has been controversy in using the two kinds of antibiotics for early syphilis. 

A systematic review comparing these antibiotics could affect treatment guidelines. The aim 

of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of azithromycin vs. penicillin G 

benzathine for early syphilis and a meta-analysis to compare these two kinds of antibiotics 

for early syphilis. Azithromycin achieved a higher cure rate than penicillin G benzathine in 

a long follow-up. 

1265. Barnes, K. I. et al. INCREASED GAMETOCYTEMIA AFTER TREATMENT: 

AN EARLY PARASITOLOGICAL INDICATOR OF EMERGING SULFADOXINE- 

PYRIMETHAMINE RESISTANCE IN FALCIPARUM MALARIA. The Journal of 

Infectious Diseases. 2008, 197(11):1605-1613. 

Although malaria treatment aims primarily to eliminate the asexual blood stages that 

cause illness, reducing the carriage of gametocytes is critical for limiting malaria transmission 

and the spread of resistance. An increased duration and density of gametocyte 

carriage after sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment was an early indicator of drug resistance. 

This increased gametocytemia among patients who have primary infections with 

drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum fuels the spread of resistance even before treatment 

failure rates increase significantly. 

1266. Bärnighausen, T. et al. HIV INCIDENCE IN RURAL SOUTH AFRICA: 

COMPARISON OF ESTIMATES FROM LONGITUDINAL SURVEILLANCE AND 

CROSS-SECTIONAL cBED ASSAY TESTING. PLoS ONE. 2008, 3(11):e3640. 

The BED IgG-Capture Enzyme Immunoassay (cBED assay), a test of recent HIV 

infection, has been used to estimate HIV incidence in cross-sectional HIV surveys. However, 

there has been concern that the assay overestimates HIV incidence to an unknown 

extent because it falsely classifies some individuals with non-recent HIV infections as 

recently infected. We used data from a longitudinal HIV surveillance in rural South Africa 

to measure the fraction of people with non-recent HIV infection who are falsely classified 

as recently HIV-infected by the cBED assay (the long-term false-positive ratio (FPR)) 

and compared cBED assay-based HIV incidence estimates to longitudinally measured 

HIV incidence. 

1267. Bate, R. et al. ANTIMALARIAL DRUG QUALITY IN THE MOST 

SEVERELY MALARIOUS PARTS OF AFRICA—A SIX COUNTRY STUDY. PLoS 

ONE. 2008, 3(5):e2132. 

A range of antimalarial drugs were procured from private pharmacies in urban and 

peri-urban areas in the major cities of six African countries, situated in the part of that 

continent and the world that is most highly endemic for malaria. Semi-quantitative 

thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and dissolution testing were used to measure active

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 383 

pharmaceutical ingredient content against internationally acceptable standards. The high 

persistence of substandard drugs and clinically inappropriate artemisinin monotherapies in 

the private sector risks patient safety and, through drug resistance, places the future of 

malaria treatment at risk globally. 

1268. Beck, I. A. et al. OPTIMIZATION OF THE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE LIGATION 

ASSAY, A RAPID AND INEXPENSIVE TEST FOR DETECTION OF HIV-1 DRUG 

RESISTANCE MUTATIONS, FOR NON-NORTH AMERICAN VARIANTS. Journal of 

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008, 48(4):418-427. 

We evaluated the feasibility of oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA), a specific, sensitive, 

and economical ligase-based point mutation assay designed to detect HIV-1 drugresistance 

mutations at 12 codons of HIV-1 subtype B pol, for potential use in resourcepoor 

settings. The OLA designed for HIV-1 subtype B genotyped most pol codons in non-B 

subtypes from Asia and Africa but was improved by addition of several modified probes. 

International laboratories experienced in molecular techniques were able to perform 

the OLA. 

1269. Begley, E. B. et al. WILLINGNESS OF MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN 

(MSM) IN THE UNITED STATES TO BE CIRCUMCISED AS ADULTS TO REDUCE 

THE RISK OF HIV INFECTION. PLoS ONE. 2008, 3(7):e2731. 

Circumcision reduces HIV acquisition among heterosexual men in Africa, but it is 

unclear if circumcision may reduce HIV acquisition among men who have sex with men 

(MSM) in the United States, or whether MSM would be willing to be circumcised if 

recommended. Over half of uncircumcised MSM, especially black MSM, expressed 

willingness to be circumcised. Perceived risks and benefits of circumcision should be a part 

of educational materials if circumcision is recommended for MSM in the United States. 

1270. Bekibele, C. O., and O. Gureje. SELF-REPORTED VISUAL IMPAIRMENT 

AND IMPACT ON VISION-RELATED ACTIVITIES IN AN ELDERLY NIGERIAN 

POPULATION: REPORT FROM THE IBADAN STUDY OF AGEING. Ophthalmic 

Epidemiology. 2008, 15(4):250-256. 

Studies have shown an association between visual impairment and poor overall function. 

Studies from Africa and developing countries show high prevalence of visual impairment. 

More information is needed on the community prevalence and impact of visual impairment 

among elderly Africans. The prevalence of self-reported distant visual impairment was 

high but that for near visual impairment was less than expected in this elderly African 

population. Impairment of near vision was found to carry with it a higher burden of 

functional disability than that of distant vision. 

1271. Bell, C. C. et al. BUILDING PROTECTIVE FACTORS TO OFFSET SEX- 

UALLY RISKY BEHAVIORS AMONG BLACK YOUTHS: A RANDOMIZED CON- 

TROL TRIAL. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2008, 100(8):936-944. 

We test the effectiveness of the CHAMP among black South Africans in KwaZulu-Natal, 

South Africa. CHAMPSA enhances a significant number of individual, family and community 

protective factors that can help youths avoid risky behaviors leading to HIVpositive 

status.


1272. Bell, D. J. et al. SULFADOXINE-PYRIMETHAMINE-BASED COMBINA- 

TIONS FOR MALARIA: A RANDOMISED BLINDED TRIAL TO COMPARE 

EFFICACY, SAFETY AND SELECTION OF RESISTANCE IN MALAWI. PLoS ONE. 

2008, 3(2):e1578. 

In Malawi, there has been a return of Plasmodium falciparum sensitivity to chloroquine 

(CQ) since sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) replaced CQ as first line treatment for uncomplicated 

malaria. When used for prophylaxis, Amodiaquine (AQ) was associated with 

agranulocytosis but is considered safe for treatment and is increasingly being used in 

Africa. Here we compare the efficacy, safety and selection of resistance using SP or CQ+SP 

or artesunate (ART)+SP or AQ+SP for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. 

This study confirms the return of CQ sensitivity in Malawi and importantly, shows no 

evidence of the re-emergence of pfcrt 76T after treatment with CQ or AQ. Given the safety 

record of AQ when used as a prophylaxis, our observations of marked falls in neutrophil 

counts in the AQ+SP group requires further scrutiny. 

1273. Bergman, S. et al. ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF THE TRAUMA TEAM 

TRAINING PROGRAM IN TANZANIA. The Journal of Trauma. 2008, 65(4):879-883. 

In sub-Saharan Africa, injury is responsible for more deaths and disability-adjusted life 

years than AIDS and malaria combined. The trauma team training (TTT) program is a 

low-cost course designed to teach a multidisciplinary team approach to trauma evaluation 

and resuscitation. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of TTT on trauma 

knowledge and performance of Tanzania physicians and nurses; and to demonstrate the 

validity of a questionnaire assessing trauma knowledge. After completion of TTT, there 

was a significant improvement in trauma resuscitation knowledge, based on results from a 

validated questionnaire. Trauma team performance was excellent when assessed with a 

novel trauma simulation assessment tool. Participants were very supportive of the course. 

1274. Bernitz, H. et al. AN INTEGRATED TECHNIQUE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF 

SKIN BITE MARKS. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2008, 53(1):194-198. 

The high number of murder, rape, and child abuse cases in South Africa has led to 

increased numbers of bite mark cases being heard in high courts. Objective analysis to 

match perpetrators to bite marks at crime scenes must be able to withstand vigorous crossexamination 

to be of value in conviction of perpetrators. An analysis technique is described 

in four stages, namely determination of the mark to be a human bite mark, pattern association 

analysis, metric analysis and comparison with the population data, and illustrated by a 

real case study. New and accepted techniques are combined to determine the likelihood 

ratio of guilt expressed as one of a range of conclusions described in the paper. Each stage 

of the analysis adds to the confirmation(or rejection) of concordance between the dental 

features present on the victim and the dentition of the suspect. The results illustrate 

identification to a high degree of certainty. 

1275. Bhargava, P., and P. Matthew. HAIR DYE POISONING. The Journal of the 

Association of Physicians of India. 2007, 55:871-872. 

Hair dye ingestion is an uncommon form of poisoning in the west, however, in some 

parts of the world such as East Africa and Indian Sub-continent it is not uncommon. The 

main component of hair dye causing toxicity is Paraphenylenediamine (PPD). This compound 

has been found to cause angioneurotic edema, rhabdomyolysis and renal failure. We

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 385 

present a case of hair dye poisoning who presented with respiratory distress due to 

laryngeal edema and later developed trismus and carpopedal spasm. This case report 

highlights the combined toxicities of sodium EDTA and PPD. 

1276. Bhattacharya, M., and S. B. Neogi. ESTIMATION OF MORTALITY DUE TO 

AIDS—A REVIEW. Indian Journal of Public Health. 2008, 52(1):21-27. 

HIV/AIDS has emerged as a major public health problem since its recognition as an 

emerging disease a couple of decades ago. While detection of HIV/AIDS cases remains a 

problem, ascertainment of AIDS deaths has emerged as a bigger challenge and concern. 

Despite a plethora of literature focusing on the methods to estimate AIDS deaths, none 

seems to be fulfilling the requirements for universal acceptance. In this paper, we give a 

systematic review of various methods used by experts to have a reliable estimate of the 

number of deaths due to AIDS. Initial assessments were derived from morgue based 

estimates in Africa which showed that AIDS was a leading cause of death. 

1277. Bhayat, A. et al. ATTITUDES OF SOUTH AFRICAN DENTAL THERAPY 

STUDENTS TOWARD COMPULSORY COMMUNITY SERVICE. Journal of Dental 

Education. 2008, 72(10):1135-1141. 

Compulsory community service (CCS) was introduced into the health service by the 

South African government to address the shortage and maldistribution of health professionals 

within the public sector. The aim of this study was to determine the attitudes of 

dental therapy students regarding CCS. A self-administered questionnaire was delivered to 

the two dental schools that train dental therapists in South Africa. There was a 64 percent 

response rate; 56 percent of the respondents were female. The average age was 20.3 years. 

There was no difference in the variables between the two dental schools, so the results were 

combined. By aligning these requirements with the current dental needs and priority 

strategies of the South African Department of Health, this support would add much value to 

the delivery of oral health services. 

1278. Bhimma, R. et al. THE SPECTRUM OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE 

(STAGES 2-5) IN KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA. Pediatric Nephrology. 2008, 

23(10):1841-1846. 

The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children in developing countries remains 

unknown, due to the lack of a national data-reporting system. Within the observation period 

of 11 years, end-stage kidney disease was diagnosed in 20 children; only nine had been on 

long-term dialysis, and seven qualified for transplantation. Five (25%) children had died, 

four from sepsis during dialysis and one from tuberculosis after receiving a transplant. We 

concluded that lack of resources, late referrals, and high cost of renal replacement therapy 

in developing countries leads to poor outcome in CKD. 

1279. Bidmos, M. A. METATARSALS IN THE ESTIMATION OF STATURE IN 

SOUTH AFRICANS. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2008, 15(8):505-509. 

To date, only one study has investigated the potential of metatarsals in the estimation of 

stature for forensic purposes. The morphology of these bones from clinical and 

paleontological perspectives is well researched in different parts of the world including 

South Africa. The present study aimed at assessing the usefulness of metatarsals of South 

Africans in the estimation of stature. Regression equations presented in this study can


provide a reliable estimate of stature in cases where intact long bones are not available for 

forensic analysis. 

1280. Bird, B. H. et al. MULTIPLE VIRUS LINEAGES SHARING RECENT COM- 

MON ANCESTRY WERE ASSOCIATED WITH A LARGE RIFT VALLEY FEVER 

OUTBREAK AMONG LIVESTOCK IN KENYA DURING 2006-2007. Journal of 

Virology. 2008, 82(22):11152-11166. 

Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus historically has caused widespread and extensive 

outbreaks of severe human and livestock disease throughout Africa, Madagascar, and the 

Arabian Peninsula. Following unusually heavy rainfall during the late autumn of 2006, 

reports of human and animal illness consistent with RVF virus infection emerged across 

semiarid regions of the Garissa District of northeastern Kenya and southern Somalia. These 

findings have implications for further studies of basic RVF virus ecology and the design of 

future surveillance/diagnostic activities, and they highlight the critical need for safe and 

effective vaccines and antiviral compounds to combat this significant veterinary and public 

health threat. 

1281. Bisson, G. P. et al. ANTIRETROVIRAL FAILURE DESPITE HIGH LEVELS 

OF ADHERENCE: DISCORDANT ADHERENCE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP IN 

BOTSWANA. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008, 49(1):107-110. 

Although adherence to antiretroviral therapy may be higher in sub-Saharan Africa, 

knowledge regarding the magnitude of adherence needed to maintain virological 

suppression in this setting is limited. Very high rates of adherence were present in this 

setting, yet virological failure occurred nonetheless. Future work should explore other 

factors that might explain treatment failure in the setting of high levels of adherence. 

1282. Bisson, G. P. et al. PHARMACY REFILL ADHERENCE COMPARED WITH 

CD4 COUNT CHANGES FOR MONITORING HIV-INFECTED ADULTS ON ANTI- 

RETROVIRAL THERAPY. PLoS Medicine. 2008, 5(5):e109. 

World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for monitoring HIV-infected individuals 

taking combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in resource-limited settings recommend 

using CD4(+) T cell (CD4) count changes to monitor treatment effectiveness. In practice, 

however, falling CD4 counts are a consequence, rather than a cause, of virologic failure. 

Adherence lapses precede virologic failure and, unlike CD4 counts, data on adherence are 

immediately available to all clinics dispensing cART. However, the accuracy of adherence 

assessments for predicting future or detecting current virologic failure has not been 

determined. The goal of this study therefore was to determine the accuracy of adherence 

assessments for predicting and detecting virologic failure and to compare the accuracy of 

adherence-based monitoring approaches with approaches monitoring CD4 count changes. 

1283. Black, V. et al. SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF INITIATING HIGHLY 

ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN AN INTEGRATED ANTENATAL AND 

HIV CLINIC IN JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of Acquired Immune 

Deficiency Syndromes. 2008, 49(3):276-281. 

We describe the safety and efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 

pregnant women treated in an integrated antiretroviral antenatal clinic (ANC ARV). Within 

the ANC ARV program, initiating pregnant women on HAART was feasible, safe, and

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 387 

effective. Advanced gestational age at treatment initiation and loss to follow-up emerge as 

important challenges in this population. 

1284. Blum, J., P. Carstens, and N. Talib. GOVERNMENT PUBLIC HEALTH 

POLICY: THREE CAUTIONARY TALES FROM MALAYSIA, SOUTH AFRICA AND 

THE UNITED STATES. Medicine and Law. 2007, 26(4):614-642. 

Three authors describe problematic scenarios of health policy in their respective countries. 

These examples illustrate the role of government influences in determining resource 

allocation, legislation, health provision and health outcomes in very different situations. 

These outcomes are affected not only by attitudes to public health, but also by the legal 

system in the countries which are the subjects of this study. The authors draw conclusions 

about the use and abuse of public health regulation. 

1285. Boileau, C. et al. LOW PREVALENCE OF DETECTABLE HIV PLASMA 

VIREMIA IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN 

BURKINA FASO AND MALI. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 

2008, 48(4):476-484. 

Sub-Saharan Africa has seen dramatic increases in the numbers of people treated 

with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although standard ART regimens are now universally 

applied, viral load measurement is not currently part of standard monitoring protocols in 

sub-Saharan Africa. Sufficient expertise and dedication exist in public hospital and 

community-based programs to achieve rates of treatment success comparable to betterresourced 

settings. 

1286. Boonstra, H. D. LEARNING FROM ADOLESCENTS TO PREVENT HIV 

AND UNINTENDED PREGNANCY. Issues Brief (Alan Guttmacher Institute). 2007, 

Sep:1-6. 

This In Brief summarizes key findings of a multiyear, multi-country study on the scope 

of young people’s sexual and reproductive health needs in Sub-Saharan Africa. The 

Guttmacher study complements a robust body of evidence on adolescents globally published 

in the past five years by, among others, the National Research Council, the World 

Bank and the World Health Organization. It is unique, however, in that it presents 

information gathered from adolescents themselves and that it addresses, in an integrated 

fashion, young people’s risk of both HIV and unplanned pregnancy. 

1287. Bosch, F. J. et al. SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF CHROMOBACTERIUM 

VIOLACEUM SEPSIS IN SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2008, 

57(Pt 10):1293-1295. 

Chromobacterium violaceum sepsis is extremely rare and usually fatal. A very few cases 

of C. violaceum infection have been reported from Africa, but never from South Africa. As 

far as could be ascertained, this infection has never been reported in a patient with 

leukaemia. We described what we believe to be the first such case of C. violaceum sepsis, in 

a 16-year-old female patient with acute biphenotypic leukaemia, which developed during a 

neutropenic phase after intensive chemotherapy. The infection was due to a non-pigmented 

strain of C. violaceum and was associated with a co-infection with Candida parapsilosis; 

both were successfully treated using broad-spectrum antibiotics, antifungals and removal 

of a Hickman line.


1288. Botha, E. et al. FROM SUSPECT TO PATIENT: TUBERCULOSIS 

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT INITIATION IN HEALTH FACILITIES IN SOUTH 

AFRICA. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2008, 12(8):936-941. 

We assess the use of a sputum register to evaluate the tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic 

process and the initiation of TB treatment in selected PHC facilities in a country with a 

centralized laboratory system. By correcting diagnostic weaknesses identified in the 

sputum register, PHC facilities will be able to detect, treat and cure a higher percentage of 

TB patients. 

1289. Bradley, A. J. et al. GENOTYPIC ANALYSIS OF TWO HYPERVARIABLE 

HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS GENES. Journal of Medical Virology. 2008, 80(9): 

1615-1623. 

Most human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genes are highly conserved in sequence among 

strains, but some exhibit a substantial degree of variation. Two of these genes are UL146, 

which encodes a CXC chemokine, and UL139, which is predicted to encode a membrane 

glycoprotein. The sequences of these genes were determined from a collection of 184 

HCMV samples obtained from Africa, Australia, Asia, Europe, and North America. UL146 

is hypervariable throughout, whereas variation in UL139 is concentrated in a sequence 

encoding a potentially highly glycosylated region. The UL146 sequences fell into 14 

genotypes, as did all previously reported sequences. The UL139 sequences grouped into 8 

genotypes, and all previously reported sequences fell into a subset of these. 

1290. Bregani, E. R., F. Tantardini, and A. Rovellini. CASE REPORT: EFFECTS OF 

DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE AND THIABENDAZOLE COMBINATION AGAINST 

MANSONELLA PERSTANS FILARIASIS. Parassitologia. 2007, 49(1-2):37-38. 

Mansonella perstans filariasis is widely present in Africa and equatorial America and its 

pathogenicity has been recently reconsidered. Effective treatment is lacking and there is no 

consensus on optimal therapeutic approach. We present the results of a new combination 

treatment against M. perstans filariasis. Two cases of M. perstans filariasis were treated 

with the combination of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and thiabendazole. The treatment was 

able to significantly reduce microfilaria burden in a case and to achieve complete clearance 

of blood microfilariae in another case. 

1291. Briand, V. et al. EFFICACY OF INTERMITTENT PREVENTIVE TREAT- 

MENT VERSUS CHLOROQUINE PROPHYLAXIS TO PREVENT MALARIA DUR- 

ING PREGNANCY IN BENIN. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008, 198(4):594-601. 

In West Africa, treatment for the prevention of malaria during pregnancy has recently 

changed from chloroquine (CQ) prophylaxis to intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp). 

We assessed the benefits of IPTp with respect to those of CQ, using a before-after 

study. CQ efficacy was evaluated during a cross-sectional survey conducted in Benin 

between April 2004 and April 2005. We compared the efficacy of the 2 strategies against 

low birth weight and placental infection by performing multiple logistic regressions. We 

clearly evidenced that IPTp is substantially more beneficial than CQ for the prevention of 

malaria during pregnancy.

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 389 

1292. Bröker, M. BURDEN OF INVASIVE DISEASE CAUSED BY HAEMOPHILUS 

INFLUENZAE TYPE B (Hib) IN AFRICA. Minerva Pediatrics. 2008, 60(3):337-342. 

More than 10 million children younger than 5 years of age die every year and the 

majority of them from diseases that can be prevented by vaccines. Invasive infections 

caused Haemophilus influenzae b are one of the leading causes of infant and childhood 

pneumonia and meningitis. Hib can effectively be prevented by Hib conjugate vaccine 

which has been introduced during the 1990s in industrialized countries and has virtually 

eliminated invasive Hib disease. The poorest countries however, do not yet have 

implemented this safe and preventive intervention and one reason for this gap is low 

awareness and poor perception of published data and recently developed combination 

vaccines enabling effective immunization against five diseases by one vaccine (five in 

one). This article provides a descriptive analysis of the burden of Hib disease in Africa. 

1293. Bronowicki, J. P. et al. METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE 

677 T ALLELE PROTECTS AGAINST PERSISTENT HBV INFECTION IN WEST 

AFRICA. Journal of Hepatology. 2008, 48(4):532-539. 

Homocysteine metabolism is linked to DNA methylation, a mechanism potentially 

involved in the course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We evaluated the association of 

determinants of homocysteine metabolism with the outcome of HBV infection. The 

methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677 T allele seems to protect against chronic HBV 

infection in young African adults. 

1294. Brookes, R. H. et al. SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF THE CAN- 

DIDATE TUBERCULOSIS VACCINE MVA85A IN WEST AFRICA. PLoS ONE. 2008, 

3(8):e2921. 

Vaccination with a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara expressing antigen 85A from 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MVA85A, induces high levels of cellular immune responses 

in UK volunteers. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of this new vaccine in West 

African volunteers. These data on the safety and immunogenicity of MVA85A in West 

Africa support its accelerated development as a promising booster vaccine for tuberculosis. 

1295. Brysiewicz, P., and J. Bruce. EMERGENCY NURSING IN SOUTH AFRICA. 

International Emergency Nursing. 2008, 16(2):127-131. 

The role of the emergency nurse in South Africa is a challenging one due to a variety of 

reasons. This article describes the healthcare system of South Africa with particular attention 

to the emergency medical system as well as the reason why most emergency clients 

present to the emergency departments. The actual experience of working as an emergency 

nurse in South Africa is highlighted. 

1296. Busari, O., and O. Busari. VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION IN A 5-YEAR- 

OLD CHILD ON THERAPEUTIC DOSE OF QUININE DIHYDROCHLORIDE INFU- 

SION FOR ACUTE MALARIA. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2008, 

100(9):1063-1065. 

Malaria is no doubt a disease of public health significance in the tropics. Plasmodium 

falciparum resistant to majority of the first-line antimalarial drugs now causes most of 

the infections treated in sub-Saharan Africa. Although there is increasing use of


artemisinin-based combination therapy in many African nations, quinine still remains a 

commonly used drug for severe and chloroquine-resistant malaria. Cardiotoxicity associated 

with quinine has been largely reported. However, this was often more common with 

toxic doses. Pre-treatment electrocardiographic evaluation of the patient was not carried 

out. She developed ventricular fibrillation and died less than one and a half hour into the 

quinine infusion. 

1297. Cain, K. P. et al. TUBERCULOSIS AMONG FOREIGN-BORN PERSONS IN 

THE UNITED STATES. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). 2008, 

300(4):405-412. 

Foreign-born persons accounted for 57% of all tuberculosis (TB) cases in the United 

States in 2006. <strong>Current</strong> TB control strategies have not sufficiently addressed the high levels 

of TB disease and latent TB infection in this population. We determine the risk of TB 

disease and drug-resistant TB among foreign-born populations and the potential impact of 

adding TB culture to overseas screening procedures for foreign-born persons entering the 

United States. 

1298. Cantaloube, J. F. et al. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GENO- 

TYPE 2 AND 4 HEPATITIS C VIRUS ISOLATES IN FRENCH BLOOD DONORS. 

Journal of Medical Virology. 2008, 80(10):1732-1739. 

The subtype distribution of 142 genotype 2 and 97 genotype 4 hepatitis C virus (HCV) 

isolates from the sera of 1,319 volunteer blood donors in France was determined by gene 

sequencing and by phylogenetic analysis of the NS5B region and E1 envelope. Findings 

underlined a wide range of subtypes in both genotypes, that is, 20 in HCV-2 and 11 in 

HCV-4. Eighteen of these 31 subtypes had not been defined previously. Some subtypes, 

that is, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2i, 2k, 4a, and 4d, showed numerous strains while subtypes in donors 

from West Africa or Central Africa showed an endemic profile with only a few strains. 

1299. Carter, M., and J. Callegari. PROPOSED TREATMENT PROGRAM FOR 

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE (ARF) IN THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA AS A 

MODEL FOR SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. Journal of Hospital Marketing and Public 

Relations. 2007, 18(1):81-88. 

To date, no sustainable treatment program exists for kidney failure in countries in 

sub-Saharan Africa. No data are available on the incidence, prevalence or cause of chronic 

kidney disease (CKD). The world’s focus has been on treating ‘priority diseases’ as defined 

by the United Nations Millennium Project and the World Health Organization because of 

their high mortality rates. This is understandable because HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, diarrhea 

diseases and malaria claim majority of the lives; however, in many cases, the mortality is 

due to acute renal failure (ARF) as a consequence of the progression of these diseases. 

Moreover, to date, no data are available on mortality rates due to ARF as a consequence of 

these ‘priority diseases’. 

1300. Carzorla, C. et al. TICK-BORNE DISEASES: TICK-BORNE SPOTTED 

FEVER RICKETTSIOSES IN AFRICA. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 

2008, 22(3):531-44, ix-x. 

In the field of tick-borne rickettsioses, discussion is ongoing about new vectors and the 

geographic zones of the diseases. New Rickettsia spp. that cannot yet be linked to human

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 391 

disease are sometimes detected in arthropods. In Africa, in addition to R. conorii and R. 

africae, seven distinct species of tick-borne rickettsiae are considered to be human 

pathogens. A combination of clinical alertness and molecular tools such as PCR base 

detection of DNA and sequencing help to describe new cases. 

1301. Ceesay, S. J. et al. CHANGES IN MALARIA INDICES BETWEEN 1999 AND 

2007 IN THE GAMBIA: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS. The Lancet. 2008, 

372(9649):1545-1554. 

Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa. International effort and 

funding for control has been stepped up, with substantial increases from 2003 in the 

delivery of malaria interventions to pregnant women and children younger than 5 years in 

The Gambia. We investigated the changes in malaria indices in this country, and the causes 

and public-health significance of these changes. A large proportion of the malaria burden 

has been alleviated in The Gambia. Our results encourage consideration of a policy to 

eliminate malaria as a public-health problem, while emphasising the importance of accurate 

and continuous surveillance. 

1302. Celum, C. et al. EFFECT OF ACICLOVIR ON HIV-1 ACQUISITION IN 

HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 2 SEROPOSITIVE WOMEN AND MEN WHO HAVE SEX 

WITH MEN: A RANDOMISED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL. 

The Lancet. 2008, 371(9630):2109-2119. 

Across many observational studies, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is 

associated with two-fold to three-fold increased risk for HIV-1 infection. We investigated 

whether HSV-2 suppression with aciclovir would reduce the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. We 

recorded no serious events related to the study drug. Our results show that suppressive 

therapy with standard doses of aciclovir is not effective in reduction of HIV-1 acquisition in 

HSV-2 seropositive women and MSM. Novel strategies are needed to interrupt interactions 

between HSV-2 and HIV-1. 

1303. Certain, L. K. et al. CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM 

dhfr HAPLOTYPES THAT CONFER PYRIMETHAMINE RESISTANCE, KILIFI, 

KENYA, 1987–2006. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008, 197(12):1743-1751. 

Resistance to the antimalarial drug sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) emerged in 

Plasmodium falciparum from Asia in the 1960s and subsequently spread to Africa. It is not 

know whether alleles that confer SP resistance also arose independently in Africa. We 

defined the coding region and microsatellite haplotypes of dhfr alleles in P. falciparum 

collected in Kilifi, Kenya. The number of isolates that carried a triple-mutant dhfr allele 

increased rapidly after introduction of SP and shared the haplotype of the triple mutant 

derived from Asia. We observed no triple-mutant alleles with haplotypes related to those of 

the Africa-derived wild-type and double-mutant alleles. 

1304. Charalambous, S. et al. CONTRIBUTION OF REINFECTION TO RECUR- 

RENT TUBERCULOSIS IN SOUTH AFRICAN GOLD MINERS. International Journal 

of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2008, 12(8):942-948. 

We investigate incidence and risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) recurrence and the 

relative contribution of reinfection and relapse to recurrence. HIV-infected gold miners, 

particularly those who are more immunosuppressed, are at higher risk of TB recurrence. TB


control strategies need to take into account reinfection as an important cause of 

recurrent TB. 

1305. Chasela, C. et al. RISK FACTORS FOR LATE POSTNATAL TRANSMIS- 

SION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 IN SUB-SAHARAN 

AFRICA. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2008, 27(3):251-256. 

We conducted secondary data analyses of a clinical trial (HIVNET 024) to assess risk 

factors for late postnatal transmission (LPT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 

(HIV-1) through breast-feeding. In this breast-feeding population, 6.9% of infants uninfected 

at 6 weeks of age acquired HIV-1 infection by 12 months. Making interventions to 

decrease the risk of LPT of HIV-1 available and continuing research regarding the 

mechanisms of LPT (so as to develop improved interventions to reduce such transmission) 

remain essential. 

1306. Chhabra, M. et al. CHIKUNGUNYA FEVER: A RE-EMERGING VIRAL 

INFECTION. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2008, 26(1):5-12. 

Chikungunya (CHIK) fever is a re-emerging viral disease characterized by abrupt onset 

of fever with severe arthralgia followed by constitutional symptoms and rash lasting for 1-7 

days. The disease is almost self-limiting and rarely fatal. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a 

RNA virus belonging to family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus. Molecular characterization 

has demonstrated two distinct lineages of strains which cause epidemics in Africa and Asia. 

These geographical genotypes exhibit differences in the transmission cycles. In contrast to 

Africa where sylvatic cycle is maintained between monkeys and wild mosquitoes, in Asia 

the cycle continues between humans and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. 

1307. Clark, T. D. et al. FACTORS DETERMINING THE HETEROGENEITY OF 

MALARIA INCIDENCE IN CHILDREN IN KAMPALA, UGANDA. The Journal of 

Infectious Diseases. 2008, 198(3):393-400. 

Malaria risk may be heterogeneous in urban areas of Africa. Identifying those at highest 

risk for malaria may lead to more targeted approaches to malaria control. The distance of the 

subject’s residence from a swamp bordering the parish showed a strong “dose-response” 

relationship; living in the swamp was the strongest predictor of malaria risk. Malaria 

incidence was highly heterogeneous in this urban cohort of children. Malaria control 

interventions in urban areas should target populations living in pockets of high malaria risk. 

1308. Coffey, P. S. et al. SHORT-TERM ACCEPTABILITY OF A SINGLE-SIZE 

DIAPHRAGM AMONG COUPLES IN SOUTH AFRICA AND THAILAND. The Journal 

of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2008, 34(4):233-236. 

The SILCS diaphragm is a new, reusable, single-size cervical barrier device that is 

designed to offer the same barrier protection as a standard diaphragm with improved user 

acceptability. Women from both sites reported that the SILCS diaphragm was easy to use 

and provided good comfort and sensation in over 80% of all product uses. Men from both 

sites reported good comfort and sensation in over 60% of all product uses. The SILCS 

diaphragm appears to be acceptable to women and men in low-resource settings. These data 

suggest that the SILCS design should be tested in broader populations to assess 

effectiveness and acceptability.

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 393 

1309. Cohen, M. S. et al. THE SPREAD, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION OF 

HIV-1: EVOLUTION OF A GLOBAL PANDEMIC. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 

2008, 118(4):1244-1254. 

The most up-to-date estimates demonstrate very heterogeneous spread of HIV-1, and 

more than 30 million people are now living with HIV-1 infection, most of them in sub- 

Saharan Africa. The efficiency of transmission of HIV-1 depends primarily on the concentration 

of the virus in the infectious host. Although treatment with antiviral agents has 

proven a very effective way to improve the health and survival of infected individuals, as 

we discuss here, the epidemic will continue to grow unless greatly improved prevention 

strategies can be developed and implemented. No prophylactic vaccine is on the horizon. 

1310. Cornman, D. H. et al. CLINIC-BASED INTERVENTION REDUCES 

UNPROTECTED SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AMONG HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS IN 

KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA: RESULTS OF A PILOT STUDY. Journal of 

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008, 48(5):553-560. 

We evaluate the feasibility, fidelity, and effectiveness of a human immunodeficiency 

virus (HIV) prevention intervention delivered to HIV-infected patients by counselors during 

routine clinical care in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A counselor-delivered HIV 

prevention intervention targeting HIV-infected patients seems to be feasible to implement 

with fidelity in the South African clinical care setting and effective at reducing unprotected 

sexual behavior. 

1311. Courtin, D. et al. HOST GENETICS IN AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS. 

Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2008, 8(3):229-238. 

In Africa, the protozoan parasite of the genus Trypanosoma causes animal (AAT) and 

human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). These diseases are responsible for considerable 

mortality and economic losses, and until now the drugs commonly used have often been 

very toxic and expensive, with no vaccine available. A range of clinical presentations, from 

chronic to acute symptoms, is observed in both AAT and HAT. Host, parasite, and environmental 

factors are likely to be involved in this clinical variability. 

1312. Crampin, A. C. et al. ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF CONTACT AS 

A RISK FACTOR FOR TUBERCULOSIS IN RURAL AFRICA. International Journal of 

Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2008, 12(6):612-618. 

We determine the effect of inaccurate recall on estimates of the proportion of tuberculosis 

(TB) cases attributable to contact with identifiable prior cases. Reporting of putative 

source contacts showed little evidence of recall bias and gave estimates of the relative risk 

of TB associated with identifiable contact. The lower likelihood of HIV-positive cases 

being named as contacts may reflect reduced infectiousness. 

1313. Crompton, P. D. et al. SICKLE CELL TRAIT IS ASSOCIATED WITH A 

DELAYED ONSET OF MALARIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR TIME-TO-EVENT ANAL- 

YSIS IN CLINICAL STUDIES OF MALARIA. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008, 

198(9):1265-1275. 

The World Health Organization (WHO) recently recommended that the time to first 

malaria episode serve as the primary end point in phase III malaria vaccine trials—the first 

of which will be held in Africa. Although common red blood cell (RBC) polymorphisms


such as sickle hemoglobin (HbS) are known to protect against malaria in Africa, their 

impact on this end point has not been investigated. Given the delay in the time to first 

malaria episode associated with HbAS, it would be advisable for clinical trials and 

observational studies that use this end point to include Hb typing in the design of studies 

conducted in areas where HbAS is prevalent. 

1314. da Fonseca, M. A., and C. Hoge. EXTRACTION OF “KILLER” TEETH: THE 

CASE OF TWO SOMALI SIBLINGS. Journal of Dentistry for Children. 2007, 74(2): 

143-146. 

Many cultures present several intriguing ethnic dental practices. Therefore, in a multiethnic 

society, health care professionals have to be attuned to the patients’ cultural values 

and traditions because they impact their attitude in seeking care and the implementation of 

the professionals’ recommendations. Before seeking medical or dental care in the formal 

health system, families may rely first on an elder or healer for advice and interventions. In 

East Africa, the unerupted primary canines may be extracted in the first days or months of 

life because it is believed that they cause persistent fever, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, 

dehydration, infectious diseases and death. The practice is done using nonsterilized 

instruments leading to harmful localized and systemic sequelae, including fatalities. The 

purpose of this manuscript was to discuss the case of two Somali siblings who had tooth 

buds enucleated at a young age, leading to significant dental problems. 

1315. da Silva, L. H. et al. GENETIC VARIABILITY IN THE G PROTEIN GENE OF 

HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS ISOLATED FROM THE CAMPINAS 

METROPOLITAN REGION, BRAZIL. Journal of Medical Virology. 2008, 80(9): 

1653-1660. 

Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is recognized as the most important viral 

agent of serious respiratory tract diseases in the pediatric population worldwide. A 

prospective study for hRSV was conducted in children ageing less than 1 year admitted in 

two university hospitals in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. The aim of the present study was 

to investigate the genetic variability of both A and B subgroups of hRSV isolated during an 

epidemic period in the Campinas metropolitan region, Brazil, by sequencing a variable 

region in the G protein gene. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from alignments of 

sequences available in the GenBank database and Brazil isolates for hRSV A and B. The 

data demonstrate that Brazilian isolates clusters together with A and B viruses from Kenya, 

New Zealand, South Africa, West Virginia, United States (CH, Rochester), and other 

Brazilian isolates. 

1316. David, S. et al. PROMOTION OF WHO FEEDING RECOMMENDATIONS: A 

MODEL EVALUATING THE EFFECTS ON HIV-FREE SURVIVAL IN AFRICAN 

CHILDREN. Journal of Human Lactation. 2008, 24(2):140-149. 

In Africa, HIV and feeding practices deeply affect child mortality. To prevent motherto-child 

transmission, the World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding 

for 6 months and replacement feeding when acceptable, feasible, affordable, and sustainable. 

Determining the proportion and number of children saved with exclusive breastfeeding 

and replacement feeding is essential to design and implement crucial nationwide 

policies. Wherever replacement feeding is not possible, exclusive breastfeeding with 

promotion support and prenatal group education would save 1 of 4 exposed children.

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 395 

1317. Day, C. L. et al. DETECTION OF POLYFUNCTIONAL MYCOBACTERIUM 

TUBERCULOSIS-SPECIFIC T CELLS AND ASSOCIATION WITH VIRAL LOAD IN 

HIV-1-INFECTED PERSONS. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008, 197(7):990-999. 

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic is associated with a 

significant increase in the incidence of tuberculosis (TB); however, little is known about the 

quality of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-specific cellular immune responses in 

coinfected individuals. Polyfunctional MTB-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses are 

maintained in the peripheral blood of HIV-1-positive individuals, in the absence of active 

disease, and the functional capacity of these responses is affected by HIV-1 disease status. 

1318. Delgado, E. et al. HIGH PREVALENCE OF UNIQUE RECOMBINANT 

FORMS OF HIV-1 IN GHANA: MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY FROM AN ANTI- 

RETROVIRAL RESISTANCE STUDY. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency 

Syndromes. 2008, 48(5):599-606. 

In Ghana, programs to expand antiretroviral access are being implemented. In this 

context, the dynamic genetic evolution of HIV-1 requires continuous surveillance, particularly 

when diverse genetic forms co-circulate. No major resistance mutations were identified 

in the protease, although insertions of one and three amino acids were detected. The 

high frequency of URFs detected probably reflects a significant incidence of coinfections 

or superinfections with diverse viral strains, which increases the genetic complexity of the 

HIV-1 epidemic in West Africa. Monitoring of HIV-1 drug resistance might provide data 

on the implications of intersubtype recombination in response to antiretrovirals. 

1319. Denny, L. et al. HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION AND CERVICAL 

DISEASE IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-1-INFECTED WOMEN. Obstetrics 

and Gynecology. 2008, 111(6):1380-1387. 

We report on the natural history of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and 

cervical disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected women living in Cape 

Town, South Africa. There is a high level of high-risk HPV infection in HIV-1 infected 

women, but progression to HSIL over 36 months occurred in the minority of cases. We 

recommend an initial colposcopy for an abnormal test, and if no high-grade lesion is 

identified, triennial screening would be appropriate. Human papillomavirus type 16 was the 

commonest, and HPV-18 was the fifth commonest, suggesting that vaccination against 

these two types would have a significant effect. 

1320. Desmond, C. et al. SCALING-UP EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING SUPPORT 

PROGRAMS: THE EXAMPLE OF KWAZULU-NATAL. PLoS ONE. 2008, 3(6):e2454. 

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for six months is the mainstay of global child health and 

the preferred feeding option for HIV-infected mothers for whom replacement feeding is 

inappropriate. Promotion of community-level EBF requires effective personnel and management 

to ensure quality counselling and support for women. We present a costing and 

cost effectiveness analysis of a successful intervention to promote EBF in high HIV 

prevalence area in South Africa, and implications for scale-up in the province of KwaZulu- 

Natal. The simplified scenario, with a combination of clinic and home visits, is the most 

efficient in terms of cost per increased month of EBF and has the lowest incremental cost 

effectiveness ratio.


1321. de Vries, J. GLOBALIZATION IN THE DENTAL PRACTICE: A PERSPEC- 

TIVE FROM DOWN UNDER. The Journal of the American College of Dentists. 2007, 

74(2):16-18. 

Dental education and practice in Australia and New Zealand are described by a dental 

dean who has practiced in South Africa, Canada, and Australia. Education is based on the 

English model, being a five-year program with entry from high school. Variations are being 

attempted on this approach, with an increasing number of dental students entering with 

advanced education, multiple degree alternatives, and combinations of auxiliaries including 

hygienists, therapists, and prosthetists. Dental boards do not examine dental graduates 

for licensure or actively investigate substandard skill levels or compromised practitioners. 

Practice is open to dentists trained in other countries based on service in needy areas and a 

two-part examination process. 

1322. Djomand, G. et al. THE HVTN PROTOCOL 903 VACCINE PREPAREDNESS 

STUDY: LESSONS LEARNED IN PREPARATION FOR HIV VACCINE EFFICACY 

TRIALS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008, 48(1):82-89. 

Successful recruitment and retention of HIV-uninfected at-risk participants are essential 

for HIV vaccine efficacy trials. A muilticountry vaccine preparedness study was started in 

2003 to assess enrollment and retention of HIV-negative high-risk participants and to 

assess their willingness to participate in future vaccine efficacy trials. HIV-negative highrisk 

adults were recruited in the Caribbean, in Southern Africa, and in Latin America, and 

were followed for 1 year. The HIV Vaccine Trials Network 903 study helped to develop 

clinical trial site capacity, with a focus on recruitment and retention of high-risk women in 

the Americas, and improved network and site expertise about large-scale HIV vaccine 

efficacy trials. 

1323. Dotchin, C. L., and R. W. Walker. THE PREVALENCE OF ESSENTIAL 

TREMOR IN RURAL NORTHERN TANZANIA. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery 

and Psychiatry. 2008, 79(10):1107-1109. 

Estimates of the prevalence of essential tremor (ET) vary widely but there are few 

existing data on the prevalence of ET in sub-Saharan Africa. This is the first community 

based prevalence study of ET in sub-Saharan Africa. Previous data from community based 

neurological surveys showed lower prevalence rates of 5/100,000 in Ethiopia and 

10/100,000 in Nigeria. Non-selective beta blockers are available locally and are affordable, 

yet none of these patients had previously been on any treatment. 

1324. Dowdy, D. W., M. A. O’Brien, and D. Bishai. COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF 

NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS. International 

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2008, 12(9):1021-1029. 

The potential cost-effectiveness of improved diagnostic tests for tuberculosis (TB) in 

resource-limited settings is unknown. We estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of a 

hypothetical new point-of-care TB diagnostic test in South Africa, Brazil and Kenya. 

Cost-effectiveness was most sensitive to the specificity and price of the new test, the baseline 

TB case detection rate and the discount rate. Novel diagnostic tests for TB are 

potentially highly cost-effective. Cost-effectiveness is maximized by high-specificity, 

low-cost tests deployed to regions with poor infrastructure.

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 397 

1325. Dunkle, K. L. et al. NEW HETEROSEXUALLY TRANSMITTED HIV 

INFECTIONS IN MARRIED OR COHABITING COUPLES IN URBAN ZAMBIA AND 

RWANDA: AN ANALYSIS OF SURVEY AND CLINICAL DATA. The Lancet. 2008, 

371(9631):2183-2191. 

Sub-Saharan Africa has a high rate of HIV infection, most of which is attributable to 

heterosexual transmission. Few attempts have been made to assess the extent of HIV 

transmission within marriages, and HIV-prevention efforts remain focused on abstinence 

and non-marital sex. We aimed to estimate the proportion of heterosexual transmission of 

HIV which occurs within married or cohabiting couples in urban Zambia and Rwanda each 

year. Since most heterosexual HIV transmission for both men and women in urban Zambia 

and Rwanda takes place within marriage or cohabitation, voluntary counselling and testing 

for couples should be promoted, as should other evidence-based interventions that target 

heterosexual couples. 

1326. Duvivier, C. et al. INITIAL THERAPY WITH NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE 

TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR-CONTAINING REGIMENS IS MORE EFFECTIVE 

THAN WITH REGIMENS THAT SPARE THEM WITH NO DIFFERENCE IN SHORT- 

TERM FAT DISTRIBUTION: HIPPOCAMPE-ANRS 121 TRIAL. Journal of Antimicrobial 

Chemotherapy. 2008, 62(4):797-808. 

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact on body fat of nucleoside reverse transcriptase 

inhibitor (NRTI)-sparing regimens compared with NRTI-containing therapy in 

HIV-1-infected antiretroviral (ARV)-naive patients. Treatment failure was associated with 

the NRTI-sparing strategy in patients with suboptimal adherence and with being from 

sub-Saharan Africa. No differences in fat distribution were noted. An initial NRTI-sparing 

regimen is less successful and virologically less potent than standard NRTI-containing 

regimen and should not therefore be used as the first line of treatment. 

1327. Edginton, M. E. et al. TUBERCULOSIS CULTURE TESTING AT A TERTI- 

ARY CARE HOSPITAL: OPTIONS FOR IMPROVED MANAGEMENT AND USE 

FOR TREATMENT DECISIONS. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 

2008, 12(7):786-791. 

We determine the proportion of patients with positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis 

cultures and whether those who were positive were on treatment. Large numbers of TB 

culture tests were performed, some inappropriately. Study findings highlight inadequacies 

in the management of culture-confirmed TB at this hospital. 

1328. Edwards, P. C. et al. EXTIRPATION OF THE PRIMARY CANINE TOOTH 

FOLLICLES: A FORM OF INFANT ORAL MUTILATION. Journal of the American 

Dental Association. 2008, 139(4):442-450. 

Ebinyo is a form of infant oral mutilation (IOM), widely practiced in rural areas of 

eastern Africa, in which traditional healers and other village elders extirpate the primary 

canine tooth follicles of infants by using crude, often unsterilized, instruments or utensils. 

Traditional folklore suggests that the underlying tooth follicles, thought to resemble 

worms, are the cause of high temperature, vomiting, loss of appetite and diarrhea in infants. 

In addition to the serious and potentially fatal immediate postsurgical complications, many 

of those who undergo this practice exhibit characteristic long-term adverse dentoalveolar


effects. Children in these families also may be at greater risk of undergoing other mutilation 

rituals because of their cultural background. 

1329. Einstein, G. FROM BODY TO BRAIN: CONSIDERING THE NEUROBIO- 

LOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING. Perspectives in Biology and 

Medicine. 2008, 51(1):84-97. 

Female genital cutting (FBC) is an ancient tradition unbounded by religion and practiced 

primarily in Africa and the regions to which Africans have immigrated. All types of FGC 

involve cutting neural innervation to the vulva: the clitoris, labia majora and minora. Most 

types include excision of the clitoris. Since the tissue of the vulva is highly innervated by 

nerves and their endings, I postulate here that the brain and spinal cord will respond to FGC 

as it would to any loss of neural targets or inputs: by rearranging neural networks. This, in 

turn, would affect neural signaling to target structures and modify sensory perception. Most 

scientific investigations of FGC have focused on its reproductive consequences. 

1330. Ens, C. D. et al. ACCESS TO HOSPICE CARE: MULTI-PROFESSIONAL 

SPECIALIST PERSPECTIVES IN SOUTH AFRICA. International Journal of Palliative 

Nursing. 2008, 14(4):169-174. 

Research addressing the nature of hospice referrals focuses primarily on the effect of late 

referral and the majority of studies are based in North America. Using health care professionals 

as key informants, the goal was to describe the hospice referral system used in the 

Western Cape Province of South Africa from the perspective of nursing sisters, medical 

doctors, and social workers. Three main themes, centring around the process of referring, 

(lack of) standardization, and (lack of) knowledge, arose from the analysis of the transcripts. 

An interpretation of the themes led to the development of a model describing the 

ideal hospice referral system for South Africa. 

1331. Erikstrup, C. et al. p24 AS A PREDICTOR OF MORTALITY IN A COHORT 

OF HIV-1-INFECTED ADULTS IN RURAL AFRICA. Journal of Acquired Immune 

Deficiency Syndromes. 2008, 48(3):345-349. 

Implementation of antiretroviral treatment in sub-Saharan Africa requires efficient tools 

to monitor HIV patients. p24 measurements have been proposed as an alternative to HIV- 

RNA because of the low cost of reagents and equipment needed. Here, we evaluate p24 as a 

prognostic marker in a cohort of HIV-1-infected individuals in Zimbabwe. This is the first 

study to evaluate the prognostic strength of p24 in an area with a predominance of HIV 

subtype C infections. p24 correlated with HIV-RNA and predicted clinical stage better than 

CD4 count. It predicted mortality in both univariate and multivariate analysis, but in 

multivariate analysis, it was inferior to HIV-RNA and CD4 count. 

1332. Etenna, S. L. et al. NEW INSIGHTS INTO PREVALENCE, GENETIC 

DIVERSITY, AND PROVIRAL LOAD OF HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS 

TYPES 1 AND 2 IN PREGNANT WOMEN IN GABON IN EQUATORIAL CENTRAL 

AFRICA. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2008, 46(11):3607-3614. 

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is highly endemic in areas of central 

Africa; mother-to-child transmission and sexual transmission are considered to be the 

predominant routes. To determine the prevalence and subtypes of HTLV-1/2 in pregnant

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 399 

women in Gabon, we conducted an epidemiological survey in the five main cities of the 

country. Some strains were closely related to simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 strains of 

great apes, suggesting that in these areas some HTLV-1 strains could arise from relatively 

recent interspecies transmission. The sole HTLV-2 strain belonged to subtype B. In this 

study we showed that the prevalence of HTLV-1 in the southeast is one of the highest in the 

world for pregnant women. 

1333. Fang, S. et al. AUTOMATED DIAGNOSIS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYN- 

DROME USING 3D FACIAL IMAGE ANALYSIS. Orthodontics and Craniofacial 

Research. 2008, 11(3):162-171. 

We use three-dimensional (3D) facial laser scanned images from children with fetal 

alcohol syndrome (FAS) and controls to develop an automated diagnosis technique that can 

reliably and accurately identify individuals prenatally exposed to alcohol. Our results 

demonstrate that computer algorithms can be used to automatically detect facial features 

that can discriminate FAS and control faces. 

1334. Fasunla, A. J. et al. SINONASAL PARAGANGLIOMA: A CASE REPORT. 

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2008, 12(2):93-96. 

We highlight the importance of a high index of suspicion and meticulous evaluation of a 

patient with bleeding sinonasal mass in the diagnosis of sinonasal paraganglioma. To our 

knowledge, this is the first report in the world literature of sinonasal paraganglioma in a 

HIV-positive patient and the first reported case of sinonasal paraganglioma in Africa. It is, 

however, not clear from this report if the patient’s HIV status preceded her development of 

the paraganglioma or not. 

1335. Fasunla, A. J., and A. O. Lasisi. SINONASAL MALIGNANCIES: A 10-YEAR 

REVIEW IN A TERTIARY HEALTH INSTITUTION. Journal of the National Medical 

Association. 2007, 99(12):1407-1410. 

Sinonasal malignancy is a cause of otorhinolaryngologic morbidity and mortality in 

West Africa. However, there is a dearth of information in the literature on its 

clinicopathologic presentation in West Africa. It is our aim to determine the prevalence of 

sinonasal malignancy and highlight the clinicopathologic features in our environment. A 

10-year retrospective review of cases with histologically diagnosed malignant sinonasal 

tumors in University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria was carried out. 

1336. Ferrari, M. J. et al. THE DYNAMICS OF MEASLES IN SUB-SAHARAN 

AFRICA. Nature. 2008, 451(7179):679-684. 

Although vaccination has almost eliminated measles in parts of the world, the disease 

remains a major killer in some high birth rate countries of the Sahel. On the basis of measles 

dynamics for industrialized countries, high birth rate regions should experience regular 

annual epidemics. Here, however, we show that measles epidemics in Niger are highly 

episodic, particularly in the capital Niamey. Models demonstrate that this variability arises 

from powerful seasonality in transmission-generating high amplitude epidemics—within 

the chaotic domain of deterministic dynamics. In practice, this leads to frequent stochastic 

fadeouts, interspersed with irregular, large epidemics.


1337. Fleming, P. et al. OUT OF AFRICA: TRAVELLER MALARIA IN PAEDI- 

ATRIC PATIENTS PRESENTING TO OUR LADY OF LOURDES HOSPITAL 

DROGHEDA. Irish Medical Journal. 2008, 101(8):243-245. 

Malaria is one of the world’s most important parasitic infections and is endemic in over 

100 countries. The number of cases of malaria in Ireland has increased significantly over 

the last 10 years. The aim of this study was to retrospectively examine cases of paediatric 

malaria presenting to Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital Drogheda over a one year period to 

identify the reason for travel to endemic areas, to establish if prophylaxis was received on 

travelling and to determine the clinical course and post-treatment follow up. 

1338. Forward, B. W. et al. AMPFISTR IDENTIFILER STR ALLELE FREQUEN- 

CIES IN TANZANIA, AFRICA. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2008, 53(1):245. 

Indentifiler-Employees and students of Muhimibili University College of Health 

Sciences in Dar es Salaam representing 19 widely distributed administrative districts and 

42 tribes within the countries. 

1339. Galgalo, T. et al. TUBERCULOSIS RISK AMONG STAFF OF A LARGE 

PUBLIC HOSPITAL IN KENYA. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 

2008, 12(8):949-954. 

We identify factors associated with TB disease among staff of an 1800-bed hospital in 

Kenya. Hospital exposures were associated with TB disease among staff at this hospital 

regardless of their job designation, even after controlling for living conditions, suggesting 

transmission from patients. Health care facilities should improve infection control practices, 

provide quality occupational health services and encourage staff testing for HIV 

infection to address the TB burden in hospital staff. 

1340. Garmany, T. H. et al. POPULATION AND DISEASE-BASED PREVALENCE 

OF THE COMMON MUTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SURFACTANT DEFI- 

CIENCY. Pediatric Research. 2008, 63(6):645-649. 

The prevalence of the common mutations in the surfactant protein-B (121ins2), 

surfactant protein-C (I73T), and ATP-binding cassette member A3 (E292V) genes in 

population-based or case-control cohorts of newborn respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) 

is unknown. We determined the frequencies of these mutations in ethnically diverse 

population and disease-based cohorts using restriction enzyme analysis (121ins2 and 

E292V) and a 5 nuclease assay (I73T) in DNA samples from population-based cohorts in 

Missouri, Norway, South Korea, and South Africa, and from a case-control cohort of 

newborns with and without RDS. E292V was over-represented in newborns with RDS 

suggesting that E292V or its unique haplotype impart increased genetic risk for RDS. 

1341. Gasche, C. et al. EVOLUTION OF CROHN’S DISEASE-ASSOCIATED Nod2 

MUTATIONS. Immunogenetics. 2008, 60(2):115-120. 

Several lines of evidence have confirmed the importance of Nod2 mutations for disease 

susceptibility in Crohn’s disease. For tracing Nod2 evolution, exons 4a, 4e, 8, and 12 

mutations were screened in a collection of 1,064 DNA samples from 52 worldwide 

populations. The SNP5 gradient between Africa and the Middle East and its absence in

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 401 

Asian and Native American populations indicate that the evolution of this variant occurred 

in the Middle East. As mutations in exons 4e, 8, and 12 were only found in association with 

SNP5, this variant may have allowed selection pressure to arise. 

1342. Gehrig, S., and T. Efferth. DEVELOPMENT OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN 

TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI RHODESIENSE AND TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI 

GAMBIENSE. TREATMENT OF HUMAN AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS WITH 

NATURAL PRODUCTS. International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2008, 22(4): 

411-419. 

Human African trypanosomiasis is an infectious disease which has resulted in the deaths 

of thousands of people in Sub-Saharan Africa. Two subspecies of the protozoan parasite 

Trypanosoma brucei are the causative agents of the infection, whereby T. b. gambiense 

leads to chronic development of the disease and T. b. rhodesiense establishes an acute 

form, which is fatal within months or even weeks. <strong>Current</strong> chemotherapy treatment is 

complex, since special drugs have to be used for the different development stages of the 

disease, as well as for the parasite concerned. Melarsoprol is the only approved drug for effectively 

treatment both subspecies of human African trypanosomiasis in its advanced 

stage, however, the drug’s potency is constrained due to an unacceptable side effect: 

encephalopathy. 

1343. Geissbuehler, V. et al. THIRD TRIMESTER PLASMA NEUROKININ B 

LEVELS IN WOMEN WITH AND WITHOUT PREECLAMPSIA. The Journal of 

Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2008, 21(2):95-100. 

This study was undertaken to measure neurokinin B (NKB) levels in pregnant women 

with and without preeclampsia (PE) in the third trimester. The study focused on the Black 

(sub-Saharan ancestry) and ‘mixed ancestry’ (synonymous with ‘colored’ and denotes an 

established race group of Khoisan, European, Malay, Malagascan, African, and South 

Indian ancestry) populations, constituting the majority of inhabitants of the Western Cape 

Province of South Africa. Using the EIA technique, this study confirms previous reports of 

elevated NKB levels in the plasma of PE women in the third trimester. Whether increased 

NKB levels are causative or merely associated with PE remains unknown, as do the 

causative molecular mechanisms. Future longitudinal studies are certainly needed to 

further elucidate the predictive value of NKB in PE. 

1344. Genberg, B. L. et al. HIV RISK BEHAVIORS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 

AND NORTHERN THAILAND: BASELINE BEHAVIORAL DATA FROM PROJECT 

ACCEPT. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008, 49(3):309-319. 

Of 2.5 million new HIV infections worldwide in 2007, most occurred in sub-Saharan 

Africa and southeast Asia. We present the baseline data on HIV risk behaviors and HIV 

testing in sub-Saharan Africa and northern Thailand from Project Accept, a communityrandomized 

controlled trial of community mobilization, mobile voluntary counseling and 

testing (VCT), and posttest support services. Significant risk of HIV acquisition in Project 

Accept communities exists despite 2 decades of prevention efforts. Low levels of recent 

HIV testing suggest that increasing awareness of HIV status through accessible VCT 

services may reduce HIV transmission.


1345. Ghebremichael, S. et al. MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DRUG- 

RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS IN SWEDEN. Microbes and Infection. 2008, 10(6): 

699-705. 

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), including the more severe forms of multidrug- and 

extensively drug-resistant forms, is an increasing public health concern globally. In 

Sweden the majority of patients with TB are immigrants from countries with a high 

incidence of TB including the drug-resistant forms. In this study, the spread of resistant TB 

in Sweden was investigated by molecular fingerprinting. Isolates resistant to at least one of 

the drugs, isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and streptomycin, from 400 patients collected 

between 1994 and 2005, were studied by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 

and by spoligotyping. 

1346. Gibney, K. B. et al. ISOLATED CORE ANTIBODY HEPATITIS B IN 

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN IMMIGRANTS. Journal of Medical Virology. 2008, 80(9): 

1565-1569. 

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem in sub-Saharan 

Africa, where prevalence is > or = 8%, and is increasingly seen in African immigrants to 

developed countries. A retrospective audit of the medical records of 383 immigrants from 

sub-Saharan Africa attending the infectious diseases clinics at the Royal Melbourne 

Hospital was performed from 2003 to 2006. Viral co-infection was detected in only 2/131 

(1.5%) patients tested for all three viruses. The isolated core antibody HBV pattern was 

common among sub-Saharan African patients in our study. These patients require 

assessment for OCHB infection and monitoring for complications of HBV. 

1347. Gibson, W. MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AFRICAN TRYPANO- 

SOMIASIS: THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF DAVID GEORGE GODFREY OBE TO THE 

BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TRYPANOSOMES. Parasite. 2008, 

15(3):233-236. 

The accurate identification of the causative organisms of disease is fundamental to the 

study of epidemiology. Hence molecular tools are now widely used to detect and distinguish 

pathogens, and have greatly improved our understanding of epidemiology. David 

Godfrey pioneered the use of molecular markers in the epidemiology of African 

trypanosomiasis, thus enabling the light of reliable evidence to shine on this previously 

problematic and controversial subject area. These investigations had a major impact on our 

understanding of the zoonotic nature of human trypanosomiasis in Africa and of the genetic 

diversity of African trypanosomes. 

1348. Gilbert, C. E. et al. PREVALENCE AND CAUSES OF FUNCTIONAL LOW 

VISION IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN: RESULTS FROM STANDARDIZED 

POPULATION SURVEYS IN ASIA, AFRICA, AND LATIN AMERICA. Investigative 

Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2008, 49(3):877-881. 

Data on the prevalence and causes of functional low vision (FLV) in adults and children 

are lacking but are important for planning low-vision services. This study was conducted to 

determine the prevalence and causes of FLV among children recruited in eight 

population-based prevalence surveys of visual impairment and refractive error from six 

countries (India [2 locations]; China [2 locations]; Malaysia, Chile, Nepal, and South 

Africa). More studies are needed to determine the prevalence and causes of FLV in children

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 403 

so that services can be planned that promote independence, improve quality of life, and 

increase access to education. 

1349. Gisselquist, D. DENIALISM UNDERMINES AIDS PREVENTION IN SUB- 

SAHARAN AFRICA. International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2008, 19(10):649-655. 

Some denialists, widely reviled, contend that HIV does not cause AIDS. Other denialists, 

widely respected, contend that HIV transmits so poorly through trace blood exposures that 

iatrognic infections are rare. This second group of denialists has had a corrosive effect 

on public health and HIV programs in sub-Saharan Africa. Guided by this second 

group of denialists, no African government has investigated unexplained HIV infections. 

Denialists have withheld and ignored research findings showing that non-sexual risks 

account for substantial proportions of HIV infections in Africa. Denialists have promoted 

invasive procedures for HIV prevention in Africa—injections for sexually transmitted 

infections, and adult male circumcision—without addressing unreliable sterilization of 

reused instruments. 

1350. Goodman, G., and D. Bercovich. MELANIN DIRECTLY CONVERTS LIGHT 

FOR VERTEBRATE METABOLIC USE: HEURISTIC THOUGHTS ON BIRDS, 

ICARUS AND DARK HUMAN SKIN. Medical Hypotheses. 2008, 71(2):190-202. 

Pigments serve many visually obvious animal functions (e.g. hair, skin, eyes, feathers, 

scales). One is ‘melanin’, unusual in an absorption across the UV-visual spectrum which is 

controversial. Any polymer or macro-structure of melanin monomers is ‘melanin’. Its roles 

derive from complex structural and physical-chemical properties e.g. semiconductor, stable 

radical, conductor, free radical scavenger, charge-transfer. Clinicians and researchers are 

well acquainted with melanin in skin and ocular pathologies and now increasingly are with 

internal, melanized, pathology-associated sites not obviously subject to light radiation (e.g. 

brain, cochlea). At both types of sites some findings puzzle: positive and negative 

neuromelanin effects in Parkinsons; unexpected melanocyte action in the cochlea, in 

deafness; melanin reduces DNA damage, but can promote melanoma; in melanotic cells, 

mitochondrial number was 83% less, respiration down 30%, but development similar to 

normal amelanotic cells. 

1351. Gosling, J. HIV/AIDS: AN ENCOUNTER WITH DEATH OR A JOURNEY 

INTO LIFE? The Journal of Analytical Psychology. 2008, 53(2):261-269. 

This is an account of a panel discussion. It focuses on an encounter with the HIV/Aids 

virus. Such an encounter may result in a descent into despair, hopelessness and ultimately 

death, or it may offer the opportunity of possible transformation of consciousness to 

embrace a life lived productively and meaningfully with a chronic but manageable disease. 

A picture is provided of the dire situation that exists regarding the HIV/Aids pandemic in 

South Africa. The HI-virus is compared to a malevolent trickster type energy that uses 

ingenious means to gain access to the host. It is an impersonal agent seeking only its own 

survival but if left untreated will ultimately result in the death of the host. 

1352. Greenwood, B. M. et al. MALARIA: PROGRESS, PERILS, AND PROSPECTS 

FOR ERADICATION. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2008, 118(4):1266-1276. 

There are still approximately 500 million cases of malaria and 1 million deaths from 

malaria each year. Yet recently, malaria incidence has been dramatically reduced in


some parts of Africa by increasing deployment of anti-mosquito measures and new 

artemisinin-containing treatments, prompting renewed calls for global eradication. 

However, treatment and mosquito control currently depend on too few compounds and thus 

are vulnerable to the emergence of compound-resistant parasites and mosquitoes. As 

discussed in this Review, new drugs, vaccines, and insecticides, as well as improved 

surveillance methods, are research priorities. Insights into parasite biology, human 

immunity, and vector behavior will guide efforts to translate parasite and mosquito genome 

sequences into novel interventions. 

1353. Greenwood, Z. GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTION AMONG INTERNA- 

TIONAL TRAVELERS GLOBALLY. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2008, 15(4):221-228. 

Data on relative rates of acquisition of gastrointestinal infections by travelers are 

incomplete. The objective of this study was to analyze infections associated with oral ingestion 

of pathogens in international travelers in relation to place of exposure. For bacterial and 

parasitic infections examined separately, the regions group in the same way. RRRs could be 

estimated for 28 individual countries and together with regional data were used to derive a 

global RRR map for travel-related gastrointestinal infection. This analysis of morbidity 

associated with oral ingestion of pathogens abroad determines which parts of the world 

currently are high-risk destination. 

1354. Groene, O. et al. THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PERFORMANCE 

ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN HOSPITALS (PATH): AN 

ANALYSIS OF THE PILOT IMPLEMENTATION IN 37 HOSPITALS. International 

Journal for Quality in Health Care. 2008, 20(3):155-161. 

We evaluate the pilot implementation of the World Health Organization Performance 

Assessment Tool for Quality Improvement in hospitals (PATH). Semi-structured interviews 

with regional/country coordinators and Internet-based survey distributed to hospital 

coordinators. The main achievement has been the collection and analysis of data on a set of 

indicators for comprehensive performance assessment in hospitals in regions and countries 

with different cultures and resource availability. Both regional/country coordinators 

and hospital coordinators required seed funding and technical support during data 

collection for implementation. Based on the user evaluation, we identified the following 

research and development tasks: further standardization and improved validity of 

indicators, increased use of routine data, more timely feedback with a stronger focus on 

international bench-marking and further support on interpretation of results. 

1355. Guech-Ongey, M. et al. ELEVATED RISK FOR SQUAMOUS CELL CAR- 

CINOMA OF THE CONJUNCTIVA AMONG ADULTS WITH AIDS IN THE UNITED 

STATES. International Journal of Cancer. 2008, 122(11):2590-2593. 

Squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva (SCCC) has been associated with HIV 

infection in equatorial Africa, but the evidence for association with HIV in developed 

countries, where SCCC is rarer, is controversial. We investigated the risk for SCCC and 

other eye cancers in the updated U.S. HIV/AIDS Cancer Match Registry Study. We show 

significantly increased incidence of SCCC among persons with HIV/AIDS in the U.S. The 

associations with age and geography are in accord with etiological role for ultraviolet 

radiation in SCCC.

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 405 

1356. Guerra, C. A. et al. THE LIMITS AND INTENSITY OF PLASMODIUM 

FALCIPARUM TRANSMISSION: IMPLICATIONS FOR MALARIA CONTROL AND 

ELIMINATION WORLDWIDE. PLoS Medicine. 2008, 5(2):e38. 

The efficient allocation of financial resources for malaria control using appropriate 

combinations of interventions requires accurate information on the geographic distribution 

of malaria risk. An evidence-based description of the global range of Plasmodium 

falciparum malaria and its endemicity has not been assembled in almost 40 y. This paper 

aims to define the global geographic distribution of P. falciparum malaria in 2007 and to 

provide a preliminary description of its transmission intensity within this range. This new 

map is a plausible representation of the current extent of P. falciparum risk and the most 

contemporary summary of the population at risk of P. falciparum malaria within these 

limits. For 1 billion people at risk of unstable malaria transmission, elimination is epidemiologically 

feasible, and large areas of Africa are more amenable to control than 

appreciated previously. 

1357. Gyimah, S. O., B. Takyi, and E. Y. Tenkorang. DENOMINATIONAL 

AFFILIATION AND FERTILITY BEHAVIOUR IN AN AFRICAN CONTEXT: AN 

EXAMINATION OF COUPLE DATA FROM GHANA. Journal of Biosocial Science. 

2008, 40(3):445-458. 

Although studies have examined religious differences in fertility in sub-Saharan Africa, 

it is argued in this paper that using women-only sample data may be conceptually 

problematic in patriarchal African societies where the influence of husbands on their wives’ 

reproductive preferences is paramount. The present study contributes to this discourse by 

examining the relationship between religion and fertility behaviour using matched-couple 

data from Ghana. Guided by the ‘religious values’ and ‘characteristics’ hypotheses, the 

results indicate significant religious differences in fertility. Compared with Traditionalists, 

Christians and Muslims have lower fertility, albeit these differences diminish significantly 

after controlling for socioeconomic variables. 

1358. Habjan, M. et al. T7 RNA POLYMERASE-DEPENDENT AND -INDE- 

PENDENT SYSTEMS FOR cDNA-BASED RESCUE OF RIFT VALLEY FEVER 

VIRUS. The Journal of General Virology. 2008, 89(Pt 9):2157-2166. 

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is responsible for large and recurrent outbreaks of acute 

febrile illness among humans and domesticated animals in Africa. It belongs to the family 

Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus, and its negative-stranded RNA genome consists of three 

segments. Here, we report the establishment and characterization of two different systems 

to rescue the RVFV wild-type strain ZH548. The first system is based on the BHK-21 cell 

clone BSR-T7/5, which stably expresses T7 RNA polymerase (T7 pol). The findings that 

BHK-derived cell lines have a compromised RIG-I pathway may explain their suitability 

for propagating and rescuing a wide variety of viruses. 

1359. Hallett, T. B. et al. UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF MALE CIRCUM- 

CISION INTERVENTIONS ON THE SPREAD OF HIV IN SOUTHERN AFRICA. PLoS 

ONE. 2008, 3(5):e2212. 

Three randomised controlled trials have clearly shown that circumcision of adult 

men reduces the chance that they acquire HIV infection. However, the potential 

impact of circumcision programs—either alone or in combination with other established


approaches—is not known and no further field trials are planned. We have used a 

mathematical model, parameterised using existing trial findings, to understand and predict 

the impact of circumcision programs at the population level. Circumcision will not be the 

silver bullet to prevent HIV transmission, but interventions could help to substantially 

protect men and women from infection, especially in combination with other approaches. 

1360. Hallett, T. B. et al. THE IMPACT OF MONITORING HIV PATIENTS PRIOR 

TO TREATMENT IN RESOURCE-POOR SETTINGS: INSIGHTS FROM MATHE- 

MATICAL MODELLING. PLoS Medicine. 2008, 5(3):e53. 

The roll-out of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in developing countries concentrates on 

finding patients currently in need, but over time many HIV-infected individuals will be 

identified who will require treatment in the future. We investigated the potential influence 

of alternative patient management and ART initiation strategies on the impact of ART 

programs in sub-Saharan Africa. The overall impact of ART programs will be limited if 

rates of diagnosis are low and individuals enter care too late. Frequently monitoring 

individuals at all stages of HIV infection and using CD4 cell count information to determine 

when to start treatment can maximise the impact of ART. 

1361. Hallett, T. B. et al. ESTIMATING INCIDENCE FROM PREVALENCE IN 

GENERALISED HIV EPIDEMICS: METHODS AND VALIDATION. PLoS Medicine. 

2008, 5(4):e80. 

HIV surveillance of generalised epidemics in Africa primarily relies on prevalence at 

antenatal clinics, but estimates of incidence in the general population would be more useful. 

Repeated cross-sectional measures of HIV prevalence are now becoming available for 

general populations in many countries, and we aim to develop and validate methods that use 

these data to estimate HIV incidence. It is possible to estimate incidence from crosssectional 

prevalence data with sufficient accuracy to monitor the HIV epidemic. Although 

these methods will theoretically work in any context, we have been able to test them only in 

southern and eastern Africa, where HIV epidemics are mature and generalised. The choice 

of method will depend on the local availability of HIV mortality data. 

1362. Hammond, R., and T. C. Harry. EFFICACY OF ANTIRETROVIRAL 

THERAPY IN AFRICA: EFFECT ON IMMUNOLOGICAL AND VIROLOGICAL 

OUTCOME MEASURES—A META-ANALYSIS. International Journal of STD and 

AIDS. 2008, 19(5):291-296. 

This study is a systematic literature review exploring the efficacy of antiretroviral 

therapy (ART) in Africa through a meta-analysis of immunological and virological 

outcome measures at baseline and six subsequent time points. A literature search was 

conducted through two databases and references of relevant papers searched. The 

meta-analysis provides evidence that ART increases the CD4 count from three months until 

three years, and the majority of subjects had an UDVL (

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 407 

1363. Harding, R. et al. GENERATING AN AFRICAN PALLIATIVE CARE 

EVIDENCE BASE: THE CONTEXT, NEED, CHALLENGES, AND STRATEGIES. 

Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2008, 36(3):304-309. 

The enormous burden of progressive, incurable disease in sub-Saharan Africa is reflected 

in the epidemiology of cancer and HIV. However, there has been little research activity and 

evidence generated to inform appropriate and effective responses. A collaborative of 

clinicians, academics and advocates have been active in the design, delivery and reporting 

of research activities in African palliative care. Here, they report the methodological, 

ethical, logistic and capacity-based challenges of conducting research in the sub-Saharan 

context from their experience. A number of strategies and responses are presented. 

1364. Hardy, B. J. et al. THE NEXT STEPS FOR GENOMIC MEDICINE: 

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPING WORLD. Nature 

Reviews: Genetics. 2008, 9(Suppl 1):S23-S27. 

This is a historical moment on the path to genomic medicine—the point at which theory 

is about to be translated into practice. We have previously described human genome 

variation studies taking place in Mexico, India, Thailand, and South Africa. Such investments 

into science and technology will enable these countries to embark on the path to the 

medical and health applications of genomics, and to benefit economically. Here we provide 

a perspective on the challenges and opportunities facing these and other countries in the 

developing world as they begin to harness genomics for the benefit of their populations. 

1365. Hargreaves, J. R. et al. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SCHOOL ATTEN- 

DANCE, HIV INFECTION AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE 

IN RURAL SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2008, 

62(2):113-119. 

We investigate whether the prevalence of HIV infection among young people, and sexual 

behaviours associated with increased HIV risk, are differentially distributed between 

students and those not attending school or college. Attending school was associated with 

lower-risk sexual behaviours and, among young men, lower HIV prevalence. Secondary 

school attendance may influence the structure of sexual networks and reduce HIV risk. 

Maximizing school attendance may reduce HIV transmission among young people. 

1366. Harif, M. et al. TREATMENT OF B-CELL LYMPHOMA WITH LMB 

MODIFIED PROTOCOLS IN AFRICA—REPORT OF THE FRENCH-AFRICAN 

PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY GROUP (GFAOP). Pediatric Blood and Cancer. 2008, 

50(6):1138-1142. 

The French African Paediatric Oncology Group (GFAOP) was set up in October 2000 to 

improve the quality of care of children with cancer in Africa. Eight pediatric oncology units 

from Algeria, Cameroon, Madagascar, Morocco, Tunisia, and Senegal have been involved. 

These data demonstrate the feasibility of prospective multicentric studies in Africa. An 

improvement of quality of care has been noticed during the 3 first years.


1367. Harry, T. C., and M. Sillis. OUTCOME OF PARTNER NOTIFICATION OF 

HIV INFECTION IN A PROVINCIAL CLINIC IN EAST ANGLIA, UK. International 

Journal of STD and AIDS. 2008, 19(1):53-54. 

A retrospective study of outcome of partner notification and contact tracing in the cohort 

of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients seen in the Bure Clinic from 1997 to 2004 was 

undertaken. Caucasian heterosexual men, mostly oil workers who acquire their infections 

elsewhere, contribute to the low partner notification index. To date, non-B clade virus has 

not been transmitted locally among newly diagnosed patients seen from our low 

sero-prevalence catchment population. 

1368. Haubek, D. et al. RISK OF AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS IN ADOLES- 

CENT CARRIERS OF THE JP2 CLONE OF AGGREGATIBACTER (ACTINOBACIL- 

LUS) ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS IN MOROCCO: A PROSPECTIVE LONGI- 

TUDINAL COHORT STUDY. The Lancet. 2008, 371(9608):237-242. 

Periodontitis is a loss of supporting connective tissue and alveolar bone around teeth, and 

if it occurs in an aggressive form it can lead to tooth loss before the age of 20 years. 

Although the cause of periodontitis in general remains elusive, a particular clone (JP2) of 

the gram-negative rod Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans is considered 

a possible aetiological agent of the aggressive form in adolescents living in or 

originating from north and west Africa, where the disease is highly prevalent. We did a 

population-based longitudinal study of adolescents to assess the role of the JP2 clone in the 

initiation of aggressive periodontitis. The JP2 clone of A actinomycetemcomitans is likely 

to be an important aetiological agent in initiation of periodontal attachment loss in children 

and adolescents. Co-occurrence of non-JP2 clones of A actinomycetemcomitans reduces 

the risk of development of periodontitis, suggesting competition for the ecological niche 

between the JP2 and non-JP2 clones of this species. 

1369. Hawkridge, T. et al. SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF A NEW 

TUBERCULOSIS VACCINE, MVA85A, IN HEALTHY ADULTS IN SOUTH AFRICA. 

The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008, 198(4):544-552. 

The efficacy of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) may be enhanced by heterologous 

vaccination strategies that boost the BCG-primed immune response. One leading booster 

vaccine, MVA85A (where “MVA” denotes “modified vaccinia virus Ankara”), has 

shown promising safety and immunogenicity in human trials performed in the United 

Kingdom. We investigated the safety and immunogenicity of MVA85A in mycobacteriaexposed—but 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis-uninfected—healthy adults from a region of 

South Africa where TB is endemic. The excellent safety profile and quantitative and 

qualitative immunogenicity data strongly support further trials assessing the efficacy of 

MVA85A as a boosting vaccine in countries where TB is endemic. 

1370. Hodgson, A et al. A PHASE II, RANDOMIZED STUDY ON AN INVESTI- 

GATIONAL DTPw-HBV/Hib-MenAC CONJUGATE VACCINE ADMINISTERED TO 

INFANTS IN NORTHERN GHANA. PLoS ONE. 2008, 3(5):e2159. 

Combining meningococcal vaccination with routine immunization in infancy may 

reduce the burden of meningococcal meningitis, especially in the meningitis belt of Africa. 

We have evaluated the immunogenicity, persistence of immune response, immune memory 

and safety of an investigational DTPw-HBV/Hib-MenAC conjugate vaccine given to

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 409 

infants in Northern Ghana. An enhanced memory response was shown after polysaccharide 

challenge. This vaccine could provide protection against 7 important childhood diseases 

(including meningococcal A and C) and be of particular value in countries of the African 

meningitis belt. 

1371. Hoffmann, M. et al. HYPOPHOSPHATAEMIA AT A LARGE ACADEMIC 

HOSPITAL IN SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2008, 61(10):1104-1107. 

The aim of this study was to determine the mots common causes of hypophosphataemia 

(< or = 0.5 mmol/1) in a hospital population in order to identify patient groups at risk of 

developing the condition. Severe hypophosphataemia is associated with a very high mortality 

(30%, n = 189). Patients with a high risk of developing hypophosphataemia include 

those in an intensive care unit (ICU), patients suffering from neoplastic diseases, possible 

refeeding syndrome and septic patients. Regular phosphate determination is recommended 

in these patients to facilitate early diagnosis of hypophosphataemia. 

1372. Hopkins, H. et al. RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR MALARIA AT SITES 

OF VARYING TRANSMISSION INTENSITY IN UGANDA. The Journal of Infectious 

Diseases. 2008, 197(4):510-518. 

In Africa, fever is often treated presumptively as malaria, resulting in misdiagnosis and 

the overuse of antimalarial drugs. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for malaria may allow 

improved fever management. We compared RDTs based on histidine-rich protein 2 

(HRP2) and RDTs based on Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) with expert 

microscopy and PCR-corrected microscopy for 7000 patients at sites of varying malaria 

transmission intensity across Uganda. Based on the high positive predictive value and 

negative predictive value, HRP2-based RDTs are likely to be the best diagnostic choice for 

areas with medium-to-high malaria transmission rates in Africa. 

1373. Houeto, D., and A. Deccache. CHILD MALARIA IN SUB-SAHARAN 

AFRICA: EFFECTIVE CONTROL AND PREVENTION REQUIRE A HEALTH PRO- 

MOTION APPROACH. International Quarterly of Community Health Education. 

2007-2008, 28(1):51-62. 

Malaria remains a vital concern of child survival in sub-Saharan Africa despite the 

existence of effective curative and preventive measures. It is known that child malaria is 

underpinned by factors such as socioeconomic, cultural, environmental, and so forth, that 

must be considered simultaneously in order to effectively control it. This study applied to a 

rural community in Benin (West Africa) the Health Promotion concept (community 

participation and empowerment, contextualism, intersectorality, multistrategy, equity, and 

sustainability) to develop a program in order to control child malaria and close the gap of 

unsuccessful programs. Health Promotion strategies are likely to contribute to sustainable 

malaria programs’ implementation that reduce malaria incidence and deaths in children 

under five. 

1374. Hunt, S. A., and F. Haddad. THE CHANGING FACE OF HEART TRANS- 

PLANTATION. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2008, 52(8):587-598. 

It has been 40 years since the first human-to-human heart transplant was performed in 

South Africa by Christiaan Barnard in December 1967. This achievement did not come as a 

surprise to the medical community but was the result of many years of early pioneering


experimental work by Alexis Carrel, Frank Mann, Norman Shumway, and Richard Lower. 

Since then, refinement of donor and recipient selection methods, better donor heart 

management, and advances in immunosuppression have significantly improved survival. In 

this article, we hope to give a perspective on the changing face of heart transplantation. 

Topics that will be covered in this review include the changing patient population as well as 

recent advances in transplantation immunology, organ preservation, allograft vasculopathy, 

and immune tolerance. 

1375. Ibadin, O. M. et al. SPLENIC ENLARGEMENT AND ABDOMINAL SCARI- 

FICATIONS IN CHILDHOOD MALARIA: BELIEFS, PRACTICES AND THEIR POS- 

SIBLE ROLES IN MANAGEMENT AS SEEN IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA. Nigerian 

Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2008, 15(2):70-75. 

We studied sustainable reduction in malaria burden in Africa, cultural practices that 

foster increased malaria burden must be addressed. In Edo state Nigeria, scarification- 

/tattooing on the left hypochondrium presumably over an enlarged spleen arising mainly 

from malaria is widely practiced. This practice is deleterious, diversionary and causes 

complications. We evaluate the beliefs and practice, regarding abdominal wall scarification 

in children and within the context of malaria control. This was carried out among experienced 

women in child care selected from Egor Local Government Area of Edo State, 

Nigeria. Practice of scarification is deep rooted and widespread in the study location. It has 

potentials to negate efforts involved in malaria control. Education including public 

enlightenment campaign should effectively check the practice. 

1376. Idemyor, V. HIV AND TUBERCULOSIS COINFECTION: INEXTRICABLY 

LINKED LIAISON. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2007, 99(12):1414- 

1419. 

In sub-Saharan Africa, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium 

tuberculosis (TB) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Sub-Saharan 

Africa has seen the woeful failure of World Health Organization (WHO) targets of 

detecting 70% of the infectious cases of tuberculosis and curing > or = 85%. <strong>Current</strong> 

treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in most resource limited settings is comprised of 

a four-drug initial antituberculosis regimen for two months, followed by either a two-drug 

continuation phase of antituberculosis regimen for four months or six months depending on 

the medications. Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa are scaling up with highly active 

antiretroviral therapy (HAART), using one of the first-line regimens that consist of two 

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and one non-nucleoside reverse 

transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). 

1377. Ike, S. O. THE PREVALENCE AND CORRELATES OF HYPERTENSION IN 

A THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE IN AFRICA. Nigerian Journal of Medicine. 2008, 17(1): 

88-94. 

The Theological College is a peculiar setting. This is due to the nature of the job, studies, 

attitudinal leaning (faith) and influence. There has been no known work to date done on the 

cardiovascular status in institutions of this nature—both in the country and in the continent 

of Africa. This formed the basis for evaluating the prevalence of hypertension and its 

correlates in one of the foremost theological colleges in Africa, the Trinity Theological 

College, Umuahia. The prevalence of hypertension in this community is higher than that of

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 411 

the general Nigerian population. There is a great need for adequate health education 

especially with regard to regularity of blood pressure check and lifestyle modification, in 

the Theological Colleges, given the influence they wield in the larger society. 

1378. Israel-Ballard, K. A. et al. VITAMIN CONTENT OF BREAST MILK FROM 

HIV-1-INFECTED MOTHERS BEFORE AND AFTER FLASH-HEAT TREATMENT. 

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008, 48(4):444-449. 

World Health Organization advocates heat treatment of expressed breastmilk (EBM) as 

one method to reduce postnatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 

developing countries. Flash-heat is a simple heat treatment method shown to inactivate 

cell-free HIV. We determine the effect of flash-heat on vitamin content of milk. The 

percentage remaining after flash-heat suggests that most vitamin concentrations are 

retained after heating. Flash-heat may be a practical and nutritious infant feeding method 

for mothers in developing countries. 

1379. Jalloh, A. et al. G6PD DEFICIENCY ASSESSMENT IN FREETOWN, 

SIERRA LEONE, REVEALS FURTHER INSIGHT INTO THE MOLECULAR 

HETEROGENEITY OF G6PD A-. Journal of Human Genetics. 2008, 53(7):675-679. 

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in Africa is of high prevalence, 

although precise data are lacking in many individual nations. Among the deficient male 

subjects, six were G6PD A- carrying the double mutations (202G > A and 376A > G), all of 

whom were in the Temne and Mende ethnic groups. Others included A- Betica, and a novel 

variant having double mutations in exon 5 (311G > A and 376A > G forming 104 Arg > His 

and 126 Asn > Asp, respectively), which we designate as G6PD Sierra Leone. Subsequent 

haplotype analysis linked this novel variant to the G6PDA-“family”. 

1380. Jaspan, H. B., A. E. Berrisford, and A. M. Boulle. TWO-YEAR OUTCOMES 

OF CHILDREN ON NON-NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR 

AND PROTEASE INHIBITOR REGIMENS IN A SOUTH AFRICAN PEDIATRIC 

ANTIRETROVIRAL PROGRAM. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2008, 27(11): 

993-998. 

Few data exist on the efficacy of the limited regimens for children with HIV, which are 

available in sub-Saharan Africa. The benefits of HAART are substantial in this setting, 

although PI regimens achieved greater virologic suppression than nNRTIs. Further exploration 

of regimens and dosing of antiretrovirals for children in these settings is needed. 

1381. Jefferis, J. M. et al. USE OF CATARACT SERVICES IN EASTERN 

AFRICA—A STUDY FROM TANZANIA. Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2008, 15(1): 

62-65. 

We establish the proportion of patients who are blind or have low vision prior to undergoing 

cataract surgery at tertiary referral centers in Tanzania. We assess which patient 

groups presenting for cataract surgery are more likely to be blind or visually impaired. It is 

not only the blind who present to cataract services in Tanzania. The demand for surgery 

amongst patients who or are normally sighted represents a positive move towards prevention, 

and not only cure of cataract blindness in Tanzania. However, it also highlights the 

need to target those left blind from cataract in order to deliver services to those most in


need. Cataract programs targeting patients in rural areas and older patients are likely to 

increase the number of blind patients benefiting from cataract services. 

1382. Jones, C. J. et al. PLACENTAL EXPRESSION OF ALPHA2,6-LINKED 

SIALIC ACID IS UPREGULATED IN MALARIA. Placenta. 2008, 29(3):300-304. 

In Africa, approximately 25 million pregnant women are at risk of Plasmodium 

falciparum infection each year, one in four has evidence of placental involvement and up to 

half of these may be associated with low birth weight outcomes. In infected pregnant 

women, the placenta is an ideal site for the accumulation of the parasites, and this reduces in 

extent in subsequent pregnancies. Recent data indicate that terminal alpha2,3 sialic 

acid-dependent routes are central to the efficient invasion of erythrocytes with P. falciparum, 

however, the role in placental malaria of sialylated, or other glycoconjugates, on 

syncytiotrophoblast has not previously been assessed. 

1383. Jung, P., and R. H. Banks. TUBERCULOSIS RISK IN U.S. PEACE CORPS 

VOLUNTEERS, 1996 TO 2005. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2008, 15(2):87-94. 

With the popularity of international travel increasing, more travelers in endemic areas 

may increase their risk of tuberculosis (TB). We analyzed Peace Corps data to assess the 

risk of TB in long-term travelers from the United States. Peace Corps Volunteers have 

significantly higher rates of TB when compared to the average U.S. population but much 

lower than those reported for travelers to highly endemic countries. Volunteers assigned to 

highly endemic countries still have a lower risk compared to other travelers to those same 

countries. Keeping in mind that Peace Corps Volunteers are a unique population, these data 

may be useful in providing medical advice to long-term travelers. 

1384. Kabyemela, E. R. et al. DECREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PLASMODIUM 

FALCIPARUM INFECTION IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH IRON DEFICIENCY. 

The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008, 198(2):163-166. 

Iron plus folate supplementation increases mortality and morbidity among children in 

areas of malaria endemicity in Africa, but the effects of supplementation on pregnant 

women in malaria-endemic areas remain unclear. In northeastern Tanzania, where malaria 

and iron deficiency are common, we found that placental malaria was less prevalent and 

less severe among women with iron deficiency than among women with sufficient iron 

stores, especially during the first pregnancy. Multivariate analysis revealed that iron deficiency 

and multigravidity significantly decreased the risk of placental malaria. Interventional 

trials of iron and folate supplementation during pregnancy in malaria-endemic 

regions in Africa are urgently needed to ascertain the benefits and risks of this intervention. 

1385. Kalichman, S. C. et al. HIV/AIDS RISKS AMONG MEN AND WOMEN WHO 

DRINK AT INFORMAL ALCOHOL SERVING ESTABLISHMENTS (SHEBEENS) IN 

CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA. Prevention Science. 2008, 9(1):55-62. 

HIV/AIDS is devastating southern Africa and the spread of HIV is fueled in some 

populations by alcohol use. Alcohol serving establishments, such as informal drinking 

places or shebeens, often serve as high-risk venues for HIV transmission. The current study 

examined the HIV risks of men (N = 91) and women (N = 248) recruited from four shebeens 

in a racially integrated township in Cape Town South Africa. Participants completed

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 413 

confidential measures of demographic characteristics, HIV risk history, alcohol and drug 

use, and HIV risk behaviors. 

1386. Kane, C. T. et al. QUANTITATION OF HIV-1 RNA IN DRIED BLOOD 

SPOTS BY THE REAL-TIME NucliSENS EasyQ HIV-1 ASSAY IN SENEGAL. Journal 

of Virological Methods. 2008, 148(1-2):291-295. 

Measurement of viral load in plasma remains the best marker for the follow-up of 

antiretroviral therapy. However, its use is limited in developing countries due to the lack of 

adequate facilities and equipment, and cryopreservation of plasma during storage and 

transportation. Practical and reliable methods adapted to field conditions for the collection, 

transportation and accurate measurement of HIV-1 viral load are needed for the optimum 

use of antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited countries. This study evaluated the use of 

dried blood spots (DBS) for the real-time quantitation of HIV-1 RNA levels with the 

NucliSENS EasyQ((R)) HIV-1 assay (bioMérieux, Lyon, France) under field conditions in 

Senegal (Africa). 

1387. Katende-Kyenda, N. L. et al. PREVALENCE OF POSSIBLE DRUG-DRUG 

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ANTIRETROVIRAL AGENTS IN DIFFERENT AGE 

GROUPS IN A SECTION OF THE PRIVATE HEALTH CARE SECTOR SETTING IN 

SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2008, 33(4):393-400. 

The chronic nature of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection requires lifelong 

highly active antiretroviral (ARV) therapy (HAART) to continuously suppress HIV-1 viral 

replication, thus reducing morbidity and mortality. HAART is restricted by complex 

dosing, drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and toxicities. We determine the prevalence of possible 

DDIs between ARV drugs in different age groups in a section of the private primary 

health care sector in South Africa. The importance of using drug utilization study as an 

identification tool to provide insight into the prescribing and utilization patterns of ARV 

drugs, to provide optimal therapy for patients infected with HIV is emphasized. 

1388. Kawonga, M. et al. INTEGRATING MEDICAL ABORTION INTO SAFE 

ABORTION SERVICES: EXPERIENCE FROM THREE PILOT SITES IN SOUTH 

AFRICA. The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2008, 34(3): 

159-164. 

South Africa’s Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1996 provides for safe termination 

of pregnancy (TOP) in designated facilities in the public and private health 

sectors. In 2001, mifepristone-misoprostol medical abortion was approved for TOP up to 56 

days, but this method is not yet available in the public sector. Information on the operational 

requirements for integrating mifepristone-misoprostol medical abortion into South Africa’s 

public sector safe abortion services is required to guide policy decisions. This study trained 

health workers to provide medical abortion to 290 women attending three TOP sites. 

1389. Keiser, O. et al. PUBLIC-HEALTH AND INDIVIDUAL APPROACHES TO 

ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY: TOWNSHIP SOUTH AFRICA AND SWITZER- 

LAND COMPARED. PLoS Medicine. 2008, 5(7):e148. 

The provision of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in resource-limited 

settings follows a public health approach, which is characterised by a limited number of 

regimens and the standardisation of clinical and laboratory monitoring. In industrialized


countries doctors prescribe from the full range of available antiretroviral drugs, supported 

by resistance testing and frequent laboratory monitoring. We compared virologic response, 

changes to first-line regimens, and mortality in HIV-infected patients starting HAART in 

South Africa and Switzerland. Compared to the highly individualised approach in Switzerland, 

programmatic HAART in South Africa resulted in similar virologic outcomes, with 

relatively few changes to initial regimens. 

1390. Kelly-Hope, L., H. Ranson, and J. Hemingway. LESSONS FROM THE PAST: 

MANAGING INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN MALARIA CONTROL AND ERADI- 

CATION PROGRAMS. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2008, 8(6):387-389. 

The distribution of insecticide-treated bednets to help combat the burden of malaria in 

sub-Saharan Africa has accelerated in the past 5 years. Additionally, many countries are 

also considering, or have already begun, indoor residual spraying campaigns. These are 

positive developments, since vector control has repeatedly proven to be an effective means 

of reducing malaria transmission. However, the sustainability of these insecticide-based 

interventions relies on the continuing susceptibility of the anopheles vectors to the limited 

number of available insecticides. Continual monitoring for early signs of insecticide 

resistance and the adoption of carefully considered resistance management strategies are 

therefore required. Regrettably, this essential monitoring component is frequently given a 

low priority in the push to meet ambitious coverage targets. 

1391. Kengne, A. P., and C. S. Anderson. THE NEGLECTED BURDEN OF STROKE 

IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. International Journal of Stroke. 2006, 1(4):180-190. 

The looming epidemic of stroke and other chronic non-communicable diseases associated 

with lifestyle and demographic transitions occurring all over the world is increasingly 

being acknowledged. However, the significance of these trends in the relatively 

young populations of the countries comprising Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is less certain 

and considerably overshadowed by attention given to the impact of human immunodeficiency 

virus and other infectious diseases. We undertook a literature review of the 

burden of stroke in SSA and provide recommendations for future research. Populationbased 

incidence studies are urgently needed to map the profile and outcome of stroke. Such 

data would provide the necessary evidence base to improve prevention and treatments for 

stroke alongside current efforts to bring infectious diseases under control in SSA. 

1392. Kengne, A. P. et al. NURSE-LED CARE FOR ASTHMA AT PRIMARY 

LEVEL IN RURAL SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: THE EXPERIENCE OF BAFUT IN 

CAMEROON. The Journal of Asthma. 2008, 45(6):437-443. 

Asthma is an important health condition in sub-Saharan Africa, with major gaps in 

clinical care. The aim of this project was to implement nurse-led care for asthma in rural 

Cameroon. The program was well received by the community at large. A marked 

improvement was observed for most patients as substantiated by the reduction in the 

number of asthma attacks. Trained nurses are a good alternative for the management of 

asthma in a resource-limited context. 

1393. Khan, M. A. et al. ANALYSIS OF VanA VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT 

ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM ISOLATES FROM SAUDI ARABIAN HOSPITALS

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 415 

REVEALS THE PRESENCE OF CLONAL CLUSTER 17 AND TWO NEW Tn1546 

LINEAGE TYPES. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2008, 62(2):279-283. 

The aim of this study was to characterize 34 vancomycin-resistant VanA Enterococcus 

faecium isolates obtained from two hospitals in Saudi Arabia and to assess Tn1546 

variation within these isolates. VanA vancomycin-resistant E. faecium isolates obtained 

from Saudi Arabian hospitals include CC17 MLST types, a clonal cluster associated 

with E faecium nosocomial infection worldwide. Novel E. faecium MLST types are circulating 

in Saudi Arabia, as well as novel Tn1546 types. It seems likely that CC17 E. 

faecium isolates may be distributed throughout the Middle East as well as Europe, America, 

Africa and Australia. 

1394. Khilnani, P., and R. Chhabra. TRANSPORT OF CRITICALLY ILL CHIL- 

DREN: HOW TO UTILIZE RESOURCES IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD. Indian 

Journal of Pediatrics. 2008, 75(6):591-598. 

Safe transport of critically ill children remains a globally important issue, particularly in 

the developing countries such as India and Africa where the high risk mortality and 

morbidity exists during the transport process that may be less than optimal due to personnel 

and resource limitation. This article is intended to familiarize the reader with essential 

components of a good ground pediatric critical care transport program with special 

reference to developing countries. Essential equipment, medications, training requirement 

and responsibilities of transport team have been discussed in detail. 

1395. Kiene, S. M. et al. HIGH RATES OF UNPROTECTED SEX OCCURRING 

AMONG HIV-POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS IN A DAILY DIARY STUDY IN SOUTH 

AFRICA: THE ROLE OF ALCOHOL USE. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency 

Syndromes. 2008, 49(2):219-226. 

The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of unprotected sex and to 

examine the association between alcohol consumption before sex and unprotected sex 

among HIV-positive individuals in Cape Town, South Africa. Drinking alcohol before sex 

by the female partner or the male partner, or by both partners increased the proportion and 

number of subsequent unprotected sex events. However, these associations held only when 

the quantity of alcohol consumed corresponded to moderate or higher risk drinking. Among 

HIV positive individuals, engaging in moderate or higher risk drinking before sex increases 

the likelihood and rate of unprotected sex. Prevention efforts need to address reducing 

alcohol-involved unprotected sex among HIV-positive persons. 

1396. Kilewo, C. et al. PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION 

OF HIV-1 THROUGH BREAST-FEEDING BY TREATING INFANTS PROPHYLAC- 

TICALLY WITH LAMIVUDINE IN DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA: THE MITRA 

STUDY. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008, 48(3):315-323. 

We investigate the possibility of reducing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of 

HIV-1 through breast-feeding by prophylactic antiretroviral (ARV) treatment of the infant 

during the breast-feeding period. The rates of MTCT of HIV-1 in the Mitra study at 6 weeks 

and 6 months after delivery are among the lowest reported in a breast-feeding population in 

sub-Saharan Africa. Prophylactic 3TC treatment of infants to prevent MTCT of HIV during 

breast-feeding was well tolerated by the infants and could be a useful strategy to prevent


breast milk transmission of HIV when mothers do not need ARV treatment for their 

own health. 

1397. Kim, H. Y., P. R. Egbert, and K. Singh. LONG-TERM COMPARISON OF 

PRIMARY TRABECULECTOMY WITH 5-FLUOROURACIL VERSUS MITOMYCIN 

C IN WEST AFRICA. Journal of Glaucoma. 2008, 17(7):578-583. 

We compare the long-term efficacy and safety of intraoperative 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 

versus mitomycin-C (MMC) used adjunctively with primary trabeculectomy in a Black 

West African population. Intraoperative MMC use is associated with a lower likelihood of 

requiring postoperative medications and a greater likelihood of achieving IOP lowering 

without medications relative to the use of 5-FU in a Black West African population. 

1398. Klimas, N., A. O. Koneru, and M. A. Fletcher. OVERVIEW OF HIV. Psychosomatic 

Medicine. 2008, 70(5):523-530. 

This article provides an overview and reviews the HIV pandemic, the basic biology and 

immunology of the virus (e.g., genetic diversity of HIV and the viral life cycle), the phases 

of disease progression, modes of HIV transmission, HIV testing, immune response to the 

infection, and current therapeutic strategies. HIV is occurring in epidemic proportions, 

especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the U.S., men who have sex with men account for over 

half of AIDS diagnoses; racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionally affected. Factors 

influencing the progression and severity of HIV infection include type of immune response, 

coinfection (e.g., another sexually transmitted infection, including hepatitis B or C), age 

and behavioral and psychosocial factors. 

1399. Kruk, A. et al. SYMPTOM-BASED SCREENING OF CHILD TUBER- 

CULOSIS CONTACTS: IMPROVED FEASIBILITY IN RESOURCE-LIMITED SET- 

TINGS. Pediatrics. 2008, 121(6):e1646-e1652. 

National tuberculosis programs in tuberculosis-endemic countries rarely implement 

active tracing and screening of child tuberculosis contacts, mainly because of resource 

constraints. We aimed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of applying a simple 

symptom-based approach to screen child tuberculosis contacts for active diseases. Our 

findings support current World Health Organization recommendations, demonstrating that 

symptom-based screening of child tuberculosis contacts should improve feasibility in 

resource-limited settings and seems to be safe. 

1400. Krumbholz, A. et al. EVOLUTION OF FOUR BK VIRUS SUBTYPES. 

Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2008, 8(5):632-643. 

BK viruses (BKV) comprise four subtypes that are distinguishable by serological and 

molecular methods with the latter indicating up to four subgroups within subtype I. In this 

study, the phylogeny of all BKV subtypes was analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses of the viral 

structural protein VP1, concatenated sequences including the T-Ag, t-Ag, VP1 and VP2 

genes and the entire coding region of BKV, each employing several tree inference methods, 

consistently revealed seven strongly supported clades that correlate with BKV subtypes 

and subgroups.

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 417 

1401. Kumar, M. N. C. V., A. M. A. Johnson, and R. S. D. V., Gopal. MOLECULAR 

CHARACTERIZATION OF CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS FROM ANDHRA PRADESH, 

INDIA AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIP WITH CENTRAL AFRICAN ISO- 

LATES. The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2007, 126(6):534-540. 

Chikungunya virus has caused numerous large outbreaks in India. Suspected blood 

samples from the epidemic were collected and characterized for the identification of the 

responsible causative from Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. The current epidemic 

was caused by the Central African genotype of CHIKV, grouped in Central Africa cluster in 

phylogenetic trees generated based on nucleotide and amino acid sequences. 

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION 

1402. Schaller, D. J. COLONIALISM AND GENOCIDE—RAPHAEL LEMKIN’S 

CONCEPT OF GENOCIDE AND ITS APPLICATION TO EUROPEAN RULE IN 

AFRICA. Development Dialogue. 2008, 50:76-93. 

On 9 December 1948 the United Nations General Assembly adopted the ‘Convention on 

the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide’. The celebration of this milestone 

in international law 60 years later coincided with the decision by the Chief Prosecutor 

at the International Criminal Court (ICC) to charge the Sudanese president Omar Hassan 

al-Bashir with war crimes, crimes against humanities and most notably genocide. In his 

application for a warrant of arrest for al-Bashir, Luis Moren-Ocampo made clear that the 

Sudanese leader has to be identified as the ‘mastermind’ behind the killings in Darfur. 

1403. Schwella, E. ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM AS ADAPTIVE CHALLENGE: 

SELECTED PUBLIC LEADERSHIP IMPLICATIONS. Politeia. 2008, 27(2):25-50. 

The research question here is to identify leadership approaches based on a literature 

analysis and synthesis that show the most logical and analytical validity in dealing with the 

complex adaptive problems faced by public leaders. The methodology relates to leadership 

theory analysis and leadership building. Public leaders are continuously confronted with 

challenges. To deal with these, they need to conceptualise the context and determine trends 

and challenges. Thereafter public leaders have to select and apply leadership strategies and 

competencies to deal with these challenges in an effective and legitimate way. 

1404. Sidiropoulos, E. SOUTH AFRICAN FOREIGN POLICY IN THE 

POST-MBEKI PERIOD. South African Journal of International Affairs. 2008, 15(2): 

107-120. 

President Thabo Mbeki’s resignation in September 2008 six months before the expected 

end of his term was triggered by the recall issued by the ANC National Executive Committee. 

It is highly unlikely that any major changes in foreign policy will be made by the 

caretaker government of President Kgalema Motlanthe before the 2009 elections. 

However, the significant changes in the domestic political environment signal the start of a 

new era in South Africa’s transformation—what might be called the ‘post post-apartheid 

period’. This paper explores what those changes might entail, especially in the realm of 

foreign policy. After reflecting on the legacy of Mbeki’s foreign policy, the paper considers


the potential implications of the relevant resolutions agreed at the December 2007 ANC 

National Conference in Polokwane. 

1405. Siwisa, B. CROWD RENTING OR STRUGGLING FROM BELOW? THE 

CONCERNED CITIZEN’S FORUM IN MPUMALANGA TOWNSHIP, DURBAN, 

1999–2005. Journal of Southern African Studies. 2008, 34(4):919-938. 

This article considers the problems of water in Mpumalanga Township in Durban, South 

Africa, and examines the emergence and activities of the Concerned Citizens Forum (CCF), 

for whom activism around water services was centrally important. It contributes to the 

debate over the backlog in municipal services delivery and the attendant emergence of new 

social movements in post-apartheid South Africa. Set against a background of changes in 

water policy, a profile of the water industry and the drive to cost recovery, the article 

provides an account of collective action in Durban, by investigating the history and 

activities of the CCF. 

1406. Spiegel, A. RACISM AS EPITHET IN THE CONTEXT OF POST- 

APARTHEID’S DEMOGRAPHIC PARITY GOALS. Anthropology Southern Africa. 

2008, 31(3&4):103-113. 

Nearly twenty years after the capitulation of the apartheid state, South Africa’s postapartheid 

government continues to find it necessary to seek means to direct change in the 

demographic profile of the country’s leading institutions towards a situation where it 

reflects the national demographic profile. Among those is legislation to achieve what is 

known as employment equity—which has been criticised for being a reverse form of 

racism. The article outlines some of the features of that legislation and various policies that 

have been introduced in order to realise its goals, considering some of the rhetoric 

that has followed in which those policies as well as their implementation have been 

described as racist. 

1407. Steegstra, M. KROBO QUEEN MOTHERS: GENDER, POWER, AND CON- 

TEMPORARY FEMALE TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY IN GHANA. Africa Today. 

2009, 55(3):105-123. 

This article focuses on the emergence and performance of Krobo queen mothers in 

Southern Ghana. It seeks to highlight the significance of female traditional rulers in contemporary 

Ghana and fill gaps in knowledge about their position in patrilineal societies. 

Whereas it is often assumed that their position in general eroded because of colonialism and 

missionary activities, and that in Ga-Dangme and Ewe (patrilineal)societies they have little 

significant power, their position in Krobo is expanding and adjusting to modern demands. 

The combination of holding traditional offices and acting as members of NGOs and 

other organizations makes it possible for queen mothers to address current challenges and 

exert power. 

1408. Stephan, H., and A. F. Hervey. NEW REGIONALISM IN SOUTHERN 

AFRICA: FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENTALISM AND THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN 

POWER POOL. Politeia. 2008, 27(3):54-76. 

This article is a treatment on how southern Africa might best develop a regional response 

to mitigate the vagaries of globalisation. It opens with a review of the literature set on 

regionalism. The authors then explain that in southern Africa regional interaction is at

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 419 

present best characterised by what is known as market-driven or open regionalism. 

Although this form of regionalism has resulted in both external and internal increases in 

trade and investment, it is not sustainable. As a consequence, the authors argue that the 

South African government is leading a new thrust within the region in the form of 

developmental regionalism that marries the state to the market. 

1409. Suberu, R. T. THE SUPREME COURT AND FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA. 

Journal of Modern African Studies. 2008, 46(3):451-485. 

Since Nigeria’s transition from military to civilian rule in 1999, the country’s Supreme 

Court has risen from a position of relative political obscurity and institutional vulnerability 

into a prominent and independent adjudicator of intergovernmental disputes in this chronically 

conflicted federation. Examined here is the Court’s arbitration, during President 

Olusegun Obasanjo’s two civilian constitutional terms (1999–2007), of fifteen different 

federal-state litigations over offshore oil resources, revenue allocation, local governance 

and public order. 

1410. Sultan, D. H. LANDMINES AND RECOVERY IN SUDAN’S NUBA MOUN- 

TAINS. Africa Today. 2009, 55(3):45-61. 

The following day we reached the Jebel Country and the road twisted between mountains 

that were constructed by nature of piled boulders. . . . For the first time we saw the villages 

of the Nubas. They hung so high and were so much a part of the terrain that it seemed the 

little pot-bellied huts, with their thatched roofs, had been taken by the handful and hurled 

against the mountains to settle in the crevices between the rocks where the wind and the 

weather and the passage of time had merged them into one with the jebels themselves. 

1411. Tendi, B-M. PATRIOTIC HISTORY AND PUBLIC INTELLECTUALS CRI- 

TICAL OF POWER. Journal of Southern African Studies. 2008, 34(2):379-396. 

This article focuses on the response of critical Zimbabwean public intellectuals to the 

ZANU-PF government’s uses of Zimbabwe’s liberation history in national politics from 

2000 to 2004. The ZANU-PF master narrative is referred to as ‘patriotic history’. This 

article examines the activities of the five most prominent critical public intellectuals in the 

Zimbabwean public sphere, namely Brian Raftopoulos, Masipula Sithole, John Makumbe, 

Elphas Mukonoweshuro and Lovemore Madhuku. It argues that these critical intellectuals 

were effective in deconstructing patriot history’s distinction between ‘patriots’ and 

‘sell-outs’, and in underlining the role of land as one of several grievances causing 

Zimbabwe’s liberation war. 

1412. Thoreson, R. R. SOMEWHERE OVER THE RAINBOW NATION: GAY, 

LESBIAN AND BISEXUAL ACTIVISM IN SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of Southern 

African Studies. 2008, 34(3):679-697. 

This study addresses the apparent paradox that South Africa’s gay, lesbian and bisexual 

(GLB) movement, although opposed by the vast majority of the population, has progressed 

much faster since democratisation in 1994 than other GLB movements worldwide. Why 

have the movement’s legal victories—especially on same-sex marriage, which is 

little-discussed in the scholarly literature—not been overturned by a hostile public? My 

answer considers the political alignments of the post-apartheid era, the tactical responses of


the movement and its opponents, and the attempts of both sides to site their arguments 

within the broader master-frames of liberation or tradition. 

1413. Throup, D. W. THE COUNT. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 2008, 2(2): 

290-304. 

The drama of Kenya’s election reached its climax on Sunday 30 December 2007 with the 

announcement by Samuel Kivuitu, chairman of the Electoral Commission of Kenya, that 

Mwai Kibaki had won the presidential vote to secure a second term in office. Within 24 

hours, violence had broken out over many parts of Kenya, and neither local nor international 

observer teams had been able to endorse the result amid claims by the opposition that 

the presidential election had been ‘stolen’. This article examines the story of the count 

itself, considering the role of the Kenya press and the observer groups in shaping our 

perceptions of what happened, to conclude that while it is clear that there were many 

irregularities in the election process, the veracity of the result remains obscure. 

1414. Titeca, K. THE ‘MASAI’ AND MIRAA: PUBLIC AUTHORITY, VIGILANCE 

AND CRIMINALITY IN A UGANDAN BORDER TOWN. Journal of Modern African 

Studies. 2009, 47(2):291-317. 

Recent studies on vigilante groups show how they often begin as popular schemes for 

imposing order, before degenerating into violent militias which contribute in turn to social 

and political disorder. The Masai, a group of khat sellers and consumers in the Ugandan 

border town of Bwera, represent a more complex case. By using vigilance tactics in the 

provision of security, the Masai actually help to shape public authority within Bwera town 

instead of creating institutional chaos. They also provide a range of services, imposing a 

degree of order on illegal cross-border activities in the area. 

1415. Uche, C. OIL, BRITISH INTERESTS AND THE NIGERIAN CIVIL WAR. 

Journal of African History. 2008, 49:111-135. 

Using newly available evidence, mainly from the Public Records Office (now the 

National Archive) in London, this article attempts to unravel the true extent of the role that 

British oil interests played in the decision of the British government to insist on a ‘One 

Nigeria’ solution in the Nigeria/Biafra conflict. While the official position of the British 

government was that its main interest in the Nigeria conflict was to prevent the break-up of 

the country along tribal lines, the true position was more complex. Evidence in this paper 

suggests that British oil interests played a much more important role in the determination of 

the British attitude to the war than is usually conceded. 

1416. Utas, M., and Jörgel, M. THE WEST SIDE BOYS: MILITARY NAVIGATION IN 

THE SIERRA LEONE CIVIL WAR. Journal of Modern African Studies. 2008, 46(3):487-511. 

This article is grounded in the politics of a military economy. The WSB was one of 

several military actors in the Sierra Leonean civil war (1991–2002). A splinter group of the 

army, and then more specifically of the AFRC, it emerged as a key player in 1999–2000. In 

most Western media accounts, it appeared as nothing more than renegade, anarchistic 

bandits, chronically drugged or intoxicated, cross-dressers, devoid of any trace of 

long-term goals. By contrast, we aim, in this article, to explain how the WSB used 

well-devised military techniques in the field; how their history and military training within 

the SLA shaped their notion of themselves and their view of what they were trying to

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 421 

accomplish; and, finally, how military commanders and politicians employed the WSB as a 

tactical instrument in a larger map of military and political strategies. 

1417. Vale, P. SOUTH AFRICAN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: EIGHT 

DOODLES. Politeia. 2008, 27(2):104-119. 

Using optics offered by sociology, the argument lays out eight alternative understandings 

of (and explanations for) the founding and growth of the study of international 

relations. It is interested in probing silences within which linear ‘Story-bound’ international 

relations have developed in the country, and which have set such low horizon for the 

discipline in South Africa. 

1418. van Binsbergen, W. EXISTENTIAL DILEMMAS OF A NORTH ATLANTIC 

ANTHROPOLOGIST IN THE PRODUCTION OF RELEVANT AFRICANIST 

KNOWLEDGE. CODESRIA Bulletin. 2008, 1&2:15-20. 

When, nearly half a century after the end of colonial rule, an African university grants an 

honorary degree to a prominent researcher from the former colonising country, this is a 

significant step in the global liberation of African difference (to paraphrase Mudimbe’s 

expression). The African specialist knowledge institution declares itself to be no longer on 

the receiving and subaltern side, but takes the initiative to assert its independent scholarly 

authority, and thus redefines the flow of North–South intellectual dependence into one of 

intercontinental equality. 

1419. Van der Vlies, A. ON THE AMBIGUITIES OF NARRATIVE AND OF HIS- 

TORY: WRITING (ABOUT) THE PAST IN RECENT SOUTH AFRICAN LITERARY 

CRITICISM. Journal of Southern African Studies. 2008, 34(4):949-961. 

As South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was in the midst of 

conducting Human Rights Violation hearings across the country in 1997, leading intellectual 

and writer Njabulo Ndebele suggested in an essay in Negotiating the Past—one of 

the first significant collections to examine memory and trauma in the transition—that the 

experiences of ordinary people, victims who had been made to feature in narratives hitherto 

authored by the apartheid state, were being recuperated by the TRC in what amounted to a 

‘restoration of narrative’. Ndebele had, of course, famously argued at the turn of the 1990s 

that the daily experience of the majority of the country’s population—the ‘ordinary’, the 

exigencies of the quotidian—should inform an aesthetics not beholden to the spectacular 

narratives authored by the white government. 

1420. van der Westhuizen, E. J. GAPS AND PARADOXES IN THEORY AND 

PRACTICE: THE PUBLIC SECTOR HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT DIS- 

COURSE IN SOUTH AFRICA. Politeia. 2008, 27(3):1-20. 

There is currently a gap between the work of academics and that of human resource (HR) 

practitioners. This is due to specific paradoxes inherent to the field. Within this paradoxical 

context, the article reflects on a future framework for public sector human resource management 

(PSHRM) thought and practice. Academics are predominantly preoccupied with 

the relatively unpredictable process of exploring and questioning. One assumes that academics 

seek one universal truth, namely an integrated, structured knowledge base, as 

opposed to a situation where there are disconnected facts and ideas.


1421. Van Heyningen, E. COSTLY MYTHOLOGIES: THE CONCENTRATION 

CAMPS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR IN AFRIKANER HISTORIOGRAPHY. 

Journal of Southern African Studies. 2008, 34(3):495-513. 

By the 1930s, a mythology of the concentration camps of the South African War had 

been firmly lodged in the historical consciousness of Afrikaners, establishing a paradigm of 

suffering that has altered remarkably little since. A major reason for the lack of a serious 

historiography was the failure of Afrikaners to write any critical account of the war before 

the 1950s. Instead, history was replaced by a ‘haze’ of poetry, memorials and ceremonies, 

testimonies and photographs, which offered an apparently authentic account, while 

inhibiting any critical examination, of the camp experience. 

1422. van Leeuwen, M. IMAGINING THE GREAT LAKES REGION: DIS- 

COURSES AND PRACTICES OF CIVIL SOCIETY REGIONAL APPROACHES FOR 

PEACEBUILDING IN RWANDA, BURUNDI AND DR CONGO. Journal of Modern 

African Studies. 2008, 46(3):393-426. 

The idea has gained ground in recent years that, as conflicts in the countries of the Great 

Lakes Region are strongly interlinked, regional approaches are necessary to resolve them. 

This interest in regional dimensions of conflict and peacebuilding also gains currency in 

other parts of the world. Attention to regional approaches is reflected in the efforts of international 

organisations and donors to promote civil society peacebuilding. They assume that 

regional cooperation and exchange between civil society organisations contribute to peace, 

and provide an alternative to single-country interventions or regional diplomatic initiatives. 

1423. von Schnitzler, A. CITIZENSHIP PREPAID: WATER, CALCULABILITY, 

AND TECHNO-POLITICS IN SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of Southern African Studies. 

2008, 34(4):899-917. 

Since the first general elections in 1994, the post-apartheid state has been faced by 

widespread non-payment of service charges in townships, often interpreted as a ‘culture of 

non-payment’ held to stem from the anti-apartheid rent boycotts of the 1980s. After the 

spectacular failure of a campaign to encourage payment for services, and in a context of 

neoliberal reforms prescribing ‘cost recovery’, many municipalities resorted to the largescale 

deployment of prepaid meters, devices that self-disconnect households following 

non-payment. This article focuses on Operation Gcin’amanzi (Zulu for ‘Save Water’), a 

controversial large-scale project initiated by the recently corporatised utility, Johannesburg 

Water, to install prepaid water meters in all Soweto households. 

1424. Wessels, J. S. TRANSFORMING THE PUBLIC SERVICE TO SERVE A 

DIVERSE SOCIETY: CAN REPRESENTATIVENESS BE THE MOST DECISIVE 

CRITERION? Politeia. 2008, 27(3):21-36. 

The transformation of the South African public service to serve a diverse society is a 

reality. One of the most important criteria used to measure progress with the transformation 

process, is representativeness. This article investigates whether representativeness is a 

sufficient condition for transforming the South African public service to render the best 

possible service to a diverse South African society. Consequently, this article presents a 

conceptual framework as an instrument, first, to untangle the major transformation-related 

concepts in the public service and, second, to determine whether equality and equal

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 423 

opportunities can be achieved for all members of the diverse South African society, if 

representativeness is the most decisive criterion for public service employment. 

1425. Widlok, T. GOOD OR BAD, MY HERITAGE: CUSTOMARY LEGAL 

PRACTICES AND THE LIBERAL CONSTITUTION OF POST-COLONIAL STATES. 

Anthropology Southern Africa. 2008, 31(1&2):13-19. 

The post-colonial constitutions of Namibia (1990) and of South Africa (1996) in 

principle allow for ‘indigenous’ or ‘customary’ law within the framework set by constitutional 

law. Developments in recent years, in particular in the course of debates surrounding 

the reform of inheritance laws, highlight the problems of integrating customary law with 

the newly established liberal law of the state. Arguing from an anthropological perspective, 

this contribution shows that the case of inheritance law reform in southern Africa sheds 

more light on inherent contradictions in the dominant legal system. It points at a number of 

intrinsic problems in the process of creating legal rules in the face of social practice. 

1426. Williams, C. T., S. A. Grier, and A. S. Marks. “COMING TO TOWN”: THE 

IMPACT OF URBANICITY, CIGARETTE ADVERTISING, AND NETWORK NORMS 

ON THE SMOKING ATTITUDES OF BLACK WOMEN IN CAPE TOWN, SOUTH 

AFRICA. Journal of Urban Health. 2008, 85(4):472-485. 

This study was conducted to examine the effect of urban living on smoking attitudes 

among black African women in South Africa. We examine how urbanicity affects attitudes 

toward smoking and how it moderates the relationship between both advertising exposure 

and network norms on black women’s smoking attitudes. Respondents were 975 black 

women currently living in Cape Town townships, some of which were raised in rural 

villages or small towns. Respondents completed a cross-sectional survey, which included 

data on smoking attitudes, norms, and exposure to cigarette advertising. 

1427. Williams, J. M. LEGISLATING ‘TRADITION’ IN SOUTH AFRICA. Journal 

of Southern African Studies. 2009, 35(1):191-209. 

This article analyses the debate and passage of the Traditional Leadership and 

Governance Framework Act of 2003. Through an examination of the passage of this Act, I 

demonstrate how traditional leaders, the ANC-led government, and civil society organisations 

each imagine the role of ‘tradition’ and chieftaincy in South Africa and how these 

different notions were accommodated in the final legislation. After the recognition of 

traditional leaders in the interim (1993) and final constitutions (1996), there has been a 

great deal of confusion concerning the responsibilities of traditional leaders in South 

Africa’s new democratic dispensation. 

1428. Willis, J. WHAT HAS HE GOT UP HIS SLEEVE? ADVERTISING THE 

KENYAN PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES IN 2007. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 

2008, 2(2):264-271. 

Formal advertising played an unprecedentedly prominent part in the 2007 Kenya 

elections. This article offers a brief description of the media advertising campaigns of the 

two main contenders for the presidency, and suggests that, particularly in the case of the 

incumbent, this visible media campaign shared much of its message with a campaign which 

was pursued by leaflets, emails, text messages and in speeches, which emphasised the 

alleged dangers of a Raila victory.


1429. Wilson, N. W. et al. PERCEIVED EDUCATIONAL VALUE AND 

ENJOYMENT OF A RURAL CLINICAL ROTATION FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS. 

Rural and Remote Health. 2008, 8(3):999. 

It is well-recognised that medical students whose training exposure is largely limited to 

tertiary-level training hospitals may be inappropriately equipped to deal with the most 

relevant health issues affecting rural communities. This article evaluated the perceived 

educational value of a 2-week clinical rotation undertaken by senior undergraduate medical 

students at rural district hospitals and health care centers in the Western Cape Province, 

South Africa. The feedback obtained from this log diary study demonstrates that wellfunctioning 

rural health care centers provide excellent opportunities for students to develop 

the most relevant practical skills required of generalist doctors working in resource-limited 

settings. In addition to a more efficiently structured rural program, students requested an 

increase in the length of the rotation and a reduction in the written academic workload. 

1430. Woodhead, K. INTERNATIONAL NETWORKING: EXTENDING THE 

PERIOPERATIVE POTENTIAL. Journal of Perioperative Practice. 2008, 18(6):244-248. 

The theme of last year’s Congress was Realising Potential. The road to success is always 

under construction, and there are many choices that we make along the way, such as our 

partner in life, career, or how we spend spare time. A fortuitous choice of mine was to get 

involved with the Education Committee of NATN in 1994, as many of my lasting 

friendships have come as a result of my involvement with this organisation. Much of the 

richness and variety of life comes from the people we engage with and the networks which 

we develop. 

1431. Worden, N. THE CHANGING POLITICS OF SLAVE HERITAGE IN THE 

WESTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of African History. 2009, 50:23-40. 

Changes that have taken place in the ways in which the slave past has been remembered 

and commemorated in the Western Cape region of South Africa provide insight into the 

politics of identity in this locality. During most of the twentieth century, public awareness 

of slave heritage was well buried, but the ending of apartheid provided a new impetus to 

acknowledge and memorialize the slave past. This engagement in public history has been a 

vexed process, reflecting contested concepts of knowledge and the use of heritage as both a 

resource and a weapon in contemporary South African identity struggles. 

1432. Yamada, S., and J. G. Ampiah. WHO IS THE TRUE BEARER? THE VISIBLE 

AND HIDDEN PRIVATE COST OF SENIOR SECONDARY EDUCATION AND 

EQUITY IN GHANA. Africa Today. 2009, 55(3):63-82. 

In Ghana, the senior secondary education system is funded minimally by the government 

and depends heavily on cost-sharing by households. Schools charge various kinds of fees, 

which add up to six to ten times the amount the government has officially approved for the 

schools to collect from parents or guardians. Moreover, there are costs that are not visible 

from the surface, but borne by households. Invisible private costs are a few times larger than 

visible ones, although they are neglected too often. The authors compared private costs 

among urban boarding schools, schools in small towns, and community schools.

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 425 

1433. Yohannes, O. HYDRO-POLITICS IN THE NILE BASIN: IN SEARCH OF 

THEORY BEYOND REALISM AND NEO-LIBERALISM. Journal of Eastern African 

Studies. 2009, 3(1):74-93. 

In response to runaway population growth in the Nile basin, the reality and perils of 

desertification and the frequent cycles of drought, human demand on Nile water resources 

has intensified in recent years. Nothing captures the enormity of the challenge more than 

the fact that the present combined 360 million population of the 10 Nile states is projected 

to reach 850 million in a generation or so. Because of this, the riparian states have formed 

the Nile Basin Initiative as an inter-state water regime, entrusted to fashion a framework for 

the allocation of Nile water resources among the co-basin states. 

1434. Yoon, M. Y. SPECIAL SEATS FOR WOMEN IN THE NATIONAL LEGIS- 

LATURE: THE CASE OF TANZANIA. Africa Today. 2008, 55(1):62-86. 

This study examines attempts to increase the number of women serving in the Tanzanian 

parliament by implementation of a special-seat system for women, the evolution of the 

system, and the impact of the system on women’s competitiveness in the constituencies. 

The increase in the number of women elected in the constituencies and the movement of 

some women from special seats to constituency seats suggest that special seats can serve as 

stepping-stones to constituency seats, though their existence may discourage experienced 

and capable women from contesting in the constituencies, as argued by some analysts. 

1435. Yousef, B. A. A., and N. M. Adam. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR FLAT 

PLATE COLLECTOR WITH AND WITHOUT POROUS MEDIA. Journal of Energy in 

Southern Africa. 2008, 19(4):32-42. 

The present work involves a theoretical study to investigate the effect of mass flow rate, 

flow channel depth and collector length on the system thermal performance and pressure 

drop through the collector with and without porous medium. The solution procedure is 

performed for flat plate collector in single and double flow mode. The analysis of the 

results at the same configuration and parameters shows that the system thermal efficiency 

increases by 10-12% in double flow mode than single flow due to the increase of heat 

removal, and increase by 8% after using porous medium in the lower channel as a result of 

the increase of heat transfer area. 

1436. Zieleniewski, M., and A. C. Brent. EVALUATING THE COSTS AND 

ACHIEVABLE BENEFITS OF EXTENDING TECHNOLOGIES FOR UNECO- 

NOMICAL COAL RESOURCES IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE CASE OF UNDER- 

GROUND COAL GASIFICATION. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa. 2008, 19(4): 

21-31. 

As the South African economy relies heavily on its coal resources, these resources 

should be utilised and managed in the best possible manner. Underground coal gasification 

(UCG) is one of the leading technologies used where conventional mining techniques are 

uneconomical. UCG delivers gas suitable for synthesis, production of fuels and electricity, 

or for home usage. The method is perceived as being environmentally friendly and safer 

than traditional mining. The study summarised in this paper was conducted so as to create a 

simple model that would allow for the evaluation of UCG process-related costs versus 

expected benefits in a wider context and under different circumstances.


PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 

1437. Adewuya, A. O. et al. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND 

QUALITY OF LIFE IN PERSONS WITH HIV INFECTION IN NIGERIA. International 

Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2008, 38(1):43-51. 

Despite the fact that two-thirds of all the people with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa, 

little is known about the emotional state and quality of life (QOL) of subjects with HIV in 

this region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between clinical 

depression and quality of life in a group of HIV sero-positive subjects in Nigeria. Poorer 

health related QOL in Nigerian subjects with HIV was associated with depression, lower 

educational and socioeconomic levels, and poor social support. Early identification and 

referral of patients with depression needs to be incorporated into intervention programs 

designed for HIV infected individuals in this region. 

1438. Boyer, P. et al. EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND TOLERABILITY OF FIXED- 

DOSE DESVENLAFAXINE 50 AND 100 MG/DAY FOR MAJOR DEPRESSIVE 

DISORDER IN A PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 

2008, 23(5):243-253. 

The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of 

desvenlafaxine (administered as desvenlafaxine succinate) 50 and 100 mg/day for major 

depressive disorder (MDD). Both doses of desvenlafaxine were generally well tolerated. 

The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were nausea, dizziness, insomnia, 

constipation, fatigue, anxiety, and decreased appetite. Fixed doses of desvenlafaxine 50 and 

100 mg/day are safe, generally well tolerated, and effective at a clinically relevant level for 

the treatment of MDD. 

1439. Cluver, L. D., F. Gardner, and D. Operario. EFFECTS OF STIGMA ON THE 

MENTAL HEALTH OF ADOLESCENTS ORPHANED BY AIDS. Journal of Adolescent 

Health. 2008, 42(4):410-417. 

By 2010, an estimated 18.4 million children in Sub-Saharan Africa will be orphaned by 

AIDS. Research in South Africa shows that AIDS orphanhood is independently associated 

with heightened levels of psychological problems. This study is the first to explore the 

mediating effects of stigma and other factors operating on a community level, on associations 

between AIDS orphanhood and mental health. We assessed the associations of four 

risk factors that can potentially be addressed at a community level (bullying, stigma, 

community violence, and lack of positive activities) with psychological problems and 

orphanhood status. Multivariate analyses controlling for age and gender showed that 

experience of stigma significantly mediated associations between AIDS orphanhood and 

poor psychological outcomes. Reduction of AIDS-related stigma could potentially reduce 

adverse psychological outcomes among AIDS-orphaned adolescents. 

1440. Crouch, R. B. A COMMUNITY-BASED STRESS MANAGEMENT PRO- 

GRAM FOR AN IMPOVERISHED POPULATION IN SOUTH AFRICA. Occupational 

Therapy International. 2008, 15(2):71-86. 

The development and evaluation of a program for the effective management of stress in 

an impoverished rural community is the subject of this research study. A random sample of 

160 participants was selected from the rural population of the Limpopo Province of South

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 427 

Africa. This population resembles in many ways other disadvantaged populations in 

South Africa, and the outcome may have generalizability. A quantitative, factorial experimental 

design was used to compare four stress management programs. Three were 

conventional stress management programs derived from the literature, and the fourth 

program was a creative activity program. Further research is recommended in combining a 

stress management program with a creative activity group in reducing stress in a disadvantaged 

population. 

1441. Degenhardt, L. et al. TOWARD A GLOBAL VIEW OF ALCOHOL, 

TOBACCO, CANNABIS, AND COCAINE USE: FINDINGS FROM THE WHO 

WORLD MENTAL HEALTH SURVEYS. PLoS Medicine. 2008, 5(7):e141. 

Alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug use cause considerable morbidity and mortality, but 

good cross-national epidemiological data are limited. This paper describes such data from 

the first 17 countries participating in the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) World 

Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative. Globally, drug use is not distributed evenly and is 

not simply related to drug policy, since countries with stringent user-level illegal drug 

policies did not have lower levels of use than countries with liberal ones. Sex differences 

were consistently documented, but are decreasing in more recent cohorts, who also have 

higher levels of illegal drug use and extensions in the period of risk for initiation. 

1442. Earls, F., G. J. Raviola, and M. Carlson. PROMOTING CHILD AND 

ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH IN THE CONTEXT OF THE HIV/AIDS PAN- 

DEMIC WITH A FOCUS ON SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. Journal of Child Psychology 

and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2008, 49(3):295-312. 

The pandemic of HIV/AIDS is actually a composite of many regional and national-level 

epidemics. The progress made in many parts of the developed and developing world is 

tempered by the continued devastating consequences of HIV infection in sub-Saharan 

Africa (SSA). This review focuses on the ways in which children and adolescents are 

impacted by the epidemic, giving particular attention to their mental health. Preventive 

interventions continue to manifest limited benefits in behavioral changes. More complex 

causal models and improved behavioral measures are needed. In the African context, the 

time has come to view pediatric AIDS as a chronic disease in which the mental health of 

caregivers and children influences important aspects of disease prevention and management. 

Increasingly sophisticated studies support earlier findings that social and psychological 

functioning, educational achievement and economic well-being of children who 

lose parents to AIDS are worse than that of other children. 

1443. Ganasen, K. A. et al. UTILITY OF THE HIV DEMENTIA SCALE (HDS) IN 

IDENTIFYING HIV DEMENTIA IN A SOUTH AFRICAN SAMPLE. Journal of 

Neurosurgical Sciences. 2008, 269(1-2):62-64. 

The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) has been traditionally used to screen for 

cognitive impairment in a variety of dementing illnesses, including HIV associated 

dementia. More recently, the HIV Dementia Scale (HDS) was developed as a bedside 

evaluation test to differentiate patients with HIV-associated frank dementia from those who 

are cognitively normal. This study assessed the sensitivity and specificity of the HDS 

(using the MMSE as the gold standard) in a sample of 474 patients attending anti-retroviral 

(ARV) services in the Cape Town metropole of South Africa. Our findings suggest that the


HDS may be a more sensitive screening instrument for HIV associated dementia in patients 

attending ARV services. 

1444. Gobodo-Madikizela, P. TRAUMA, FORGIVENESS AND THE WITNESSING 

DANCE: MAKING PUBLIC SPACES INTIMATE. The Journal of Analytical 

Psychology. 2008, 53(2):169-188. 

In this paper I explore the concept of forgiveness as a response to gross human rights 

violations. I present a conceptual examination of the effects of massive trauma in 

relation to what I refer to as the ‘unfinished business’ of trauma. Using a psychoanalytic 

framework, I consider the process of ‘bearing witness’ about trauma and examine how this 

process opens up the possibility of reciprocal expressions of empathy between victim and 

perpetrator. I then argue that, in this context of trauma testimony and witnessing, empathy 

is essential for the development of remorse on the part of perpetrators, and of forgiveness on 

the part of victims. 

1445. Hamad, R. et al. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CORRELATES OF DEPRES- 

SIVE SYMPTOMS AND PERCEIVED STRESS IN SOUTH AFRICAN ADULTS. 

Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2008, 62(6):538-544. 

Adults in South Africa demonstrate rates of mental illness at or above levels elsewhere in 

the developing world. Yet there is a research gap regarding the social context surrounding 

mental health in this region. The objective of this analysis was to characterize the 

prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms and perceived stress among a heterogeneous 

South African population. Depressive symptoms and perceived stress are public 

health concerns in this sample, with more symptoms among those with fewer resources. 

The prevention of mental illness is critical, especially in vulnerable populations. 

1446. Hodes, M. et al. RISK AND RESILIENCE FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DIS- 

TRESS AMONGST UNACCOMPANIED ASYLUM SEEKING ADOLESCENTS. 

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2008, 49(7):723-732. 

Epub 2008 Jul 1. 

We investigate the level of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms, and 

background risk and protective factors that might increase or ameliorate this distress 

amongst unaccompanied asylum-seeking children and adolescents (UASC). High 

depressive scores were associated with female gender, and region of origin amongst the 

UASC. UASC might have less psychological distress if offered high-support living 

arrangements and general support as they approach the age of 18 years, but prospective 

studies are required to investigate the range of risk and protective factors. 

1447. Idoniboye, G. A CALL FOR MENTAL HEALTH NEEDS ASSESSMENTS IN 

HIV POSITIVE CHILDREN IN AFRICA. Journal of the Royal Society of Health. 2008, 

128(5):240-241. 

There is a worldwide pandemic of HIV infection. The WHO has compiled estimates of 

cases of HIV/AIDS for each country. In sub-Saharan Africa, HIV infection is causing 

decreased life expectancy. There is an overall increase in the number of orphans as a result 

of AIDS. Poverty, the lack of technologies and adequate resources are widening the gap 

between Africa and industrialized countries. In the instance of HIV positive children in 

Africa, we should aim to look into ways to identify and treat those with mental health issues

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 429 

or at risk for future mental health problems. This will help those affected to cope with the 

chronic illness associated with HIV infection, and to better comply with treatment that may 

lead to improved outcomes in terms of their quality of life. 

1448. Kagee, A. SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY AMONG A 

SAMPLE OF SOUTH AFRICAN PATIENTS LIVING WITH A CHRONIC ILLNESS. 

Journal of Health Psychology. 2008, 13(4):547-555. 

The present study reports on a survey conducted among 119 patients receiving treatment 

for diabetes or hypertension at semi-rural community health care clinics in South 

Africa. Participants completed the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL) and the Beck 

Depression Inventory (BDI). The results suggest that a considerable proportion of the 

sample may be experiencing significant psychiatric difficulty, for which they may not be 

receiving treatment. 

1449. Kalaria, R. N. et al. ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND VASCULAR DEMEN- 

TIA IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: PREVALENCE, MANAGEMENT, AND RISK 

FACTORS. Lancet Neurology. 2008, 7(9):812-826. 

Despite mortality due to communicable diseases, poverty, and human conflicts, 

dementia incidence is destined to increase in the developing world in tandem with the 

ageing population. <strong>Current</strong> data from the developing countries suggest that age-adjusted 

dementia prevalence estimates in 65-year-olds are high (> or = 5%) in certain Asian and 

Latin American countries, but consistently low (1-3%) in India and sub-Saharan Africa; 

Alzheimer’s disease accounts for 60% whereas vascular dementia accounts for approximately 

30% of the prevalence. Early-onset familial forms of dementia with single-gene 

defects occur in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Illiteracy remains a risk factor for 

dementia. The APOE epsilon4 allele does not influence dementia progression in sub- 

Saharan Africans. 

1450. Price, H. H. RATE OF BRITISH PSYCHIATRIC COMBAT CASUALTIES 

COMPARED TO RECENT AMERICAN WARS. Journal of the Royal Army Medical 

Corps. 2007, 153(Suppl 1):58-61. 

This paper examines factors leading to the low rate of combat psychiatric casualties in 

the British recapture of the Falklands compared to the American experience in North 

Africa, Italy, Europe and South Pacific theatres during World War II, the Korean Conflict 

and Vietnam. The factors compared are those thought to affect rates seen in these past wars. 

The factors highlighted are psychiatric screening of evacuees, presence of psychiatric 

personnel in line units, intensity of combat and use of elite units. Factors also mentioned are 

presence of possible occult psychiatric casualties such as frostbite and malaria, amount of 

indirect fire and the offensive or defensive nature of the combat. A unique aspect of the 

Falklands War examined is the exclusive use of hospital ships to treat psychiatric casualties 

and the impact of the Geneva Convention rules regarding hospital ships on the classic 

treatment principles of proximity and expectancy. 

1451. Seedat, S., A. Haskis, and D. J. Stein. BENEFITS OF CONSUMER PSYCHO- 

EDUCATION: A PILOT PROGRAM IN SOUTH AFRICA. International Journal of 

Psychiatry in Medicine. 2008, 38(1):31-42. 

Previous studies have indicated that patient adherence to antidepressant treatment is


unsatisfactory. There is, however, little published data on adherence in the South African 

context. In this pilot study we explore the possible benefits of a consumer psychoeducation 

program. Drop-out rates during SSRI treatment in South Africa appear to be unacceptably 

high, whether or not patients receive concomitant benzodiazepines. Psychoeducational 

programs may prove valuable in increasing adherence to treatment regimes. 

1452. Stewart, R. C. et al. MATERNAL COMMON MENTAL DISORDER AND 

INFANT GROWTH—A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FROM MALAWI. Maternal and 

Child Nutrition. 2008, 4(3):209-219. 

The objective of the study was to investigate the association between maternal common 

mental disorder (CMD) and infant growth in rural Malawi. A cross-sectional study was 

conducted at a district hospital child health clinic. Participants were consecutive infants due 

for measles vaccination, and their mothers. Mean infant weight-for-age and length-for-age 

z-scores were compared between infants of mothers with and without CMD as measured 

using the self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ). The study demonstrates an association 

between maternal CMD and infant growth impairment in rural sub-Saharan Africa. 

1453. Tracy, J. L., and R. W. Robins. THE NONVERBAL EXPRESSION OF PRIDE: 

EVIDENCE FOR CROSS-CULTURAL RECOGNITION. Journal of Personality and 

Social Psychology. 2008, 94(3):516-530. 

The present research tests whether recognition for the nonverbal expression of pride 

generalizes across cultures. Study 1 provided the first evidence for cross-cultural recognition 

of pride, demonstrating that the expression generalizes across Italy and the United 

States. Study 2 found that the pride expression generalizes beyond Western cultures; 

individuals from a preliterate, highly isolated tribe in Burkina Faso, West Africa, reliably 

recognized pride, regardless of whether it was displayed by African or American targets. 

These Burkinabe participants were unlikely to have learned the pride expression through 

cross-cultural transmission, so their recognition suggests that pride may be a human 

universal. Studies 3 and 4 used drawn figures to systematically manipulate the ethnicity and 

gender of targets showing the expression, and demonstrated that pride recognition 

generalizes across male and female targets of African, Asian, and Caucasian descent. 

1454. Tranulis, C., E. Corin, and L. J. Kirmayer. INSIGHT AND PSYCHOSIS: COM- 

PARING THE PERSPECTIVES OF PATIENT, ENTOURAGE AND CLINICIAN. The 

International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2008, 54(3):225-241. 

The construct of insight in psychosis assumes congruence between patient and clinician 

views of the meaning of symptoms and experience. <strong>Current</strong> definitions and measures of 

insight do not give systematic attention to the impact of interpersonal, cultural and 

socio-economic contexts. We hypothesized that socio-cultural factors influence insight in 

patients with schizophrenia. Qualitative analysis of the illness narratives suggested that 

insight was based on the meanings constructed around psychotic experiences and that 

the process of interpreting and attributing psychotic experiences reflected each person’s 

cultural background, life experiences, and other social determinants, especially stigma. 

Forms of insight can occur in the context of discordance or disagreement with the clinician’s 

opinion.

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 431 

1455. van der Merwe, M. T. PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF OBESITY IN 

WOMEN. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders. 2007, 

31(Suppl 2):S14-S18. 

Psychological comorbidity is high in patients with obesity and is associated with a 

variety of medical and dietary problems as well as demographic, social and cognitive risk 

factors. Young overweight and obese women are at particular risk for developing sustained 

depressive mood, which is an important gateway symptom for major depressive disorder. 

Increased knowledge of behavioral risk factors has enabled patients with obesity to be 

classified on a psychological basis and this needs to be considered as part of a patient’s 

clinical assessment and treatment strategy. 

1456. Velema, J. P., B. Ebenso, and P. L. Fuzikawa. EVIDENCE FOR THE 

EFFECTIVENESS OF REHABILITATION-IN-THE-COMMUNITY PROGRAMS. 

Leprosy Review. 2008, 79(1):65-82. 

The present literature review identified 29 reports from 22 countries in Asia, Africa and 

Central America reporting on the outcomes of rehabilitation-in-the-community programs 

in low and middle income countries published between 1987 and 2007. Interventions 

included home visits by trained community workers who taught disabled persons skills to 

carry out activities of daily living, encouraged disabled children to go to school, helped find 

employment or an income generating activity, often involving vocational training and/or 

micro-credit. Many programs had a component of influencing community attitudes towards 

disabled persons. The information collected shows that such programs were effective in 

that they increased independence, mobility and communication skills of disabled persons, 

helped parents of disabled children to cope better and increased the number of disabled 

children attending schools. 

1457. Veling, W. et al. ETHNIC DENSITY OF NEIGHBORHOODS AND 

INCIDENCE OF PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS AMONG IMMIGRANTS. American Journal 

of Psychiatry. 2008, 165(1):66-73. 

A high incidence of psychotic disorders has been reported in immigrant ethnic groups in 

Western Europe. Some studies suggest that ethnic density may influence the incidence of 

schizophrenia. The authors investigated whether this increased incidence among immigrants 

depends on the ethnic density of the neighborhoods in which they live. These 

findings were consistent across all immigrant groups. The incidence of psychotic disorders 

was elevated most significantly among immigrants living in neighborhoods where their 

own ethnic group comprised a small proportion of the population. 

1458. Verdeli, H. et al. GROUP INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR 

DEPRESSED YOUTH IN IDP CAMPS IN NORTHERN UGANDA: ADAPTATION 

AND TRAINING. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2008, 

17(3):605-624, ix. 

This article reviews the use of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) with depressed youth 

living in Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camps in North Uganda. This youth has been 

exposed to severe losses and disruptions in relationships with caregivers, family, and community 

members; limited access to formal education; exposure to malnutrition and 

infections; and pressure to prematurely assume adult family roles. The process of


adaptation to the content and training of IPT for these youth is presented and illustrated with 

case examples. 

1459. Voracek, M. CROSS-NATIONAL SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF INTELLIGENCE 

AND SUICIDE PREVALENCE: INTEGRATION, REFINEMENT, AND UPDATE OF 

STUDIES. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2008, 106(2):550-556. 

This study integrates, refines, and updates previous findings pertaining to positive ecologic 

(population-level) associations between intelligence and suicide prevalence across 

nations by using corrected and revised national IQ estimates and, further, a qualityof-human-conditions 

index, both recently published by Lynn and Vanhanen. Across a 

global 85-nation sample of sex-specific total suicide rates and a Eurasian 48-nation sample 

of sex-specific elderly suicide rates, these were positively associated with updated national 

IQ estimates. 

1460. Zandi, T. et al. THE NEED FOR CULTURE SENSITIVE DIAGNOSTIC 

PROCEDURES: A STUDY AMONG PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS IN MOROCCO. Social 

Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2008, 43(3):244-250. 

We examine the procedural validity of a standardized instrument for the diagnosis of 

psychotic disorders in Morocco. Standardized instruments for the assessment of psychosis 

such as the CASH may be liable to cultural misinterpretations. This may be relevant to the 

interpretation of the high incidence rates of schizophrenia among immigrants. Agreement 

between a culturally naïve version of a standardized diagnostic instrument for the assessment 

of psychosis and clinical diagnosis by Moroccan psychiatrists is poor. Adding 

additional probes and decision rules based on cultural formulation improves agreement 

with clinical diagnosis significantly. 

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 

1461. Bank, A. THE MAKING OF A WOMAN ANTHROPOLOGIST: MONICA 

HUNTER AT GIRTON COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, 1927–1930. African Studies. 2009, 

68(1):29-56. 

This article is based on an approach towards the history of anthropology that privileges 

the personal and that recognises the decisive contribution of women social anthropologists 

in the interwar years in particular. Monica Hunter Wilson was one of the leading women 

ethnographers of this Golden Age (to use Hammond-Tooke’s term) and this article explores 

the background to her anthropological career. That background has usually been associated 

with her missionary origins, her Lovedale schooling, and her later participation in the 

famous Malinowski seminars at London University during the early 1930s. 

1462. Dhupelia-Mesthrie, U. THE PASSENGER INDIAN AS WORKER: INDIAN 

IMMIGRANTS IN CAPE TOWN IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY. African 

Studies. 2009, 68(1):111-134. 

The article argues that the term passenger Indian has contributed to a divisive 

understanding of migration from the Indian subcontinent to South Africa. It has led to the 

stereotype of the wealthy Gujarati trader and it excludes much. By focusing on Indian 

migrants in Cape Town, the argument is made that the term must be redefined to include

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 433 

workers who came from not only Gujarat but also from Maharashtra and the Punjab and that 

those marginalised by simplified definitions need to be given a place in the historiography. 

1463. Jul-Larsen, E., and P. Mvula. SECURITY FOR MANY OR SURPLUS 

FOR THE FEW? CUSTOMARY TENURE AND SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN 

SOUTHERN MALAWI. Journal of Southern African Studies. 2009, 35(1):175-190. 

It has been argued that the ambiguities in Malawian customary tenure may aggravate 

processes of social differentiation and class formation. The article investigates this claim 

based primarily on data from the rural areas in the Southern Region. An analysis of the 

political economy at the national and local level indicates that accumulation of customary 

land is not a significant factor accounting for increased economic differences. At the 

same time, land distribution in smallholder agriculture remains quite equal. A review of 45 

court cases of land conflict in the Thyolo and Mangochi districts shows that the inherent 

ambiguities in customary tenure make accumulation of landholdings difficult and often 

serve the interests of the poor. 

1464. Voss, U., and I. Tuin. INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANTS INTO A NEW 

CULTURE IS RELATED TO POOR SLEEP QUALITY. Health and Quality of Life 

Outcomes. 2008, 6:61. 

This article reports on the relationship between cultural influences on life style, coping 

style, and sleep in a sample of female Portuguese immigrants living in Germany. Sleep 

quality is known to be poorer in women than in men, yet little is known about mediating 

psychological and sociological variables such as stress and coping with stressful life 

circumstances. Migration constitutes a particularly difficult life circumstance for women if 

it involves differing role conceptions in the country of origin and the emigrant country. Our 

data suggest that non-integration may be less stressful than integration. This result points to 

possible benefits of non-integration. The high preference for an information-seeking coping 

style may be related to the process of migration, representing the attempt at regaining 

control over an uncontrollable and stressful life situation. 

SYMBOL SYSTEMS 

1465. Ahmed, C. THE WAHUBIRI WA KISLAMU (PREACHERS OF ISLAM) IN 

EAST AFRICA. Africa Today. 2008, 54(4):4-18. 

Unlike Islamic missionary groups that focus on education as a means of conversion, the 

Wahubiri wa Kislamu (Preachers of Islam) specialize in giving sermons and preaching on 

the streets, at markets, or in football stadiums. They refer to these activities as “open-air 

conferences.” Their sermons consist of an “Islamic” reading of the Bible, with the intention 

of converting Christians to Islam; hence their somewhat hybrid name. This article traces the 

emergence of this missionary method in East Africa. Regardless of how negatively the 

Preachers of Islam interpret the Bible, the fact that they do this in front of a mixed 

Muslim-Christian public could be interpreted as a contribution to greater mutual understanding 

between the groups. 

1466. Alidou, O., and H. Alidou. WOMEN, RELIGION, AND THE DISCOURSES 

OF LEGAL IDEOLOGY IN NIGER REPUBLIC. Africa Today. 2008, 54(3):21-36. 

There is an international movement that advocates the establishment of quotas for


women, especially in political and governmental positions. Partly as a result of its 

initiatives and efforts, countries have introduced legislation that endorses its spirit. These 

efforts have been important in addressing the gender gap; however, the means of 

articulating these legislative measures and implementing them vary from country to 

another. This article focuses on the textual formulation of the Quota Bill (2001) in Niger 

and how secularist and Islamist political elite women responded to it during the debate that 

led to its legal adoption. 

1467. Bompani, B. AFRICAN INDEPENDENT CHURCHES IN POST- 

APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA: NEW POLITICAL INTERPRETATIONS. Journal of 

Southern African Studies. 2008, 34(3):665-677. 

Scholars continue to debate the issue of how African Independent Churches (AICs) 

relate to politics. Rather than evaluating AICs according to a literal, Eurocentric definition 

of politics, this article argues for a holistic interpretation of African Christianity that treats 

politics, like other aspects of the realities of religious communities, as integral to religious 

discourse. Drawing on a study—including participant-observation and interviews with 

leaders and ordinary members—of five independent churches in Jabulani (Soweto), the 

article shows that politics is not now, nor was it during the apartheid era, divorced from the 

religious sphere in the everyday lives of church members. 

1468. Casey, C. “MARGINAL MUSLIMS”: POLITICS AND THE PERCEPTUAL 

BOUNDS OF ISLAMIC AUTHENTICITY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA. Africa Today. 

2008, 54(3):67-92. 

In 1999 and 2000, twelve states in northern Nigeria declared Islamic law (Shari’ah) the 

state criminal law for all Muslims, redefining the boundaries of identity, civility, and 

criminality. In the city of Kano, the implementation of Shari’ah criminal codes appealed to 

Muslims from all sectors of society, as a democratic alternative to, and strong critique of, 

colonialism and the elitism and corruption of federal and state politicians. Urban ward gang 

members (‘yan daba) agitated alongside other Muslim youths for the implementation of 

Shari’ah codes, yet with others deemed “marginal Muslims,” became the immediate 

objects of preaching and surveillance by Hisbah (Shari’ah enforcers). 

1469. Etkind, A. BEYOND EUGENICS: THE FORGOTTEN SCANDAL OF 

HYBRIDIZING HUMANS AND APES. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological 

and Biomedical Sciences. 2008, 39(2):205-210. 

This paper examines the available evidence on one of the most radical ideas in the history 

of eugenics and utopianism. In the mid-1920s, the zoology professor Ilia Ivanov submitted 

to the Soviet government a project for hybridizing humans and apes by means of artificial 

insemination. He received substantial financing and organized expeditions to Africa to 

catch apes for his experiments. His project caused an international sensation. The American 

Association for the Advancement of Atheism announced its fund-raising campaign to 

support Ivanov’s project but gave it a scandalously racist interpretation. Ivanov’s own 

motivation remained unclear, as did the motivation of those in the Bolshevik government 

who supported Ivanov until his arrest in 1930. This paper discusses three hypothetical 

reasons for Ivanov’s adventure: first, hybridization between humans and apes, should it be 

successful, would support the atheist propaganda of the Bolsheviks; second, regardless of 

the success of hybridization, Ivanov would catch and bring to Russia apes, which were

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 435 

necessary for the rejuvenation programs that were fashionable among the Bolshevik elite; 

and third, hybridization, should it be successful, would pave the way to the New socialist 

Man whose ‘construction by scientific means’ was the official purpose of the Bolsheviks. 

1470. Fokas, E. WELFARE AT THE INTERSECTION BETWEEN THEOLOGY 

AND POLITICS: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE. Journal of Theology for Southern Africa. 

2009, 133:126-144. 

Welfare provision marks a meeting point between theology and politics, as the welfare 

providing activities of religious organisations reflect their theological orientations and/or 

their political considerations. This article examines the extent to which churches use 

welfare provision as a means of propelling themselves into the (secular) public sphere, 

versus their tendency to be pulled in to the welfare domain directly or indirectly by states 

and by welfare needs on the ground. These themes are of global relevance, and are explored 

here vis-à-vis the cases of Europe, the United States and South Africa. 

1471. Gouws, A. A GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIAL WELFARE AND 

RELIGION IN PAARL THROUGH THE LENS OF A FEMINIST ETHICS OF CARE. 

Journal of Theology for Southern Africa. 2009, 133:59-73. 

In a case study of different religious denominations in the Western Cape town of Paarl, 

South Africa, it was attempted to determine what role churches play in the provision of 

social welfare to their congregations and communities. In a country rife with many social 

problems which affect women disproportionately, a gender perspective on social welfare 

becomes imperative. Using the lens of a feminist ethics of care that puts women’s caring 

roles central I analysed the data of the Paarl case study. 

1472. Green, S. SOCIAL WELFARE AND THE FUNCTIONING OF THE LOCAL 

WELFARE SYSTEM IN PAARL: VIEWS OF SERVICE PROVIDERS AND 

BENEFICIARIES. Journal of Theology for Southern Africa. 2009, 133:26-40. 

The social development perspective to social welfare is the conceptual framework for 

this paper. The aim of the paper is to discuss the views of service providers and 

beneficiaries about welfare and the functioning of the welfare system in Paarl. The paper is 

based on findings from the project: Welfare and religion in a global perspective: theoretical 

and methodological exchanges across North-South divides. The study shows that although 

a social development perspective has been adopted and has been effective in reshaping 

welfare policy, the challenge for the welfare sector is to understand this paradigm shift and 

to translate policy into practice. 

1473. Greyling, F., and A. Combrink. ’N STORIE MET BAIE STORIES: IDEN- 

TITEIT EN KONTEKS IN DIE INTERPRETASIE EN RE-INTERPRETASIE VAN 

“KIERIETJIE, KIERIETJIE TREK WEG!” Mousaion Special Issue. 2008, 241-260. in 

Afrikaans. 

Stories are constantly in flux, changing according to the different contexts in which they 

are being retold, whether in oral or written form. Yet, the core of such narratives usually 

stays the same. The concept of identity is irrevocably interwoven with this constant flux and 

the interpretation and reinterpretation of texts. Here it is not only the identity of the 

writer/narrator that is in question, but that of all the participants of the circle of narration, be 

it translators, illustrators, publishers, interpreters or readers. This article uses Godfrey van


Rooyen’s narrative, Kierietjie, kierietjie trek weg! to examine the role of identity in the 

coming into being of different formats of the story and as such provides insight into an 

individual’s personal and social reality. 

1474. Izugbara, C. O., and C-C. Undie. MASCULINITY SCRIPTS AND THE 

SEXUAL VULNERABILITY OF MALE YOUTH IN MALAWI. International Journal of 

Sexual Health. 2008, 20(4):281-294. 

This study investigates contextually rich talk about sex and sexual activity among 

Malawian male youth. While their sexual ideologies have a potential to prompt them into 

risky practices, a more urgent driver of their vulnerability is their sexual scripts which 

constitute masculinity as very fragile and in need of constant protection, making the boys 

wary both of female partners who refuse them sex and of sexual practices which offer little 

or no control and power over women, raise suspicions about their manliness, or do not 

clearly validate their identities as powerful, go-getting males. These were, however, 

inherently risky sexual partners and practices. Urgently needed are strategies to help male 

youth realize the ways in which defense of masculinity, which may seem like self-defense, 

puts them at risk. 

1475. Kaplinsky, C. SHIFTING SHADOWS: SHAPING DYNAMICS IN THE 

CULTURAL UNCONSCIOUS. The Journal of Analytical Psychology. 2008, 53(2): 

189-207. 

Jung has suggested that wars, social upheavals and religions are ‘but the superficial 

symptoms of a secret psychic attitude unknown even to the individual himself, and 

transmitted by no historian . . .’. With a focus on South Africa and some dream material, I 

explore this idea with particular emphasis on the cultural unconscious and the emerging 

theory of cultural complexes. Different cultures demand the repression of different aspects 

of the self and have different ways of actualizing a moral code. These repressions are part of 

what make up a dynamic and shifting cultural complex which inevitably plays a part in 

historical change. 

1476. Kozlovic, A. HOLLYWOOD AND DIVINE: SOME ASPECTS OF CHRISTI- 

ANITY WITHIN THE POPULAR WESTERN CINEMA. Journal of Theology for 

Southern Africa. 2008, 130:90-107. 

In this second century of the age of Hollywood, the spiritual baton has sometimes passed 

from the churches to the popular cinema, the lingua franca of the video generation. If the 

religion professions wish to thrive during the reign of moving image culture, they need to 

deploy commercial feature films within the classroom, home and pulpit as soon as is 

practical. Consequently, utilising humanist film criticism as the guiding analytical lens, 

selected Hollywood films and related critical literature were reviewed and three taxonomic 

categories of the emerging field of religion-and-film were explicated herein, namely: 

(i) Bible quoting, Iii) Christ-figures, and (iii) religious characters, themes and props. 

Copious inter-genre exemplars were employed to illustrate the range and ubiquitousness of 

this modern cultural phenomenon. 

1477. Krige, S. TOWARDS A COHERENT VISION FOR FAITH-BASED 

DEVELOPMENT. Journal of Theology for Southern Africa. 2008, 132:16-37. 

The research question focused on the quest for a coherent vision for faith-based

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 437 

development based on the Tshwane Leadership Foundation (TLF) experience. Three broad 

objectives were pursued: to analyse faith-based development practices elsewhere in the 

world and in South Africa with the purpose of identifying principles which are conducive to 

faith-based development; to evaluate the TLF process according to the principles of 

faith-based development; and to propose a coherent vision for a faith-based development 

framework based on the TLF experience to be considered by faith-based organisation 

(FBO) actors in African cities. 

1478. LenkaBula, P. BEYOND ANTHROPOCENTRICITY—BOTHO/UBUNTU AND 

THE QUEST FOR ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL JUSTICE IN AFRICA. Religion 

and Theology. 2008, 15:375-394. 

This essay suggests that the anthropocentric interpretations of the concept of botho- 

/ubuntu in African intellectual scholarship, whether religious, theological and social 

sciences, limit the potential of botho/ubuntu in the quest for the fullness of life, and the 

affirmation of the integrity of creation wholeness and wellbeing. The essay suggests 

therefore that when the expanded and creative interpretation of botho which acknowledges 

its socio-economic, political, and ecological scope or horizon is utilised, it has the potential 

to become a resource, principle and norm for overcoming ecological degradation and 

economic injustices in the world today. 

1479. Lester, D. WOMEN AND SUICIDE IN ISLAMIC SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. 

Psychological Reports. 2008, 102(3):734-738. 

Research on suicide among Islamic women in sub-Saharan Africa was reviewed. The 

few reports available do not specify the ethnicity and religious affiliation of the cases, 

making interpretation of the reports difficult. 

1480. Louw, D. J. BEYOND “GAYISM”? TOWARDS A THEOLOGY OF 

SENSUAL, EROTIC EMBODIMENT WITHIN AN ESCHATOLOGICAL APPROACH 

TO HUMAN SEXUALITY. Journal of Theology for Southern Africa. 2008, 132:108-124. 

The undergirding assumption and hypothesis is that a reframing of human sexuality 

within a constructive theology of sensual embodiment can help people to affirm their 

sexuality in a constructive and positive way. The leading and guiding questions in order to 

move the gay debate beyond the pro-, neutral or anti-position are the following: Is it 

possible to liberate sexuality from its “isms” and to connect sexuality to Christian spirituality 

in order to start to advocate for the connection between human sexuality (an ontology 

of sexuality) and human dignity (the value of human life)? Can this connection help us to 

get out of the impasse: pro-gay or anti-gay? 

1481. Luke, T. S. THE PAROUSIA OF PAUL AT ICONIUM. Religion and Theology. 

2008, 15:225-251. 

This article explores the parousia reception, instead of the arena, as a locus for spectacle 

production in the Roman Empire, specifically in certain passages of early Christian 

literature. Not only did Christians apply the familiar image of parousia to their eschatology, 

but they also produced new truths about empire and the location of legitimate authority 

through their creative production of distinctive parousia spectacles. Through these literary 

spectacles, old truths about the body and authority were challenged as Christians developed 

a cosmology for the parousia spectacle that both transformed parousia and also served as a


new hermeneutic for interpreting such ceremonies. The arrival of Paul at Iconium 

represented a radical reinterpretation of parousia in that it shifted the locus of spectation 

from the emperor to the individual Christian. In producing and consuming their own 

parousia spectacles, Christians participated in imperial discourse. 

1482. Masquelier, A. WHEN SPIRITS START VEILING: THE CASE OF THE 

VEILED SHE-DEVIL IN A MUSLIM TOWN OF NIGER. Africa Today. 2008, 54(3): 

39-64. 

In Niger, women have long been seen as embodiments of virtue (or wickedness). Of late, 

with the rise of reformist Islam, their role as upholders of purity has become key to the 

definition of moral community. Debates over the control of female sexuality and the 

ordering of social spaces have intensified. While such debates are characteristically framed 

in Islamic terms, one should not assume that pre-Islamic cosmologies—often denigrated by 

Islam—have become irrelevant to local moral concerns. In August 2003, rumors of a veiled 

she-devil haunting the streets of Zinder in search of seductive encounters provoked a moral 

panic, which eventually received a full account in a Nigérien newspaper. 

1483. Mathuray, M. RESUMING A BROKEN DIALOGUE: PROPHECY, NATION- 

ALIST STRATEGIES, AND RELIGIOUS DISCOURSES IN NGUGI’S EARLY WORK. 

Research in African Literatures. 2009, 40(2):39-62. 

This paper departs from and problematizes the almost exclusive focus in criticism of 

Ngugi’s early works on Christianity and the effects of the colonial intrusion. Following 

Ngugi’s exhortation to resume the broken dialogue with the gods of his people, Ngugi’s 

early novels are read in relation to precolonial East African discourses and practices of 

prophecy, Gikuyu religion, and Gikuyu nationalist strategies that drew on different and 

opposing prophetic traditions, and, in a broader sense, discourses of religion in Africa. By 

locating his early work within the nexus of these discourses, a far more nuanced view of 

Ngugi’s relation to religious and nationalist discourses emerges. 

1484. Mbaya, H. CAMERON K. NGEWU, FIRST BLACK ARCHDEACON IN THE 

CHURCH OF THE PROVINCE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA: 1896-1987. 

In this article, I will outline the life of Cameron Kenati Ngewu, the first black priest to be 

appointed to the senior position of archdeacon in the Anglican Church in Southern Africa in 

1957. Based in Qanqu in the Qumbu district, the former Transkei, from an early period 

Ngewu came under the influence of the missionaries. Trained as a teacher, and subsequently 

ordained priest in 1928, Ngewu held several important posts in the Anglican 

diocese of St. John’s based in Mthatha. However, following the election of James Schuster 

as bishop of the diocese of St. John’s in 1956, Schuster appointed Ngewu as the first black 

archdeacon in Southern Africa in 1957. Ngewu’s disciplined life and spirituality and 

administrative ability, and his confrontation of racist attitudes and practices of some of his 

white colleagues earned him great respect in his community. 

1485. Murray, M. FEMALE CORPOREALITY, MAGIC, AND GENDER IN THE 

BABYLONIAN TALMUD. Religion and Theology. 2008, 15:199-224. 

For the rabbis, female corporeality—and the control of the female body through rules 

and regulations—was the locus for (decidedly male) rabbinic piety, and a means for the 

rabbis to work out what constituted ideal maleness. In their constructions of what

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 439 

constituted “male” and “female,” the rabbis created a hierarchy in which males—in 

particular rabbinic males—were at the top of the hierarchy, and females were at the bottom. 

The focus of this article is the rabbinic taxonomy of human beings as found in the 

Babylonian Talmud, a multi-layered and edited corpus of Jewish literature dating from the 

third to the sixth or seventh centuries CE, redacted in its final form in Babylonia. 

1486. Nyende, P. AN ASPECT OF THE CHARACTER OF CHRISTIANITY IN 

AFRICA. Journal of Theology for Southern Africa. 2008, 132:38-52. 

Much has been written on and about Christianity in Africa but with relatively little on the 

subject of understanding it. This is an alarming state of affairs if we take it that Christianity 

in Africa may soon become the pre-eminent expression of Christianity in the world. To 

stimulate, therefore, a critical discussion on the subject of understanding Christianity in 

Africa, I give my observations on an aspect of the character of Christianity in Africa, by 

which I mean its form. I argue that the interface between the Christian faith and Africa’s 

‘enchanted’ world is what predominantly gives shape to, and accounts for, Christianity in 

Africa. Although this is best seen in African Instituted Churches, it is also present in 

Mission Churches. 

1487. Omerzu, H. THE PORTRAYAL OF PAUL’S OUTER APPEARANCE IN THE 

ACTS OF PAUL AND THECLA. RE-CONSIDERING THE CORRESPONDENCE 

BETWEEN BODY AND PERSONALITY IN ANCIENT LITERATURE. Religion and 

Theology. 2008, 15:252-279. 

This essay claims that Paul’s description in Acts Paul Thecl. 3, if read against the 

background of Graeco-Roman physiognomics, i.e., the belief in the coherence between 

outer appearance and inner qualities of a person, is not derogative as assumed in older 

research but agreeable. The positive interpretation of Paul’s outer appearance is corroborated 

by an analysis of the reactions he evokes in followers (Onesiphorus, Thecla) as 

well as opponents (Theoclia, Thamyris). It is demonstrated that Paul’s physiognomy 

corresponds to his apostolic identity. 

1488. Pettersson, P, and M. M. Lé Mon. A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE ON THE 

CHURCHES’ ROLE AS SOCIAL AGENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of Theology 

for Southern Africa. 2009, 133:111-125. 

This article explores the differences and similarities in the roles played in the arena of 

welfare by the majority churches in eight European countries and the churches in South 

Africa. After setting both contexts against the background of contemporary religious and 

social change, Kramer’s typology of the involvement of voluntary organisations in social 

issues forms a framework for a presentation of the welfare work of churches in Europe, 

using examples from case studies in eight towns. 

1489. Snyman, G. F. ‘IS IT NOT SUFFICIENT TO BE A HUMAN BEING?’ 

MEMORY, CHRISTIANITY AND WHITE IDENTITY IN AFRICA. Religion and 

Theology. 2008, 15:395-426. 

Within a hierarchy of senses where sight dominates, race constitutes a regime of 

visibility with whiteness as the master signifier in the Western world. The essay explores 

the impossibility to think beyond race in a world that is still deeply racist. Racism is not 

undone once people have seen through it. In illustrating the performativity of race in terms


of white identity issues, the discussion starts with a brief look at what constitutes identity 

and what is memory’s function in constructing particular identities. 

1490. Swart, I. MEETING THE RISING EXPECTATIONS? ON LOCAL 

CHURCHES AS ORGANISATIONS OF SOCIAL WELFARE IN SOUTH AFRICA. 

Journal of Theology for Southern Africa. 2009, 133:74-96. 

In this article the notion of ‘rising expectations’ is taken as a conceptual framework to 

develop a critical sociological perspective on the role of local churches as organisations of 

social welfare in present-day South African society. Inspired in particular by Arthur E. 

Farnsley’s recent work on developments in the welfare and religion context in the United 

States, an argument is developed on two levels. On the one hand, it is pointed out how the 

phenomenon of rising expectations captures a similar development regarding the churches’ 

role in social welfare both on the national and local levels of South African society. 

1491. Ullucci, D. BEFORE ANIMAL SACRIFICE, A MYTH OF INNOCENCE. 

Religion and Theology. 2008, 15:357-374. 

Animal sacrifice was one of the most pervasive and socially significant practices of 

Graeco-Roman religion. Yet, numerous Greek and Latin writers tell of a golden before the 

advent of sacrifice and meat eating. In this idealized world, humans lived at one with the 

gods and animal sacrifice did not exist. Such texts are often seen as part of a wider ancient 

critique of Graeco-Roman religion in general and animal sacrifice in particular. This 

interpretive model, largely sprung from Christian theologizing, sees animal sacrifice as a 

meaningless and base act, destined to be superseded. As a result of this ‘critique model’, 

scholars have not asked what the myth of a world without sacrifice means in a world in 

which sacrifice predominated. This paper seeks to correct the above view by analyzing 

these texts as instances of created myth. It approaches each occurrence of the myth as an 

instance of position-taking by a player in the field of cultural production. The paper seeks to 

further a redescription of Graeco-Roman antiquity by revealing the variety of ancient 

positions on sacrifice and their strategic use by competing cultural producers. 

1492. van den Heever, J. WEB 2.0: TECHNOLOGY FOR THE POSTMODERN 

SENSIBILITY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CHURCH. Journal of Theology for 

Southern Africa. 2008, 132:86-107. 

Web 2.0 is a new technology approach that in essence builds on the Internet’s existing 

culture of collaboration and individual freedom. This article argues that Web 2.0 is both 

creator and creation of the postmodern zeitgeist, with technology and social development 

existing in a mutually reinforcing spiral. To minister effectively to the postmodern world, 

the Church needs to understand how to use these new technologies and, more importantly, 

respond to the new world they simultaneously reflect and create. 

1493. Vaughan, M. ‘DIVINE KINGS’: SEX, DEATH AND ANTHROPOLOGY IN 

INTER-WAR EAST/CENTRAL AFRICA. Journal of African History. 2008, 49:383-401. 

The elaborate mortuary rites of the Chitimukulu (the paramount chief of the Bemba 

people) attracted the attention of both colonial administrators and anthropologists in interwar 

Northern Rhodesia. This paper examines the political and symbolic significance of

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 441 

these rites before turning to an analysis of accounts, by the anthropologist Audrey Richards, 

of the deaths of two ‘commoners’ in the 1930s. The paper argues that chiefly power resided 

less in the threat of death which was enacted spectacularly in the Chitimukulu’s mortuary 

rituals than in the promise to create and protect life, located in the practices of quotidian life. 

This promise of the creation and protection of life was being progressively undermined by 

the conditions of colonial rule. 

1494. Wechsberg, W. M. et al. SUBSTANCE USE AND SEXUAL RISK WITHIN 

THE CONTEXT OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN SOUTH AFRICA. Substance Use and 

Misuse. 2008, 43(8-9):1186-1201. 

This study examines substance use and sexual risk within the context of gender 

inequality among 163 women from an urban region of South Africa who were participating 

in a 2004-2006 study funded by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 

Items assessed patterns of substance use, gender inequality, risk communication, and 

psychological distress. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that economic 

dependence on a main partner and traditional beliefs about a woman’s right to refuse sex 

were associated with substance use prior to or during sex with that partner. The findings 

demonstrate that substance abuse prior to sex may reinforce traditional beliefs and that 

women with more progressive beliefs about gender ideology seem better able to control 

their substance use in risky environments. 

1495. Wellman, T. J. MAKING TRADITION OF AN ASS. ZÊNÔN THE ALEX- 

ANDRIAN, A WHITE DONKEY, AND CONVERSION TO HELLENISM. Religion and 

Theology. 2008, 15:321-339. 

Modern discussions of religious change in the ancient Mediterranean have frequently 

focused on the steady increase in Christian authority and numbers, and the related decrease 

in the number of ‘pagans’. This is frequently paired with a supercessionist logic that 

suggests Christianity is a new thing in contrast to the older, static, Jewish and pagan cultures. 

Looking at an invented conversion ritual (one moving from Judaism to Hellenism), 

we can begin to question the standard ideas of tradition and innovation in Late Antique 

religious cultures, and to see the ways that some Jews and Hellenes used Christian 

discourses to assert their own independence and agency. 

1496. Wright, L. ARCHDEACON MERRIMAN, ‘CALIBAN’, AND THE CATTLE- 

KILLING OF 1856–57. African Studies. 2008, 67(2):257-273. 

Did Archdeacon Merriman accept that Mhlakaza was Wilhelm Goliat? The short answer 

is that we don’t know and, indeed, the identification itself is still strongly contested. 

However, historical problems sometimes yield, or at least buckle slightly, when 

approached from unusual, tangential perspectives. If Goliat was Mhlakaza—and this article 

proceeds on the assumption that he was—this would have been, for Merriman, a highly 

disturbing and significant matter. For his erstwhile travelling companion and, more 

importantly, his first convert to the Church, to be deeply implicated in bringing about an 

appalling social catastrophe on the scale of the Cattle-Killing would be troubling from both 

a religious and a personal perspective.


URBAN STUDIES 

1497. Adonis, M., and M. T. E. Khan. ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICACY OF A 

SIMPLIFIED INFRARED ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. Journal of Energy in 

Southern Africa. 2008, 19(2):14-21. 

This paper summarizes a comparison of an always-on and a programmable type 

industrial style infrared dryer. The load power supplied for each kind of dryer is analysed. 

The design and implementation of an infrared radiation controller is also presented. The 

study includes both the theoretical aspects of the design process as well as an overview of 

the practical facets involved. The infrared drying system controller was subjected to 

comparative testing with an on/off control model, in order to observe the controller’s 

performance and validate its effectiveness. The proposed controller contributes to a more 

energy efficient drying system than the always-on techniques that are employed to fluctuate 

the heater temperature. 

1498. Eason, A. M. ‘ALL THINGS TO ALL PEOPLE TO SAVE SOME’: 

SALVATION ARMY MISSIONARY WORK AMONG THE ZULUS OF VICTORIAN 

NATAL. Journal of Southern African Studies. 2009, 35(1):7-27. 

Over the years a great deal of scholarly attention has been paid to the ‘civilising mission’, 

the theme that came to dominate the work of many European and American missionaries 

during the Victorian period. Convinced that the gospel should be accompanied by the 

virtues of Western culture, the practitioners of this Christian model often sought to 

refashion the daily lives and customs of ‘native’ converts. While various studies have 

examined the impact of the civilising mission, especially on the indigenous inhabitants of 

South Africa, far less research has been devoted to the missionaries who rejected this 

approach in whole or in part. 

1499. Fikrie, N., A. Hailu, and H. Belete. DETERMINATION AND ENUMERATION 

OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM OOCYSTS AND GIARDIA CYSTS IN LEGEDADI (ADDIS 

ABABA) MUNICIPAL DRINKING WATER SYSTEM. Ethiopian Journal of Health 

Development. 2008, 22(1):68-70. 

This study was aimed to determine the parasitological status of drinking water system in 

terms of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts at Legedadi site around Addis Ababa 

city. A total of 22 samples were tested using immunofluorescence technique from February 

to April, 2005 in which Cryptosporidium was detected in all samples at a concentration 

range of 1-7 and 33-53 oocysts/L in the treated and untreated water samples, respectively. 

Whereas, Giardia was found in 73% of the samples, with range 0-3 and 13-20 cysts/L 

concentration in the treated and untreated, respectively. The preliminary study as identified 

the need for timely follow-up of the water system in terms of cryptosporidiosis and 

giardiasis. 

1500. Fotso, J. C., A. Ezeh, and R. Oronje. PROVISION AND USE OF MATERNAL 

HEALTH SERVICES AMONG URBAN POOR WOMEN IN KENYA: WHAT DO WE 

KNOW AND WHAT CAN WE DO? Journal of Urban Health. 2008, 85(3):428-442. 

In sub-Saharan Africa, the unprecedented population growth that started in the second 

half of the twentieth century has evolved into unparalleled urbanization and an increasing 

proportion of urban dwellers living in slums and shanty towns, making it imperative to pay

VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 443 

greater attention to the health problems of the urban poor. In particular, urgent efforts need 

to focus on maternal health. Despite the lack of reliable trend data on maternal mortality, 

some investigators now believe that progress in maternal health has been very slow in 

sub-Saharan Africa. This study uses a unique combination of health facility- and 

individual-level data collected in the slums of Nairobi, Kenya to: (1) describe the provision 

of obstetric care in the Nairobi informal settlements; (2) describe the patterns of antenatal 

and delivery care, notably in terms of timing, frequency, and quality of care; and (3) draw 

policy implications aimed at improving maternal health among the rapidly growing urban 

poor populations.


CUMULATIVE AUTHOR INDEX 

Abbas, H., 0225 

Abong’o, B. O., 1150, 1151 

Abong’o, B. O. et al., 1232 

Abor, P. A., 1233 

Aboud, A. A., 0834 

Aboud, O., 0939 

Abraham, K., 0352 

Abubakar, A. et al., 0077 

Abugre, C., 0815 

Abu-Raddad, L. J. et al., 1234 

Abu-Zekry, M. et al., 1235 

Achu, E., 0226 

Acquaah, M., 0050 

Adam, H. M., 0227 

Adam, N. M., 1435 

Adams, R., 0078 

Adebajo, A., 1082 

Adebami, O. J. et al., 0079 

Adebanwi, W., 0641, 1109 

Adegbehingbe, O. O., 0081 

Adekoya-Sofowora, C. A., 0520 

Adelugba, D., 0228 

Adera, T., 0233 

Aderaye, G. et al., 1236 

Adewuya, A. O. et al., 1437 

Adhikari, M., 1083 

Adjei, M. C., 0050 

Admassie, D., 1081 

Adonis, M., 1497 

African Development Indicators, 0230 

Africa South of the Sahara, 0229 

Agiobu-Kemmer, I., 0234 

Aguas, R. et al., 1237 

Agyeman-Duah, I., 0232 

2010, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc. 

444 

Ahlstrom, G., 1010 

Ahmadi, A. et al., 1238 

Ahmed, A. J., 0233 

Ahmed, C., 1465 

Aidoo, M. et al., 0080 

Aimola, A., 1257 

Aina, A., 0234 

Aisien, M. S. O., 1152 

Aitsi-Selmi, A., 0816 

Aiyejina, F., 1133 

Ajab Amin, A., 0235 

Aka, N. A. et al., 1239 

Akinola, S. R., 0196 

Akintola, O., 1240 

Akinyemi, A., 0236 

Akinyoola, A. L., 0081 

Akokpari, J., 0237 

Akolo, C. et al., 1241 

Akoma, C., 0861 

Akukwe, C., 0238 

Alabi, A., 0763, 1134 

Alden, C. et al.,, 0239 

Alegi, P., 0642 

Alemseged, F. et al., 0484 

Alexander, G. J., 1186 

Alexander, P. et al., 0817 

Ali, A., 0876, 0905 

Alidou, H., 1466 

Alidou, O., 1466 

Alinovi, L., 0240 

Alissoutin, R. L., 0241 

Allain, J. P. et al., 0082 

Allemann, J., 1153 

Alou, A. T., 1084

Al-Qadi, W., 1110 

Alterman, D. M., 0872 

Amechi, E. P., 1242 

Amem, G. et al., 0397 

Amman, J., 0366 

Amosun, S. L., 0124 

Ampiah, J. G., 1432 

Amsalu, S., 0485 

Amucheazi, E., 0242 

Amuna, P., 1243 

Anderson, C. S., 1391 

Anderson, D., 0197 

Anderson, F. et al., 0083 

Andrews, J. R. et al., 1244 

Andrews, N. B., 0084 

Aning, K., 0243 

Anonymous, 0486, 0873, 1245-1247 

Anquandah, J. K., 0244 

Ansaldi, F. et al., 1248 

Ansoms, A., 0643 

Anukam, K. C. et al., 1249 

Anunobi, C. C. et al., 1250 

Anyangwe, C., 0245 

Apicella, C. L., 1251 

Appiah, P., 0701 

Apuzzo, M. L. et al., 0751 

Arasanyin, O., 0479, 0862 

Arbeille, P. et al., 1252 

Arbyn, M. et al., 1253 

Aremu, O., 0549 

Argent, A. C., 1254 

Arita, I., 1255 

Ariweiokuma, S., 0702 

Armes, R., 0703 

Armstrong, G. E., 1111 

Arnold, M., 0704 

Arrington, A. L., 0818 

Arthur, J. A., 0705 

Arya, A. P., 1256 

Aryeetey, E., 0706 

Ascough, R. S., 1112 

Aseffa, A., 0487 

Ashaye, A., 1257 

Asherson, R. A. et al., 1258 

Ashuntantang, J., 0707 

Aspeling, H. E., 1259 

Asrar, D., 0490 

CUMULATIVE AUTHOR INDEX / 445 

Assefa, T., 0708, 0709 

Assefa, Y. et al., 0488 

Assoumou, J., 0480, 0863 

Atkinson, S., 0189 

Auriacombe, C. J., 0650 

Auricchio, De Mello, M. T. et al., 1260 

Aust, M. C. et al., 1261 

Auton, A., 1129 

Auvert, B. et al., 1262 

Avenant, N. L., 0791 

Ayalew, M., 0507 

Ayantunde, A. A. et al., 0676 

Ayee, J. R. A., 0710, 1085 

Aylott, C., 0398 

Ayo-Yusuf, I. J., 0874 

Ayo-Yusuf, O. A., 0085, 0874, 0915 

Azerkan, F. et al., 1105 

Baab, K. L., 0752 

Baaz, M. E., 0644 

Babou, C. A., 0677 

Bacaer, N. et al., 1263 

Badejo, D., 0246 

Bai, Z. G. et al., 1264 

Baiada, C., 0645 

Baillieu, N., 0864 

Baines, G., 0247 

Bak, M., 0452 

Baker, D.-P., 1086 

Ballard, M., 0248 

Bamba, S. I., 0101 

Bamuamba, K. et al., 1154 

Banegas, R., 0278 

Bank, A., 1461 

Banks, R. H., 1383 

Barata, M., 0015 

Bardeen, R., 0453 

Barham, L., 0249 

Barlow, E., 0250 

Barnard, A., 0018 

Barnard, R., 0268 

Barnes, K., 0093 

Barnes, K. I. et al., 1265 

Barninghausen, T. et al., 1266 

Barrett, A. D., 0104 

Barrot, P., 0251 

Barry, B., 0252

446 / CUMULATIVE AUTHOR INDEX 

Barson, M., 0399 

Bashir, H., 0253 

Bastian, H., 0875 

Basu, A. et al., 1106 

Bate, R. et al., 1267 

Bates, A., 0403 

Bates, M. et al., 0086 

Bates, R. H., 0254 

Bauer, C., 0646 

Bauer, J., 1087 

Beck, I. A. et al., 1268 

Beck, L. J., 0255 

Becker, H., 0198 

Becker, L., 0776 

Beckerleg, S., 0697, 0819, 1155 

Begley, E. B. et al., 1269 

Behr-Gross, M. E., 1160 

Bejiga, A., 0507 

Bekele, A., 0876, 0877 

Bekele, A. et al., 0489 

Bekele, G., 0820 

Bekibele, C. O., 1270 

Bekiita, M., 0543 

Bekry, A. A., 1097 

Belete, H., 1499 

Bell, C. C. et al., 1271 

Bell, D. J. et al., 1272 

Benatur, S. R., 0909 

Bender, M. V., 0454 

Bennett, N. C., 0442, 1195 

Benti, D., 0538 

Beraho, M. K., 0256 

Bercovich, D., 1350 

Bergholm, L., 0243 

Bergman, S. et al., 1273 

Bernard, R. T. F., 0447 

Bernitz, H. et al., 1274 

Berrisford, A. E., 1380 

Besteman, C., 0257, 1088 

Beyene, F., 0821 

Beyers, C., 1089 

Bhagwanjee, S., 0971 - 0973 

Bhargava, P., 1275 

Bhattacharya, M., 1276 

Bhayat, A. et al., 1277 

Bhimma, R. et al., 1278 

Bidmos, M. A., 1279 

Bird, B. H. et al., 1280 

Bishai, D., 1324 

Bisschop, S. P., 1184 

Bisson, G. P. et al., 1281, 1282 

Black, V. et al., 0878, 1283 

Blaker, L., 0258 

Blin, M., 0455 

Blommaert, J., 0259 

Bloom, S., 0260 

Blum, J., 1284 

Bo, K., 0445 

Boas, M., 0647 

Bock, J., 0853 

Bock, P. et al., 0087 

Boehmer, E., 0261 

Boileau, C. et al., 1285 

Boko, S., 0262 

Bologna, S. A., 0822 

Bolton, G., 0263 

Bompani, B., 1467 

Bond, W. J., 0404 

Bongmba, E. K., 1090 

Bonnet, M. C., 0088 

Bony, Y. K. et al., 0400 

Boonstra, H. D., 1286 

Borjeson, L., 0823 

Bosch, F. J. et al., 1287 

Bosch, T., 0681 

Boswell, R., 0264 

Botha, A. D. P., 0037 

Botha, C., 1156 

Botha, E. et al., 1288 

Botha, H., 0810 

Bothma, P., 0051 

Bothma, T. J. D., 0051 

Bougoudogo, F., 0101 

Boulle, A. M., 1380 

Bourderionnet, O., 0381 

Boussen, H. et al., 0879 

Bouttiaux, A.-M. et al., 0265 

Bouwer, A., 1233 

Bowker, M. B., 0401 

Boyce Davies, C., 0266 

Boyer, P. et al., 1438 

Bradbury, M., 0267 

Bradley, A. J. et al., 1289 

Brass, J. N., 0456

Bratton, M., 0199 

Bregani, E. R., 1290 

Breier, M., 0089 

Breitinger, E., 0312 

Brent, A. C., 1436 

Brewster, C., 0742 

Briand, V. et al., 1291 

Briggs, P., 0268 

Brockington, D., 0824 

Broker, M., 1292 

Bromberg, M. B., 0636 

Bronowicki, J. P. et al., 1293 

Brookes, H., 0598 

Brookes, R. H. et al., 1294 

Brooks, G. E., 0052 

Brown, G. R., 0035 

Brown, J. S., 0410 

Brown, K., 1157 

Brown, T. et al., 0880 

Bruce, J., 1295 

Bruchhaus, E.-M., 0269 

Brysiewicz, P., 1295 

Bryson, D., 0382 

Buckner, E. B., 1033 

Bukirwa, H. et al., 0090 

Bunting, M. J., 0020 

Burger, E. H., 0881 

Burleson, B., 0764 

Burns, J. K., 0882, 1098 

Burrows, S., 0091 

Bursey, C. R., 0413 

Busari, O., 1296, 1296 

Butler, A., 0270 

Butoto, C., 0188 

Bystrom, K., 0765 

Caceres, C. F. et al., 0883 

Cain, K. P. et al., 1297 

Caine, B., 0648 

Callegari, J., 1299 

Callegari, L. et al., 0884 

Calvo, D. et al., 0092 

Campbell, B., 0271 

Campbell, D. B. et al., 0885 

Campbell, P. l., 0777 

Campbell, P. L. et al., 0778 

Cantaloube, J. F. et al., 1298 

Cao, V. et al., 0886 


Carlin, J., 0272 

Carlson, M., 1442 

Carman, J., 1135 

Carnochan, W. B., 0273 

Caro, T., 0402 

Carstens, P., 1284 

Carter, J., 1091 

Carter, M., 1299 

Casey, C., 1468 

Castilho, R., 0015 

Castillo-Riquelme, M., 0093 

Cattoli, G., 0094 

Caulker, T. M., 0766 

Cazorla, C. et al., 1300 

Ceesay, S. J. et al., 1301 

Celliers, L., 1193 

Celum, C. et al., 1302 

Ceronio, G. M., 1153 

Certain, L. K. et al., 1303 

Chabeli, P. M. et al., 0016 

Chachage, C. S. L., 0274 

Chafota, J., 0779 

Chakravarti, A., 0121 

Challi, D., 0538 

Chandramohan, D. et al., 0887 

Charalambous, S. et al., 1304 

Chasela, C. et al., 1305 

Chazan, M. et al., 1126 

Cheeseman, N., 0649 

Chegou, N. N. et al., 0095 

Cheikh Rouhou, S. et al., 0888 

Chen, S. C. et al., 0096 

Chennells, R., 1229 

Chevalier, T., 0376 

Chhabra, M. et al., 1306 

Chhabra, R., 1394 

Chikweche, T., 0062 

Chinikar, S. et al., 0097 

Chirambo, K., 0275, 0276, 0277 

Choi, S. Y., 0854 

Chrétien, J.-P., 0278 

Cilleruelo, M. J. et al., 0098 

Cilliers, J., 1113 

Clack, T., 0753 

Clark, J. F., 0279 

Clark, T. D. et al., 1307 

Clarke, D., 0280 

Clarke, M., 0281


Clarkson, J. H., 0889 

Claude, K. M., 0139 

Clement, J. A.P., 0282 

Clementson, C. L., 1158 

Clermont, O. et al., 1159 

Cliggett, L., 0825 

Cloete, F., 0650, 1092 

Cloete, L. M., 0533 

Clusella-Trullas, S., 0403 

Cluver, L. D., 1439 

Cochrane, G. W. G., 0754 

Coester, M., 0383 

Coetsee, C., 0404 

Coetser, J. L., 1114 

Coffey, P. S. et al., 1308 

Cohen, M. S. et al., 1309 

Cole, R., 0017 

Collins, R. O., 0283 

Combrink, A., 1473 

Combrink, N. J. J., 0032 

Compion, R. X. S., 1202 

Connell, A. D., 0405, 0780 

Cook, C. T., 1216 

Cook, I. et al., 0890 

Cook, N. C., 1208 

Cooper, B., 0284 

Cooper, F., 0208 

Corfield, J., 0285 

Corin, E., 1454 

Cornman, D. H. et al., 1310 

Corrado, J., 0865 

Cottle, S., 0200 

Court, A., 0651 

Courtin, D. et al., 1311 

Courtin, F. et al., 0099 

Cowan, F. M. et al., 0100 

Crampin, A. C. et al., 1312 

Craven, M., 0018 

Crawford, G., 0286 

Crespin, L. et al., 0019 

Crompton, P. D. et al., 1313 

Cronin, J., 0368 

Cronje, J. C., 0051 

Crouch, R. B., 1440 

Crow, B., 0767 

Crush, J., 0287 

Currey, J., 0288 

Daas, A., 1160 

Dadi, L., 0490 

da Fonseca, M.A., 1314 

Dagne, G., 0491 

Dahlberg, A. C., 0781 

Dalerum, F. et al., 0782 

Daley, E., 0308 

Daley, P., 0289 

Daly, J., 1160 

Darah, G. G., 0290 

Darko, D., 0084 

Darracq, V., 0201 

Das, S. et al., 1161 

da Silva, L. H. et al., 1315 

Davey, G., 0504, 0990 

David, S. et al., 1316 

Davies, M. I. J., 0755 

Davies, O. R. et al., 0783 

Dawson, A. C., 0291 

Day, C. L. et al., 1317 

de Alvarenga, E. R., 0406 

Debella, A. et al., 0492 

de Bruyn, P. J. N. et al., 0407, 0784 

Deccache, A., 1373 

de Coning, C., 0826 

de Franca, L. R., 0406 

Degenhardt, L. et al., 1441 

DeGeorges, P. A., 0292 

De Groot, A., 0101 

de Jager, M., 1136 

de Jongh, M., 0682 

de Klerk, T., 0891 

de Lamballerie, X. et al., 0102 

Deleage, P., 0293 

Delgado, E. et al., 1318 

Delmas, O. et al., 1162 

Delport, S., 0621 

Delshad, E. et al., 1163 

de Meyer, E. M. et al., 1164 

Demissie, A., 0449 

de Montclos, M.-A. P., 0683 

Denis, P., 0684 

Denny, L. et al., 1319 

Depelchin, J., 1093, 1094 

Deressa, W., 0491 

Derrick, J., 0294 

Desmond, C. et al., 1320

Dessalegn, Y., 1165 

Desta, K. et al., 0493 

de Vries, J., 1321 

de Walque, D., 0892 

de Wet, C., 0678 

Dhillion, S. S., 1210 

Dhupelia-Mesthrie, U., 1462 

Dinar, A. et al.,, 0295 

Diro, E. et al., 0494 

DjeDje, J. C., 0296 

Djite, P. G., 0297 

Djomand, G. et al., 1322 

Dobler, G., 0827 

Dotchin, C. L., 1323 

Dow, A., 0584 

Dowden, R., 0298 

Dowdy, D. W., 1324 

Downs, C. T., 0401, 0444 

Doxtader, E., 0320 

Doyle, S., 1115 

Drewal, H. J., 0299 

Dreyer, E., 1137 

D’Souza, B. R., 0300 

Dube, S., 0103 

Duffin, K. I., 0020 

Dunkle, K. L. et al., 1325 

Duplantier, J.-M., 0445 

Du Plessis, A., 0807 

du Plessis, E., 0625 

du Plessis, M. et al., 1166 

du Preez, A., 0384 

du Preez, C. C., 0021, 0025, 0026 

du Preez, M., 0652 

Durrheim, D. N., 0609 

du Toit, J. T., 0792 

Du Toit, N. B., 1116 

Dutta, A., 0088 

Duvivier, C. et al., 1326 

Duze, Mustapha C., 0301 

Dzudie, A., 0133 

Earle, N., 0302 

Earls, F., 1442 

Eason, A. M., 1498 

Ebenso, B., 1456 

Economic Outlook, 0231 

Edginton, M. E. et al., 1327 


Edmond, K. M. et al., 0893 

Edwards, A., 0138 

Edwards, P. C. et al., 1328 

Edwards, T., 0653 

Edwin, S., 0003 

Efferth, T., 1342 

Egbert, P. R., 1397 

Egeland, J., 0303 

Eggermont, H., 0420 

Einstein, G., 1329 

Ekeh, P., 0304 

Ekosse, G. E., 0785, 0786 

Ekosso, R., 0305 

Ekwempu, C. C., 0943 

Elaigwu, I., 0306 

Eliah, E. et al., 1095 

Ellender, B. R. et al., 0408 

Ellis, B. R., 0104 

Ellis, S., 1096 

Eloff, P., 0409 

Elsohly, M. A., 0105 

Elton, S., 1127 

Emanuel, R. H. et al., 0894 

Emenyonu, E. N., 0307 

Engelbrecht, D., 1167 

Engelbrecht, G. M., 0021 

Englert, B., 0308 

English, M., 0154 

Ens, C. D. et al., 1330 

Epp, T., 1168 

Epprecht, M., 0309, 0310 

EQUINET, 0311 

Erasmus, J. C., 1117, 1118 

Erasmus, R. T., 0518 

Erikstrup, C. et al., 1331 

Esonwanne, U., 0385 

Espada-Jallad, C., 0907 

Esterhuizen, T., 1098 

Esterhuyse, K. G., 0532 

Etenna, S. L. et al., 1332 

Etkind, A., 1469 

Etoke, N., 1138 

Evans, N., 1119 

Ewansiha, S. U. et al., 0022 

Ezeh, A., 1500 

Ezenwa-Ohaeto, 0312 

Ezigbo, V. I., 1120


Fabian, J., 0313 

Fagan, J. J., 0578 

Faith, J. T., 0756 

Falola, T., 0236, 0314-0317 

Falush, D., 1129 

Fanello, C. I. et al., 0106 

Fang, S. et al., 1333 

Fanson, B. G., 0410 

Fanson, K. V., 0410 

Fantahun, M., 0499 

Farley, J. U., 0053 

Fassin, D., 0654 

Fasunla, A. J., 1335 

Fasunla, A. J. et al., 1334 

Faulkes, C. G., 0442 

February, E. C., 0404 

Fee, E., 0895 

Feinberg, H. M., 0828 

Feller, L. et al., 0896 

Fergus, C., 0855 

Ferrari, M. J. et al., 1336 

Ferraro, P. J., 1217 

Ferreira, M., 0856 

Ferreira, P. E. et al., 0107 

Ferreira, R., 0655, 0656 

Fichet-Calvet, E. et al., 0108 

Fikrie, N., 1499 

Fiorini, S., 0109 

Firnhaber, C. et al., 0897 

Fisher, R. C., 0495 

Fjeldstad, O.-H., 0829 

Fleming, P. et al., 1337 

Fletcher, M. A., 1398 

Fokas, E., 1470 

Fonseca, M. M. et al., 0023 

Fontein, J., 0457 

Foord, S. H. et al., 0411 

Forman, E. M., 0206 

Fortuin, J., 0980 

Forward, B. W. et al., 1338 

Fotso, J. C., 1500 

Fouche, D. S., 0037 

Fouche, P. S., 0785, 0786 

Fourie, I., 0054, 0898 

Fourshey, C. C., 0055 

Franklin, N. R., 1128 

Franzidis, E., 0386 

French, C., 0762 

Fritz, V., 0664 

Froneman, P. W., 0418 

Fuster, V., 0998 

Fuzikawa, P. L., 1456 

Fyumagwa, R. D. et al., 0412, 0787 

Galgalo, T. et al., 1339 

Galloway, F., 0064 

Ganas, J., 0788 

Ganasen, K. A. et al., 1443 

Gardner, F., 1439 

Garmany, T. H. et al., 1340 

Garrib, A. et al., 0899 

Gasche, C. et al., 1341 

Gastrow, M., 0910 

Gaugris, J. Y., 0789 

Gautret, P. et al., 1169 

Gebe, B. Y., 0657 

Gebissa, E., 1170 

Geddes, R. et al., 0900 

Gehrig, S., 1342 

Geibel, S. et al., 0901 

Geissbuehler, V. et al., 1343 

Gelaw, B., 0496 

Gelaw, Y., 0989 

Genberg, B. L. et al., 1344 

Getachew, A., 0497 

Gharbi, M. B., 0939 

Ghebremichael, S. et al., 1345 

Gibbons, R., 1133 

Gibney, K. B. et al., 1346 

Gibson, D., 0218 

Gibson, W., 1347 

Gilbert, C. E. et al., 1348 

Gill, G. et al., 0110 

Gisselquist, D., 1349 

Githiora, C. K., 0004 

Glynn, J. R. et al., 0902 

Go, Y., 0024 

Gobodo-Madikizela, P., 1444 

Godlwana, L. et al., 0111 

Goldberg, S. R., 0413 

Goldberger, J. R., 0458 

Goldie, S. J., 0963 

Goldman, M. H., 0872 

Gomez-Perez, M., 0219

Gong, C. et al., 1107 

Goodman, G., 1350 

Goosen, J., 0112 

Goossens, W., 0610 

Gopal, R. S. D. V., 1401 

Gopaldasani, V. K., 0521 

Gordon, R. J., 0714 

Gordon, S. V., 0498 

Gosling, J., 1351 

Gouws, A., 1118, 1471 

Grace, D. et al., 1171 

Gradoni, L. et al., 0113 

Graewe, F. R., 0569 

Graham, S., 0658 

Graiouid, S., 0387 

Graziani, M., 1172 

Greeff, M. et al., 0114 

Green, M., 0005 

Green, R. J. et al., 0903 

Green, S., 1472 

Greenwood, B., 0115 

Greenwood, B. M. et al., 1352 

Greenwood, Z., 1353 

Greyling, F., 1473 

Grier, S. A., 1426 

Griffiths, C. L., 0417 

Grijsen, M. L. et al., 0904 

Groene, O. et al., 1354 

Groenewald, C. W., 1183 

Grusak, M. A., 1173 

Gryzagoridis, J., 1125 

Guech-Ongey, M. et al., 1355 

Guerra, C. A. et al., 1356 

Gueye, K., 0006 

Gul, W., 0105 

Gureje, O., 1270 

Gurmu, E., 1218 

Guseh, J. S., 0459 

Gwatirisa, P., 0830 

Gyimah, S. O., 1357 

Habgood, P. J., 1128 

Habjan, M. et al., 1358 

Hachibamba, S., 0733 

Haddad, B., 0685 

Haddad, F., 1374 

Hadfield, K. A., 0414 


Haglund, D., 0460 

Haileselassie, B., 0905 

Hailu, A., 1499 

Haines, R., 0056 

Hakansson, N. T., 0757 

Halle, L. et al., 0116 

Haller, T., 0659, 0837 

Hallett, T. B. et al., 1359-1361 

Hamad, R. et al., 1445 

Hamel, C. El, 0686 

Hamel, M. J. et al., 0117 

Hammond, R., 1362 

Hanretta, S., 0687 

Hansen, A. C., 1158 

Harding, R. et al., 1363 

Hardy, B. J. et al., 1219, 1364 

Hargreaves, J. R. et al., 1365 

Haricharan, H. J., 0220 

Harif, M. et al., 1366 

Haring, L., 0473 

Harries, A. D. et al., 0118 

Harris, A. J., 0164 

Harris, D. J., 0015 

Harry, T. C., 1362, 1367 

Hartmann, C., 0286 

Haskis, A., 1451 

Hatloy, A., 0647 

Hattas, D., 0792 

Haubek, D. et al., 1368 

Haugh, W. A., 0831 

Hawkridge, T. et al., 1369 

Hayward, M. W., 0415, 0790 

Heaton, M. M., 0315 

Heideman, N. J. L. et al., 0416 

Hellenthal, G., 1129 

Hemingway, J., 1390 

Hempson, T. N., 0417 

Hemrich, G., 0240 

Hendricks, F., 0660 

Henninger, T. O., 0418 

Herbert, J. D., 0206 

Herrmann, E., 0791 

Herselman, A., 0388 

Herselman, L., 1165 

Hervey, A. F., 1408 

Hesketh, T., 0126 

Hessen, D. O., 1178


Hewinson, G., 0630 

Higginson, P., 0007 

Hill, K. L., 1203 

Hiluf, M., 0499 

Hodes, M. et al., 1446 

Hodgson, A. et al., 1370 

Hodgson, A. N., 0418 

Hodgson, D. L., 0823 

Hoenig, S., 0053 

Hoffmann, M. et al., 1371 

Hoge, C., 1314 

Holvoet, N., 0461 

Homaifar, N., 0389 

Hong, R., 0936 

Hoosen, A. A., 0103 

Hopkins, H. et al., 1372 

Horn, A., 0828 

Hoskins, R., 0061 

Houeto, D., 1373 

Hrabar, H., 0792 

Hume, S. E., 0209 

Hunt, S. A., 1374 

Hunter, E., 0462 

Hyde, J. E., 0119 

Ibadin, O. M. et al., 1375 

Ibeanu, O., 0242 

Ice, G. H., 0857 

Idemyor, V., 1376 

Idoniboye, G., 1447 

Igwe, C. U., 0805 

Ike, S. O., 1377 

Imasuen, A. A., 1152 

Ismail, N., 0103 

Ismail, Z., 0053 

Israel-Ballard, K. A. et al., 1378 

Iwelunmor, J. et al., 0858 

Izugbara, C. O., 0120, 1474 

Jackson, C. R. et al., 0419 

Jackson, T., 0060 

Jacobs, L., 0533 

Jacobs, Z. et al., 0001 

Jacobsen, K. H., 0169 

Jacobsen, N. F., 0794 

Jain, M., 0121 

Jakobsson, M. et al., 0906 

Jallad, K. N., 0907 

Jalloh, A., 0316 

Jalloh, A. et al., 1379 

Jaoko, W. et al., 0122 

Jaspan, H. B., 1380 

Jaspan, H. B. et al., 0123 

Jefferis, J. M. et al., 1381 

Jelsma, J., 0124 

Jenkins, E., 0866 

Jennings, K. et al., 0793 

Jezile, G. G. et al., 1174 

Jiyane, G. V., 0832 

Joe, S. et al., 1099 

John-Langba, J., 0674 

Johnson, A. M. A., 1401 

Johnson, D. H., 0474 

Johnson, S. D., 1208 

Johnson, S. E., 0853 

Johnstone, B., 0463 

Jones, C. et al., 0125 

Jones, C. J. et al., 1382 

Jones, K. D., 0126 

Jones, T. F., 1100 

Jordaan, D. W., 0908 

Jorgel, M., 1416 

Joska, J. A., 0909 

Jourdan, P. M. et al., 0127 

Jubber, K., 0926 

Jul-Larsen, E., 1463 

Juma, E., 0857 

Jung, P., 1383 

Jutavijittum, P. et al., 0128 

Kaag, M., 0221 

Kabyemela, E. R. et al., 1384 

Kaczmarek, L., 0420 

Kagee, A., 1448 

Kahn, M., 0910 

Kahn, M. T. E., 0224 

Kairo, J. G., 1220 

Kalaria, R. N. et al., 1449 

Kalichman, S. C. et al., 1385 

Kaliski, S. Z., 0909 

Kalu, K., 1216 

Kalusa, W. T., 0859 

Kambewa, D., 0522 

Kamler, J. F., 0791, 0794

Kamugisha, M. L. et al., 0129 

Kanbur, R., 0706 

Kandeh, J. D., 0661 

Kane, C. T. et al., 1386 

Kankam, B. O., 0795 

Kaplinsky, C., 1475 

Kapooria, R. K., 0698 

Kapteijns, L., 0768 

Kara, B. et al., 0130 

Karsenty, A., 0471 

Kasana, K. S., 0698 

Kassahun Waktola, D., 0131 

Kassu, A., 1052 

Katapa, R. S., 0137 

Katende-Kyenda, N. L. et al., 0911, 1387 

Katunda, I., 0188 

Katz, I., 0912 

Kawonga, M. et al., 1388 

Kefale, M., 0877 

Kegels, G., 0559 

Keiser, O. et al., 0132, 1389 

Kellner, K., 1188 

Kelly-Hope, L., 1390 

Kendall-Taylor, N., 0913 

Kengne, A. P., 0133, 1391 

Kengne, A. P. et al., 1392 

Kennedy, W. J., 0421-0423, 0796-0798 

Kenny, B., 0464 

Kerley, G. I. H., 0415, 0790 

Khan, M. A. et al., 1393 

Khan, M. T. E., 1497 

Khan, S., 0318 

Khilnani, P., 1394 

Kidane, T. et al., 0500 

Kiene, S. M. et al., 1395 

Kilewo, C. et al., 1396 

Kim, H. Y., 1397 

Kimenyi, M. S., 0199 

Kimurto, P. K. et al., 1175 

Kirkpatrick, J. J., 0889 

Kirmayer, L. J., 1454 

Kiyawa, I. A., 0301 

Klaas, B., 0057 

Klein, R. G., 0377 

Klenerman, L., 1256 

Klieman, K. A., 0058 

Klimas, N., 1398 


Klinger, H. C., 0421-0424, 0796-0799 

Kloos, H. et al., 0501 

Klopp, J. M., 0662 

Knoetze, H., 0871 

Kober, K., 0559 

Koneru, A. O., 1398 

Konings, P., 0663 

Koola, J. I., 0189 

Koopman, F. A. et al., 0914 

Koster, R. W., 0078 

Kouassi, K. I. et al., 1176 

Kozlovic, A., 1476 

Krecsak, L., 0145 

Kreike, E., 0833 

Krige, S., 1477 

Krings, M., 0688 

Krogman, N., 0530 

Kruger, L., 0769 

Kruger, L. M., 0432 

Kruk, A. et al., 1399 

Krumbholz, A. et al., 1400 

Kula, N. C., 0481 

Kumar, M. N. C. V., 1401 

Kumar, S., 0698 

Kumbi, S., 0502 

Kurane, I., 0511 

Kuye, R. A. et al., 1177 

Kynoch, G., 0699 

Labbe, A. C., 0171 

Labuschagne, M., 1165 

Labuschagne, M. T., 0018 

Laflamme, L., 0091 

LaFontant, J. G., 0544 

Lakhoo, K., 0940 

Lallo, R., 0915 

Laris, P., 0425 

Lasisi, A. O., 1335 

Lautier, M., 0210 

Lawrie, R., 0889 

Lawson, H. J., 0084 

Leach, M. A. et al., 0134 

Ledesma-Montes, C. et al., 0916 

Lee, G. H., 0135 

Lee, R., 0378 

Lee, W. M., 0917 

Lehmann, M. B. et al., 0426


Leigheb, G. et al., 0136 

Lekgoathi, S. P., 0475 

Lema, L. A., 0137 

Le Marchis, F., 0654 

Le Mon, M. M., 1488 

Lenachuru, C., 0834 

LenkaBula, P., 1478 

le Roux, B., 0390 

le Roux, P. A. L., 0025 

Lester, D., 1479 

Lethata, T., 0654 

Levin, K., 0138 

Levine, P. H., 0918 

Lewis, D. A. et al., 0919, 0920 

Lewis, M., 0741 

Li, J. Z. et al., 0921 

Lim, S. G., 0135 

Lindgren, P., 0856 

Lindholm, M., 1178 

Little, A. C., 1251 

Little, P. D., 0834 

Liu, W. et al., 1179 

Lobnibe, I., 0835 

Lochery, E., 0197 

Lockhart, S. R. et al., 1180 

Lofvander, M., 1010 

Lohmuller, K. E. et al., 0922 

Lombardi, C. et al., 1108 

Long, L., 0180 

Longombe, A. O., 0139 

Longo-Mbenza, B. et al., 0140 

Lonzer, J., 1167 

Lor, P. J., 0059 

Louw, D. J., 1480 

Louw, L., 0060 

Louwrens, L. J., 0427 

Low-Beer, D., 0912 

Lues, J. F., 0592 

Lukandu, O. M. et al., 0141 

Luke, T. S., 1481 

Lundgren, A. C., 0950 

Lybaert, P. et al., 1181 

Ma’ali, S. H., 0800 

Macdonald, D. W., 0794 

Mace, R., 0923, 1218 

MacFie, T. S. et al., 0379 

Machet, M. P., 0844 

Machus, N., 0799 

Madella, M., 0762 

Madgula, V. L. et al., 1182 

Madhi, S. A., 1076 

Magazi, D. S. et al., 0924 

Maharajh, J., 0601 

Maher-Sturgess, S. L. et al., 0142 

Mahieu, G., 0577 

Mahjoub, T., 1071 

Mahlangu, J. N. et al., 0925 

Mahomed, H. et al., 0143 

Makoae, M. G., 0926 

Makombe, S. D. et al., 0144, 0503 

Makoni, S., 0867 

Malchus, N., 0424 

Malina, T., 0145 

Malloy, J., 0927 

Maltezou, H. C., 0631 

Mammadov, F., 0222 

Manderson, L., 0830 

Mann, G., 0008 

Manoto, S. N., 0997 

Manzardo, C. et al., 0146 

Marais, A. S., 1183 

Marais, G. F., 1183 

Marais, L. et al., 0679 

Marake, M. V., 0026 

Markos, E., 0504 

Marks, A. S., 1426 

Markus, H. S. et al., 0505 

Marlowe, F. W., 1251 

Marten, L., 0481 

Martens, A., 0711 

Martinez, R., 0626 

Martinon-Torres, M. et al., 1130 

Martinussen, M., 0993 

Mash, B. et al., 0928 

Mason, S. C., 1199 

Masquelier, A., 1482 

Mathuray, M., 1483 

Matthew, P., 1275 

Mawindo, D., 0061 

Mayaud, P., 0613, 1001 

Mayaud, P. et al., 0929 

Mayosi, B. M. et al., 0930 

Mazel, A. D., 0746

Mbana, P., 0332 

Mbanyana, N., 0428, 0801 

Mbaya, H., 1484 

Mbidde, E. K., 0167 

Mbohwa, C., 0223 

Mbonye, A. K., 0543 

McCoy, D. et al., 0931 

McCrindle, C. M., 1184 

McGill, S., 0482, 0868 

McGraw, W. S., 0429 

McGregor, J., 0836 

McIntyre, D., 0093 

McIntyre, H. D., 1079 

McLaren, J., 0869 

McLaren, N. W., 1156, 1215 

McMillan, I. K., 0430, 0431, 0802, 0803 

McNutt, J. W. et al., 0804 

Meekers, D., 0589 

Meel, B. L., 1221 

Mehler, A., 0243 

Mejean, C. et al., 0506 

Mejia, P., 0545 

Melkamu, V., 0502 

Melkamu, Y., 0509 

Mendes, A. M. et al., 1185 

Mendy, M. E. et al., 0147 

Menendez, C. et al., 0932 

Menigistu, Y., 0496 

Menocal, A. R., 0664 

Mensa-Bonsu, I. F., 0050 

Mensah-Quainoo, E. et al., 0148 

Merten, S., 0659, 0837 

Meseret, A., 0507 

Meyer, C. G. et al., 0149 

Meyers, W. M., 1012 

Michalczyk, L., 0420 

Midgley, J. J., 0432 

Milella, M. S., 1172 

Miles, K. et al., 0508 

Millard, A. R., 0758 

Miller, A. K., 1186 

Misganaw, A., 0509 

Mishra, V., 0936 

Misra, A., 0557 

Mkandawire, N. et al., 0510 

Mkoka, S., 0124 

Modi, G. et al., 0933 


Modise, K., 1184 

Moghanaki, D. et al., 0934 

Mohamed, A. K., 0224 

Mohammed, H., 0301 

Mokopakgosi, B. T., 0465 

Molete, S. F., 0026 

Molla, M. et al., 0935 

Molony, T., 0466 

Molutsi, P., 0667 

Momba, M. N., 1150, 1151 

Moncrieff, G. R., 0432 

Montana, L. S., 0936 

Montoya-Maya, P. H., 1187 

Moodie, T. D., 0838 

Moodley, M. N., 0433 

Moore, M., 0829 

Moore, S. W., 0937 

Moore, S. W. et al., 0150 

Moran, S., 0770 

Morikawa, S., 0511 

Mosse, D., 0839 

Mostert, B. J., 0832 

Motsamai, S. E., 0646 

Moudileno, L., 0009 

Moultrie, T. A. et al., 0151 

Moussa, A. S., 1188 

Mphahlele, M. et al., 1189 

Mtigwe, B., 0062 

Mtiraoui, N., 1071 

Mtshali, K., 0771 

Mueller, S. D., 0665 

Mulaudzi, T. W. et al., 0027 

Mulder, A. A. et al., 0152 

Muller, K., 0028 

Mulonga, A., 0399 

Mundell, J. P., 1003 

Mungai, M. w., 0391 

Mung’ala-Odera,V. et al., 0938 

Mungongo, C., 0940 

Mupuala, A., 0584 

Murdoch, A., 1139 

Murdoch, H. A., 1140 

Murithi, T., 0237 

Murray, M., 1000, 1485 

Musa, A. S., 0137 

Musa, J., 0943 

Musemwa, M., 0840


Mushai, A., 0029 

Muthomi, J. W., 0043 

Mutimura, E. et al., 0153 

Mutisya, D., 0841 

Mvula, P., 1463 

Mwambakana, J. N., 1151 

Mwansa, L.-K. J., 0063 

Mweu, E., 0154 

Myer, L. et al., 0512, 1101 

Mytton, J. et al., 0513 

Nacher, M., 1190 

Nadasen, K., 0218 

Naddumba, E. K., 0514 

Nadjm, B. et al., 0155 

Naghipour, M., 0156 

Naicker, S., 0939 

Naidoo, K., 0601 

Naidoo, S., 1049, 1226 

Naidoo, S. et al., 1222 

Nakagomi, O., 0156 

Nakagomi, T., 0156 

Nakane, M., 1255 

Nakayama, S., 0842 

Nam, S. L. et al., 0157 

Namikawa, K. et al., 0158 

Nandi, B., 0940 

Ndetei, D. M. et al., 0675 

Ndinga-Muvumba, A., 0237 

Ndlovu, M. E., 0467 

Ndowa, F., 0613, 1001 

Negeri, C., 1052 

Neghina, R. et al., 0159 

Negussie, D., 0941 

Nencini, P., 1172 

Neogi, S. B., 1276 

Newell, S., 0392 

Ng’andu, O., 0625 

Ngnemzue, A. B. L., 0680 

Ngoma, D. et al., 0160 

Ngondi, J. et al., 0515 

Nhiwatiwa, T., 0399 

Nicastri, E. et al., 0161 

Nic Fhogartaigh, C. et al., 0162 

Niedbala, W., 0434 

Nieman, M. M., 1141 

Niimura, Y., 0024 

Njoku, P. C., 0700 

Nkya, G. M. et al., 0163 

Nleya, N., 0849 

Nnorom, I. C., 1122 

Noffke, C. E., 0942 

Norman, R. et al., 0516 

Norris, S. A. et al., 1223 

Novitsky, V. et al., 0517 

Nutt, L., 0518 

Nyagua, J. Q., 0164 

Nyairo, J., 0010 

Nyambi, P. N., 0956 

Nyamukapa, C. A. et al., 1102 

Nyamweru, C., 0340 

Nyende, P., 1486 

Nyunt, M. M., 0519 

Obi, C. L. et al., 1191 

O’Brien, M. A., 1324 

Ocheke, A. N., 0943 

Ochiewo, J., 1220 

Ocholla, D. N., 0068 

Odendaal, R., 0064 

Odhiambo, C., 1142 

Odhiambo, T., 1121 

Oduro, W., 0795 

O’Farrell, N. et al., 0944 

O’Farrell, P. J. et al., 0435 

Offenburger, A., 0011 

Ogboghodo, A. I., 1197 

Ogbonna, A., 0165 

Oginni, A. O., 0520 

Oginni, F. O., 0520 

Ogoannah, S. O., 1152 

Ogundele, O. J., 0081 

Ogungbamigbe, T. O. et al., 0945 

Ogunlade, S. O., 0521 

Ojiako, O. A., 0805 

Ojikutu, B. O. et al., 0946 

Ojo, O., 0065 

Okafor, O. C., 0843 

O’Keefe, C., 0772 

Okello, J. B. et al., 1192 

Okello-Obura, C. et al., 0066 

Okia, O., 0067 

Okorie, C., 0806, 1196 

Okpeh, O. O., Jr., 0317

Olbers, J. M., 1193 

Oldewage-Theron, W. H., 1224 

Olivier, P. A. S., 0030 

Omerzu, H., 1487 

Omololu, A. B., 0521 

Omotola, J. S., 0666 

Omueti, J. A. I., 1197 

Onyancha, O. B., 0068, 0947 

Ooka, T., 0109 

Oosthuizen, I. B., 1194 

Oosthuizen, M. K., 1195 

Oosthuizen, P. P., 1104 

Oparaocha, E. T., 1196 

Oparaocho, E. T., 0806 

Operario, D., 1439 

Opreh, O. P. et al., 0166 

Orem, J., 0167 

Oronje, R., 1500 

Ortman, S., 0788 

Osaaji, M. G., 1143 

Osagbemi, M. O. et al., 0860 

Osemwota, I. O., 1197 

Osibanjo, O., 1122 

Osuntoki, A. A., 1198 

Otaigbe, B. E., 0168 

Owen, J., 0468 

Owen-Smith, N., 0779 

Padgett, J. J., 0169 

Page, B. J., 0569 

Pale, S., 1199 

Pampel, F., 0170 

Parikh, A., 0948 

Parker, D. M., 0447 

Parker, S., 1168 

Parkin, D. M. et al., 0949 

Parkin, D. T., 1213 

Parr, C. L., 0031 

Parry, M., 0895 

Pather, R., 1225 

Pattman, R., 0318 

Peiris, S. J., 0282 

Penfold, P. R., 0950 

Pepin, J., 0171 

Perera, B. M., 0172 

Perovic, O. et al., 0173 

Peters, P. E., 0522 


Pettersson, P., 1488 

Pfaller, M. A. et al., 1200 

Pfeiffer, K. et al., 0174 

Philippe, M., 0610 

Phills, B. S., 1133 

Phiri, K. S. et al., 0951 

Pick, W., 1226 

Pienaar, D., 0032 

Pierroutsakos, I. N., 0631 

Pillay, M., 0523 

Pillay, R., 0952 

Piryani, R. M. et al., 0953 

Pistorius, P. A. et al., 0436 

Pitcher, G., 1227 

Plam, M. et al., 0437 

Plowe, C. V., 0519 

Poku, N., 0333 

Pollini, J., 1201 

Polzer, T., 0211 

Portaels, F., 1012 

Posey, D. L. et al., 0524 

Postma, T. C., 0954 

Potgieter, F., 1144 

Potterton, J., 0864 

Powell, D. A. et al., 0955 

Powell, R. L., 0956 

Power, R. J., 1202 

Prescott, C. A., 0579 

Pretorius, E. J., 0844 

Pretorius, J. C., 0807 

Price, H. H., 1450 

Priotto, G. et al., 0525 

Prytherch, H. et al., 0526 

Quan-Baffour, K. P., 0033 

Quinones, B. et al., 0957 

Rabbitt, K. M., 0034 

Rabie, B., 1092 

Ragnarsson, A. et al., 0175 

Rai, M., 0200 

Rai, S., 0121 

Rajaram, S., 0075 

Rakner, L., 0664 

Ralston, K. S., 1203 

Ramadhani, H. O. et al., 0527 

Ramberg, L., 1178


Ramphal, S. R. et al., 0176 

Ramsay, K., 0608 

Rankins, J., 1204 

Ranson, H., 1390 

Raoult, D. et al., 1131 

Rapaport, L. G., 0035 

Raviola, G. J., 1442 

Ray, C., 0735 

Rebacz, E., 0845 

Rebelo, E., 1227 

Reddy, P. S., 0085, 1123 

Reilly, B. K., 0292 

Reinecke, A. J. et al., 0438 

Rejou-Mechain, M. et al., 0439 

Reksten, H., 1210 

Reynolds, A., 1033 

Reynolds, H. W. et al., 0958 

Rich, C. H., 0689 

Richard, P. et al., 0959 

Richardson, N., 0690 

Ringe, J. D. et al., 0528 

Rispel, L., 1226 

Rivett, U., 0980 

Robbins, M. M., 0788 

Roberts, D., 1086 

Roberts, J., 0476 

Robertson, H. G., 0428, 0801 

Robertson, K. et al., 0960 

Robertson, M. M., 0961 

Robino, C., 0056 

Robins, R. W., 1453 

Robinson, A. L., 1228 

Roca, A. et al., 0177 

Roca-Feltrer, A. et al., 0178 

Rodgers, A. L., 1035 

Rodriguez-Sanchez, B. et al., 0179 

Roes, A., 0846 

Rombouts, H., 0461 

Roquebert, D. et al., 0962 

Rosen, S., 0180 

Ross, E., 0181, 0529 

Rosser, J. B., 0726 

Rovellini, A., 1290 

Rowland-Jones, S. L., 1014 

Rubbers, B., 0477 

Rufino, M. C. et al., 0469 

Ruminjo, J., 0139 

Russo, L., 0240 

Rutakumbwa, W., 0530 

Rutgers, S., 0575 

Ryan, G., 0635 

Rydzak, C. E., 0963 

Saadaoui, E. et al., 0808 

Saathoff, E. et al., 0182 

Sabea, H., 0759, 0847 

Sabri, K. et al., 0531 

Sachedina, H., 0824 

Sadarangani, M. et al., 0964 

Saganuwan, A. S., 0809 

Sagay, I., 0319 

Sahm, D. F. et al., 0965 

Saijo, M., 0511 

Saijo, M. et al., 0966 

Salamov, O., 0222 

Salazar, P.-J., 0320 

Saleh, A., 0967 

Saliu, H. A., 0666 

Samadova, U., 0222 

Sambieni, C., 0483, 0870 

Samie, A. et al., 1205 

Samra, N. A. et al., 1206 

Samway, P., 0321 

Sandham, F., 0322 

Sankaranarayanan, R. et al., 0968 

Sanne, I., 0180 

Sansone, L., 0252 

Sanusi, A. O., 1198 

Sanya, E. O. et al., 0183 

Sardanis, A., 0323 

Sardiwalla, N., 0532 

Sathe, S. K., 1204 

Scanlon, H., 0324 

Schadeberg, J., 0325 

Schafer, J., 0326 

Schaller, D. J., 1402 

Schellschmidt, P., 0327 

Schleyer, M. H., 1193 

Schmahmann, B., 0395 

Schmidt, E., 0328 

Schneider, E. W., 0329 

Schofield, C. B., 0969 

Scholfield, K., 0824 

Schoombee, R., 0533

Schroeder, D., 1229 

Schulz, D. E., 0691 

Schumaker, L., 0470 

Schumann, B. D., 0440, 1207 

Schumann, M., 0440, 1207 

Schwarz, S. et al., 0970 

Schwella, E., 1403 

Schwerdtfeger, F. W., 0330 

Scott, M. G. et al., 0534 

Scott, S. et al., 0535 

Scribante, J., 0971, 0972, 0973 

Sebhatu, M. et al., 0536 

Sebudubudu, D., 0667 

Seck, D., 0262 

Seckinelgin, H., 0331 

Seedat, S., 1451 

Segeja, M. D. et al., 0184 

Seiber, E. E., 1228 

Seidman, A., 0332 

Seidman, R., 0332 

Seme, A., 0537 

Senghor, J. C., 0333 

Sesay, A., 0334 

Shah, A., 0335 

Shah, M., 0335 

Shankleman, J., 0336 

Shanmugaratnam, N., 0337 

Shapiro, J., 0338 

Sharam, G. J. et al., 0441 

Shaxson, N., 0339 

Sheard, A. G., 1208 

Sheridan, M., 0760 

Sheridan, M. J., 0340 

Sherrow, V., 0341 

Shetler, J. B., 0342 

Shiimi yaShiimi, A., 0343 

Shimelis, D., 0538 

Shipton, P., 0344 

Shivji, I. G., 0345 

Shoko, T., 0346 

Shorrocks, B., 0347 

Shyu, M.-K. et al., 0539 

Sichilima, A. M., 0442 

Sidiropoulos, E., 0348, 1404 

Sillis, M., 1367 

Silva, A. C. et al., 0185 

Silvester, H., 0349 


Sinclair, W. et al., 0974 

Sinclair-Smith, C. C., 0579 

Singer, B., 0471 

Singh, K., 1397 

Sitas, F. et al., 0975 

Sivini, G., 0350 

Siwisa, B., 1405 

Skelly, P., 0976 

Skoler-Karpoff, S. et al., 0977 

Skotnes, P., 0351 

Slabbert, T. J., 1224 

Sliwa, K. et al., 0978 

Smidt, W. G. C., 0352 

Smit, N. J., 0414 

Smith, J. E., 0609 

Smith, M. F. et al., 1209 

Smith, W. P., 0576 

Snyder, K. A., 0668 

Snyman, A. M., 0942 

Snyman, G. F., 1489 

Snyman, H. A., 1194 

Soares, B., 0353 

Sobngwi, E., 0133 

Sobngwi, E. et al., 0540 

Sodemann, M. et al., 0186 

Soderbaum, F., 0354 

Soko, M., 0669 

Soma-Pillay, P. et al., 0187 

Sommer, M. M., 0269 

Soon, Y. Y. et al., 0979 

Soothill, J. E., 0355 

Soper, R., 0356 

Sorensen, T., 0980 

Sosta, E. et al., 0981 

Sougou, O., 0012 

Souissi, A. et al., 0541 

Soumonni, E., 0252 

South African Democracy Education Trust, 

0357 

Southern African Development Council, 

0358 

Spataro, P. et al., 0982 

Spaulding, J., 0359 

Spencer, D. C., 0542 

Spicer, M. T., 1204 

Spiegel, A., 1406 

Spiegel, A. D., 0212


Spies, A. et al., 1230 

Spies, J.J., 0021 

Spurlin, W. J., 0360 

Squire, C., 0361 

Stahl, A. B., 0362 

Stanback, J., 0543 

Stangeland, T., 1210 

Staniforth, A., 0761 

Staunton, I., 0363 

Steegstra, M., 1407 

Steidle, B., 0364 

Stein, D. J., 1451 

Stein, D. J. et al., 1103 

Stein, W., 0188 

Steinerova, J., 0670 

Steinmetz, G., 0365 

Stephan, H., 1408 

Stephen, L. X., 0967 

Stern, M., 0644 

Stevens, W. et al., 0983 

Stevenson, R. L., 0726 

Stewart, G., 0366 

Stewart, R. C. et al., 1452 

Steyn, J., 0277 

Steyn, J. M. et al., 1211 

Steyn, K. et al., 0984 

Steyn, W., 0773 

Stilwell, C., 1225 

Stoeltje, B. J., 1145 

Stoltsz, C. W., 0812 

Stone, J., 0367 

Stothard, J. R. et al., 0985 

Straight, B., 0692 

Straker, J., 0671 

Strauss, D., 0672 

Strauss, M., 0810 

Streit, T., 0544 

Strydom, N. A., 0443, 1187 

Stuckler, D. et al., 1231 

Sturm, A. W., 0523 

Sturrock, E. D., 1035 

Suberu, R. T., 1409 

Suhling, F., 0711 

Sulas, F., 0762 

Sultan, D. H., 1410 

Sunguya, B. F., 0189 

Sunil, T. S., 0075 

Sutcliffe, C. G. et al., 0986 

Suttner, R., 0368 

Swaans, K. et al., 0987 

Swart, I., 1490 

Swart, W. J., 1156, 1215 

Swynghedauw, B., 0380 

Szabo, C. P., 1227 

Tadesse, M., 0877 

Tadjo, V., 1146 

Tafesse, T., 0369 

Tagny, C. T. et al., 0190 

Tagseth, M., 0848 

Takane, T., 0472 

Takyi, B., 1357 

Talib, N., 1284 

Taljard, E., 0427 

Tamari, T., 1147 

Tande, D., 0707 

Tang, P., 0370 

Tanner, A. E., 0988 

Tanner, M., 0451 

Tantardini, F., 1290 

Taonda, S. J. B., 1199 

Taylor, I., 0354 

Taylor, J. J., 0673 

Taylor, P. J. et al., 1212 

Taylor, S., 0635 

Taylor, S. D., 0371 

Taylor, T. D., 1213 

Tayo, F., 1062 

Teferi, S., 1081 

Tegegn, A., 0989 

Tekere, E., 0372 

Teklehaimanot, A., 0545 

Teklu, T., 0990 

Tell, K., 0608 

Temmingh, H. S., 1104 

Tendi, B.-M., 1411 

Tenkorang, E. Y., 1357 

Tennent, J., 0444 

Terefe, T. et al., 1214 

Ter Haar, G., 0373 

Terregino, C., 0094 

Tertsakian, C., 0374 

Tesfaendrias, M. T., 1215 

Thackeray, J., 0375

Thera, M. A. et al., 0991 

Theron, M. M., 0592 

Thiam, M., 0445 

Thimon, V. et al., 0546 

Thomas, D., 0393 

Thomas, G., 0712 

Thompson, J., 0713 

Thompson, K. D., 0013 

Thompson, L., 0849 

Thoreson, R. R., 1412 

Throup, D. W., 1413 

Tibbo, M. et al., 0446 

Tigabu, Z., 0485 

Tilahun, Y., 0941 

Tilley, H. L., 0714 

Ting, K. F., 0854 

Ting, N., 1132 

Titeca, K., 1414 

Tobi, P. et al., 0191 

Todd, J., 0715 

Tollman, S. M. et al., 0992 

Toovey, S., 0192 

Tournoud, M. et al., 0193 

Toussaint, M., 1148 

Tracy, J. L., 1453 

Traeen, B., 0993 

Tranulis, C., 1454 

Tropp, J. A., 0716 

Trygger, S. B., 0781 

Tsang, T., 0737 

Tschoff, R. et al., 0850 

Tshilolo, L. et al., 0994 

Tuin, I., 0215, 1464 

Turan, J. M. et al., 0995 

Turner, T., 0717 

Twomey, M., 1011 

Uche, C., 1415 

Uchendu, E., 0718 

Ufomba, H. U., 1124 

Ugochukwu, C., 0693 

Ujomu, P. O., 0228 

Ukpe, I. S., 0194 

Ullucci, D., 1491 

Undie, C-C., 0120, 1474 

Uneke, C. J., 0165, 0195, 0547 

Urbanski, M. M., 0956 


Utas, M., 1416 

Uthman, O. A., 0548, 0549 

Uyeki, T. M., 0550 

Vafa, M. et al., 0551 

Vahlenkamp, T. W. et al., 0036 

Vale, P., 0247, 1417 

Valenzuela, A. S. et al., 0552 

Vallely, A. et al., 0553 

van Andel, T. et al., 0554 

van Aswegen, H. et al., 0555 

van Beijeren, E., 0573 

Van Biljon, G., 0556 

van Biljon, J. J., 0037 

van Binsbergen, W., 1418 

van Bogaert, L. J., 0557 

Van Breda, A. D., 0213 

Van Buuren, M. et al., 0719 

Van Damme, L. et al., 0558 

Van Damme, W., 0559 

VanDenBerg, H., 0532 

van den Borne, B. W., 0085 

van den Borne, F., 0560 

van den Bout-van den Beukel, C. J. et al., 

0038 

van den Heever, J., 1492 

VanderJagt, D. J. et al., 0561 

van der Merwe, L., 0881 

van der Merwe, L. et al., 0562 

van der Merwe, M. T., 1455 

van der Merwe, W., 1118 

Van der Paul, L. et al., 0563 

Van Der Pol, B. et al., 0564 

Vanderschuren, M., 0069 

van der Straten, A. et al., 0565, 0566 

Van der Vlies, A., 0720, 1419 

van der Watt, E., 0807 

van der Watt, I. et al., 0567 

van der Westhuizen, E. J., 1420 

van Deventer, H. E. et al., 0568 

van Deventer, P. V., 0569 

Vandewalle-El Khoury, P. et al., 0570 

Van de Werfhorst, H., 0214 

van de Wijgert, J. H. et al., 0571, 0572 

van Dillen, J., 0573 

Van-Dunem, J. C. et al., 0574 

van Eygen, L., 0575


van Haute, B., 0394 

van Heyningen, E., 1421 

van Hoven, W., 0810 

Van Hoving, D. J., 0576 

van Huyssteen, C. W., 0811 

Van Jaarsveld, E., 0721 

Van Leemput, T., 0577 

van Leeuwen, M., 1422 

Van Lierop, A. C., 0578, 0579 

van Loggerenberg, F. et al., 0580, 0996 

Vannberg, F. O. et al., 0581 

van Niekerk, A., 0409 

van Niekerk, C., 0390 

van Oosterhout, J. J. et al., 0582 

van Rensburg, B. J. et al., 0039 

van Rensburg, C. et al., 0583 

Van Rensburg, L., 1188 

Van Rie, A., 0584 

Van Rie, A. et al., 0585, 0586 

Van Rie, E. et al., 0587 

van Riet, E. et al., 0040 

van Roosmalen, J., 0573 

van Rooyen, J. et al., 0588 

van Rooyen, M. W., 0789 

Van Rossem, R., 0589 

van Stuijvenberg, M. E. et al., 0590 

Van’t Hoog, A. H. et al., 0591 

van Tonder, I., 0592 

van Toorn, R. et al., 0593 

Van Tubergen, F., 0214 

van’t Veer, T. et al., 0594 

van Valkengoed, I. G. et al., 0595 

van Wyk, A. W. et al., 0041 

van Wyk, E. et al., 0042 

van Wyk, N. C., 1259 

Van Zijl, C. et al., 0596 

van Zyl, G. U. et al., 0597 

Varga, C., 0598 

Varughese, S. et al., 0599 

Vasilakis, N. et al., 0600 

Vaughan, M., 0378, 1493 

Vaughn, M., 0722 

Vawda, F., 0601 

Vazeille, M. et al., 0602 

Veary, C. M., 0997 

Vedanthan, R., 0998 

Veenemans, J. et al., 0603 

Veenstra, H. et al., 0604 

Veenstra, N., 0948 

Veirum, J. E. et al., 0605 

Velaphi, S. C. et al., 0606 

Velasco, M. et al., 0607 

Veldwachter, N., 0774 

Velema, J. P., 1456 

Velez, A., 0608 

Veling, W. et al., 1457 

Vellema, S. C., 0609 

Veller, M., 0112 

Veneroso, C., 0918 

Veney, C. R., 0723 

Ventelou, B. et al., 0070 

Venter, M., 0621 

Verdeli, H. et al., 1458 

Vermeersch, P., 0610 

Vermund, S. H. et al., 0611 

Verra, F. et al., 0999 

Versteeg, M., 1000 

Vestergaard, L. S. et al., 0612 

Vicatos, G., 1125 

Vickerman, P., 0613, 1001 

Victoria, C. G. et al., 0614 

Vidal, N. et al., 0615 

Vieira, N. B. et al., 0616 

Vikanes, A. et al., 0617, 1002 

Viljoen, B. D., 0812 

Viljoen, F., 0724 

Viljoen, J. J. et al., 0813 

Villamor, E. et al., 0618 

Villinski, J. T. et al., 0619 

Vinai, P. et al., 0620 

Visser, A., 0621 

Visser, I., 0014 

Visser, M. J., 1003 

Vissers, D. C. et al., 0622, 0623, 1004 

Vitali, A. M., 0624 

Vitols, M. P., 0625 

Vivancos, R., 0626 

Volmink, J., 0881 

von Gottberg, A. et al., 0627, 0628, 1005 

von Schnitzler, A., 1423 

von Seidlein, L. et al., 0629 

Voracek, M., 1459 

Vordermeier, R. M., 0630 

Vorou, R., 0631

Vorster, W. et al., 0632 

Voss, U., 0215, 1464 

Vray, M. et al., 0633 

Vriesendorp, R. et al., 0634 

Wagacha, J. M., 0043 

Wagner, G., 0635 

Wagner, J. C., 0636 

Wagner, T. et al., 0637, 0638 

Wagoro, M. C. et al., 0202 

Wahab, K. W. et al., 0639, 0640 

Waiswa, P. et al., 1006 

Waldmann, L., 0725 

Walenkamp, M. J. et al., 1007 

Walensky, R. P. et al., 1008 

Walker, P. A., 0522 

Walker, R. W., 1323 

Wall, L. L. et al., 1009 

Wallace, G. S., 0364 

Wallin, A. M., 1010 

Wallis, L. A., 0576, 1011 

Walsh, D. S., 1012 

Walters, E. et al., 1013 

Walters, J., 0395 

Walton, H., 0726 

Walton, R. T., 1014 

Wamagatta, E. N., 0071 

Wambu, O., 0727 

Wambura, M. et al., 1015 

Wandabwa, J. et al., 1016, 1017 

Wang, C. et al., 1018 

Wang, E. et al., 1019 

Wang, S., 1125 

Wanji, S. et al., 1020 

Wanjiru, C., 1220 

Wantland, D. J. et al., 1021 

Wanyenze, R. K. et al., 1022 

Ward, C. L. et al., 1023 

Warenius, L. et al., 1024 

Wariboko, N., 0728 

Wariboko, W. E., 0729 

Warner-Lewis, M., 0478 

Warrell, D. A., 1025 

Warren, L. et al., 1026 

Wasser, S., 0135 

Wassie, L. et al., 1027 

Wasunna, B. et al., 1028 


Watermeyer, J. M. et al., 1029 

Waters, L. et al., 1030 

Waters, P. D. et al., 0044 

Watson, L. H., 0440, 1207 

Watson, W., 0730 

Watson-Jones, D. et al., 1031, 1032 

Watt, N. et al., 0203 

Watts, S., 0045 

Waweru, S. M., 1033 

Waxman, M. J. et al., 1034 

Webber, D., 1035 

Wechsberg, W. M. et al., 1036, 1494 

Wedner, S. et al., 1037 

Wegner, M. N. et al., 1038 

Weich, L. et al., 1039 

Weiderpass, E., 0167 

Weidmann, M. et al., 1040 

Weinberg, M. S. et al., 1041 

Weinberg, P., 0731 

Weiss, H., 0732 

Weiss, H. A. et al., 1042 

Wejse, C. et al., 1043 

Wellman, T. J., 1495 

Wendland, E. R., 0733 

Wessels, J. S., 1424 

Wessels, M., 0396, 0775 

Wessels, N., 0871 

Westerlund, D., 0734 

White, J., 0735 

Whittington-Jones, G. M., 0447 

Widlok, T., 1425 

Wiessner, P., 0851 

Wight, D., 0216 

Wildschut, A., 0089 

Willame, J.-C., 0736 

Williams, C. T., 1426 

Williams, D. R. et al., 0204 

Williams, J. M., 1427 

Williams, V., 0737 

Willis, J., 0841, 1428 

Wilson, N. W. et al., 1429 

Winsnes, S. A., 0738 

Wiredu, K., 1149 

Wirtu, D., 0537 

Wissink, I. B. et al., 0217 

Wittemyer, G. et al., 0002, 0046 

Wittenberg, G., 0694


Witter, S., 0072 

Witter, S. et al., 0073 

Wittmann, T. J. et al., 0047 

Wlokas, H. L., 0814 

Wolf, R. L. et al., 0048 

Wolfers, M., 0739 

Wolmer, W., 0740 

Wong, F. Y. et al., 0205 

Wood, F., 0741 

Wood, G. D., 0742 

Woodhead, K., 1430 

Woods, T., 0743 

Worden, N., 1431 

Worku, A., 0504 

World Bank, 0744 

Wright, J., 0745, 0746 

Wright, L., 1496 

Wustenberg, R. K., 0695 

Wyssmann, B., 0825 

Yamada, S., 1432 

Yanda, P. Z., 0823 

Yang, N. et al., 1044 

Yarnell, R. W. et al., 0448 

Yazachew, M., 0989 

Ybarra, M. L. et al., 0074 

Yeatman, S. E., 1045 

Yebenes, M. et al., 1046 

Yeboah-Antwi, K. et al., 1047 

Yeka, A. et al., 1048 

Yeneneh, H., 0502 

Yengopal, V., 0915, 1049 

Yenika-Agbaw, V., 0747 

Yeomans, P. D., 0206 

Yervasi, C., 0696 

Yimenu, D., 0449 

Yimer, G. et al., 1050 

Yirrell, D. L. et al., 1051 

Yisma, G., 1052 

Yismaw, G. et al., 0049 

Yoboue, N., 0776 

Yohannes, O., 1433 

Yokoi, K. et al., 1053 

Yonemori, K. et al., 1054 

Yongo-Bure, B., 0748 

Yoon, M. Y., 1434 

Yoshikawa, M. et al., 1055 

Yoshikuni, T., 0749 

Yosry, A. et al., 1056 

Youde, J. R., 0750 

Young, D., 1057 

Yousef, B. A. A., 1435 

Yu, J. K. et al., 1058, 1059, 1060 

Yudkin, J., 0126 

Yusuf, O. B. et al., 1061 

Yusuff, K. B., 1062 

Zaahl, M. G., 0937 

Zaba, B. et al., 1063 

Zafer, E. et al., 1064 

Zaher, T. et al., 1065 

Zahn, A. et al., 1066 

Zakeri, S. et al., 1067 

Zaki, A. et al., 1068 

Zaki, M. E. et al., 1069 

Zaki, M. S. et al., 0207 

Zaki Mel, S. et al., 1070 

Zammiti, W., 1071 

Zampoli, M., 1072 

Zandi, T. et al., 1460 

Zanella-Cleon, I. et al., 1073 

Zar, H., 1072 

Zar, H. J., 1074, 1075, 1076 

Zavala, D. E. et al., 1077 

Zeba, A. N. et al., 1078 

Zeck, W., 1079 

Zehender, G. et al., 1080 

Zeller, W., 0852 

Zemlin, A. E., 0518 

Zewdeneh, D., 1081 

Zidron, A., 0857 

Zieleniewski, M., 1436 

Zinsstag, J., 0450, 0451 

Zotor, F. B., 1243 

Zottarelli, L. K., 0075 

Zuberbuhler, K., 0429 

Zungu-Dirwayi, N. et al., 0076


CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 

Abortion, 1388 

care, 0502 

Abyssinia, 0273 

Acacia, 0432, 0441, 0812 

Academic freedom, 0274, 0708 

textbook, 0064 

Achebe, Chinua, 0288 

Achyrocline satureiodes, 0092 

Acidic soil, 0785 

Actinomycetemcomitans, 1368 

Actinomycosis, 0579 

Activism, 1088 

ACTN3 R577X polymorphism, 1044 

Adiponectin, 0540 

Administrative reform, 1403 

Advertising, 1144, 1428 

Aedes, 0602 

Aeromonas, 1191 

African Commission on Human and 

Peoples R, 0225 

Gigolo, 0382 

identity, 1133 

National Congress, 0201 

Payments for Watershed Services, 1217 

Union, 0246 

Africanist knowledge, 1418 

Agerostrea ungulata, 0424 

Aging, 0867, 1270 

Agricultural insurance, 0029 

policy, 0055 

Agriculture, 0295, 0458, 0466, 0757, 0807, 

1222 

Aid modality, 0461 

AIDS, 0063, 0086, 0096, 0114, 0175, 

0256, 0276, 0277, 0310, 0315, 0331, 


465 

[AIDS] 

0509, 0517, 0522,0533, 0558, 0560, 

0750, 0830, 0892, 0990, 0995, 1033, 

1045, 1232, 1241, 1259, 1351, 1367 

care, 0926 

cost, 0275 

death, 1276 

epidemic, 0584, 0685, 0935, 0943 

orphan, 1439 

pandemic, 1442 

patient, 1240 

prevention, 1349 

risk, 1385 

stigma, 0876 

symptom, 1021 

Air transport, 0576 

Aksumite Kingdom, 0762 

Alachlor, 1153 

Alcohol, 0083 

abuse, 0914, 1385 

consumption, 0841 

use, 1036 

Alendronate, 0528 

Aliwal Shoal, 1193 

Allegry, 1108 

Almsgiving, 0732 

Alphavirus, 0121 

Alveolar bone, 1368 

Alzheimer’s disease, 1449 

Amelogenesis imperfecta, 0962 

Ammonite, 0421, 0422, 0423, 0796, 0797, 

0798 

Ampicilin, 0177 

Amputee, 1256 

Anal sex, 0901

466 / CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX 

Anarchy, 0227 

ANC, 0270 

Ancestral map, 0765 

Ancestral spirit, 1148 

Ancestry, 1106 

Anderkantland, 1141 

Anemia, 0127, 0574, 0951, 0967, 0994 

Anesthesia, 0950 

Angiogenic defense system, 1053 

Angiotensin, 0562, 0595, 1029 

Animal health, 0451 

rights, 0694 

sacrifice, 1491 

Anorectal sexual activity, 0904 

Ant, 0031, 0428 

Antelope, 0782 

Antenatal clinic, 1015 

Anthropocentricity, 1478 

Anthropological vision, 0362 

Anthropometry, 1069 

Antiaris toxicaria, 0795 

Anti-asthmatic, 0809 

Antibiogram, 1191 

Anti-diabetic, 0809 

Antifolate resistance, 0119 

Anti-hypertensive, 0809 

Anti-malarial, 0806 

drug, 0105, 0107, 1303 

quality, 1267 

plant, 1196 

treatment, 0090 

Antimony, 0113 

Antiretroviral therapy, 0070, 0087, 0096, 

0118, 0132, 0144, 0157, 0160, 0180, 

0191, 0501, 0503, 0504, 0508, 0527, 

0559, 0563, 0582, 0634, 0635, 0911, 

0929, 0946, 0980, 0986, 1008, 1013, 

1030, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1074, 1254, 

1259, 1281-1283, 1285, 1318, 1331, 

1360, 1362, 1380, 1386, 1387, 1389, 

1396 

Antivenom, 1025 

Anxiety, 1448 

Apartheid, 0212, 0257, 0320, 0360, 0367, 

0648, 0660, 0673, 0684, 1406, 1467 

A Passage to Africa, 0764 

Ape, 0047 

Apgar score, 0557 

Apoptosis, 0141, 0604 

Apostasy, 0008 

Arabica coffee, 1165 

Ara Pacis Augustae, 1111 

Archdeacon, 1484 

Aridity, 0025 

Armed conflict, 1086 

Art, 0271, 0330 

academy, 0704 

Bank Joburg, 1139 

collection, 0386 

Artemether-lumefantrine, 1048 

Artemisinin, 0115, 0165 

Artery, 0578 

Arthralgia, 1306 

Asante tradition, 1145 

Aspergillus, 0043 

Asthma, 1075, 1392 

Asylum seeking, 1446 

Atherosclerosis, 0978 

Atrocity, 0717 

Australopithecine, 0376 

Australopithecus, 1130 

Autism, 0203 

Autobiography, 1140 

Autochthony, 0663 

Avian influenza, 0036, 0094, 0550 

Azithromycin, 1264 

Bacterial disease, 0542 

pathogen, 0049 

vaginosis, 0572 

Banana farming, 0256 

Banda, 0362 

Barry, Mariama, 1138 

B cell lymphoma, 1366 

Beck Depression Inventory, 1448 

Beebe, John, 0764 

Begging, 0732 

Belief narrative, 0476 

system, 0378 

Benchmark soil, 0026 

Benefit sharing, 1229 

Benthic community, 1193 

foraminifera, 0430, 0802 

Benue-Congo language, 0482

Benzodiazepine, 1451 

Besong, Bate, 0707 

Betrothal Without Libation, 1142 

Beyala, Calixthe, 1138 

Bible, 1476 

Bicycle strategy, 1082 

Bilateral relation, 1082 

Binge drinking, 0914 

Biodiversity conservation, 0002 

Biography, 0739, 0763 

Biomphalaria, 0437 

Biotechnology, 1242 

Bipedalism, 0376 

Birth preparedness, 0499 

rate, 0923 

weight, 0893 

Bisexual activism, 1412 

Bite mark, 1274 

BK virus, 1400 

Black identity, 0252 

majority rule, 0257 

wattle, 0812 

Blade, 0754 

Blastomycosis, 0888 

Bleek, Wilhelm, 0351 

Blindness, 0488, 0515, 0531, 0599, 0941, 

1257, 1381 

Blog, 0393 

Blood borne virus, 0171 

donor, 0080, 0082, 0496, 1298 

pressure, 1377 

safety, 0190 

Bloodspoor, 0395 

Blood spot, 1386 

Blues, 0325 

Bluetongue virus, 0179 

Body composition, 0561 

fat, 0153, 0561 

mass index, 0614 

Bone mass, 1223 

Bonesetting, 0521 

Book indexing, 0054 

Boom town, 0827, 0852 

Border economy, 0836 

Border war, 0247 

Botanical knowledge, 0676 

Bovine, 0450 

CUMULATIVE SUBJECT INDEX / 467 

[Bovine] 

disease, 0850 

tuberculosis, 0397, 0487 

Brain cooling, 0078 

Bread wheat, 1175 

Breast cancer, 0879, 0918 

Breast reduction, 0569 

Breastfeeding, 1305, 1320, 1378 

Brecht, Bertolt, 0767 

Breech birth, 0575 

Brochoalveolar lavage, 1236 

Bronchitis, 0085 

Brown bread, 0590 

Buccinator myomucosal flap, 0578 

Budburst, 1208 

Buffalo, 0756 

Bugul, Ken, 1138 

Burden of disease, 0178, 0275, 0276, 

0522, 0545, 0860, 0939, 0948, 0949, 

1216, 1223, 1227, 1231, 1292, 1311, 

1390 

Burden of injury, 0516 

Burkitt, Denis Parsons, 0934 

Burkitt’s lymphoma, 0167 

Burn dressing, 0078 

Burnout, 0390, 0532 

Burns, 1238 

Buruli ulcer, 0136, 0148, 0152, 1012 

disease, 0637, 0638 

Bushclump, 0447 

Bush tea, 0016 

Business, 0323 

Butake, Bole, 1142 

Byali, 0483 

Cadmus, 0772 

Caesarean birth, 0557 

section, 0575 

Calendulauda barlowi, 1167 

Caliban, 1496 

Call Me by the Rightful Name, 0763 

Calypso, 1148 

Campylobacter, 0490 

Campylobacter jejuni, 0957 

Campylobacter spp, 1205 

Cancer, 0879, 0918, 0949, 0968, 0975, 

1105, 1253, 1363


Candida orthopsilosis, 1180 

parapsilosis, 1200 

Canine, 1046 

tooth, 1328 

Cannabis use, 1036, 1441 

Canopy tree, 0779 

Caper, 0808 

Capparis spinosa, 0808 

CAPRISA 002 infection, 0580 

Carbon sequestration, 1201 

Carcinoma, 1355 

Cardiac disease, 0187 

Cardiomyopathy, 0562 

Cardiovascular disease, 0486, 0998 

Caregiver, 0484, 0894, 0926 

language, 0138 

Caregiving, 1240 

Caries, 0954 

Carnivore, 0440, 1207 

Carotenoid rich oil, 0588 

Carraguard, 0977 

gel, 0571 

Cartoon, 0338 

Caryophyllaceae, 0807 

Caste, 0677 

Cat, 0036, 0444 

Cataract, 1064, 1381 

Caterpillar, 0792 

Catha edulis, 0141, 1155, 1170, 1172 

Cattle, 0397, 0630 

color, 0427 

killing, 1496 

CBED assay, 1266 

CD209 genetic polymorphism, 0581 

CD4 cell count, 0132, 0183, 0193 

count, 1050, 1282, 1331 

T cell, 1317 

CD8, 0122 

Celiac disease, 1235 

Cell growth, 0596 

tumor, 0916 

Cellulose sulfate, 0565 

gel, 0558 

Central nervous system, 0953 

Cerebellar disorder, 0207 

Cerebrum, 0751 

Cervical cancer, 0968, 1105, 1253 

disease, 1319 

Cesaire, Suzanne, 0034 

Chagas disease, 0146 

Chagga cave, 0753 

Chameleon, 0413, 1186 

Chemin d’ecole, 1140 

Chemokine binding, 1014 

Chemotherapy, 1054 

Cherry, 1208 

Chicken, 1174, 1184 

Chikungunya disease, 0602 

fever, 1306 

virus, 0102, 0121, 0979, 1019, 1161, 

1401 

CHIKV, 0121 

Child admittance, 0155 

Childhood care, 0234 

Child of Death, 1115 

Children’s book, 1146 

literature, 0866 

Chimeric alphavirus, 1019 

Chimpanzee, 0024, 0379, 1179 

Chimpanzee-bonobo-human clade, 1127 

Chloroform, 0805 

Chloroquine, 0115, 0174, 0945, 1272, 1291 

Chlorproguanil, 0106 

Cholecystectomy, 0497 

Cholera, 0629 

Cholesterol, 0140 

Christian, 0733 

Christianity, 0695, 1476, 1486, 1489 

Christology, 1120 

CHRNE 1293insG founder mutation, 0959 

Chromobacterium violaceum, 1287 

Chromosome 2d, 1183 

Chromosome 3, 1064 

Chronic disease tracking, 0534 

Church, 1117, 1118, 1467, 1488, 1490, 

1492 

Cicipu, 0868 

noun class system, 0482 

Cigarette advertising, 1426 

Ciprofloxacin, 0886, 0919 

Circumcision, 1042, 1262, 1269, 1349, 

1359 

Cirrhosis, 1056 

Citizen anthropologist, 0198 

Citizenship, 1089, 1423 

Civil society, 0237, 1422

[Civil society] 

war, 0283, 0326, 0718, 1415, 1416 

aftermath, 0709 

Cladoceran, 1178 

Clan, 0267 

Class, 0324, 0361, 0712 

Climate change, 0295, 0445, 0814 

Climatic event, 1192 

Clinical chemistry, 0534 

officer, 0510 

rotation, 1429 

sign, 0155 

Clitoris, 1329 

Closed market, 0833 

Coal resource, 1436 

Coarthemether, 0192 

Cocaine use, 1441 

Cockcroft-Gault equation, 0568 

Coffee, 1165 

Cognitive delay, 0864 

impairment, 0077 

Cold war, 0328 

conflict, 0247 

Co-link analysis, 0068 

Colitis, 0616 

Collagen, 1261 

Colobine, 1132 

Colonialism, 0071, 0283, 0294, 0304, 

0312, 0323, 0328, 0329, 0337, 0365, 

0699, 0722, 0770, 1093, 1096, 1135, 

1402, 1425 

Colony size, 0442 

Commercial farmer, 0440 

sex worker, 0819, 1018 

vehicle, 0459 

Community, 1089 

Conceptualization, 0054 

Concerned Citizens Forum, 1405 

Concession, 0471 

Conde, Maryse, 0774 

Condom, 0560, 0566, 0901 

use, 0883, 0884, 1000, 1228 

Confiant, Raphael, 0774 

Conflict, 0286, 0369 

management, 0352 

Congenital myasthenic syndrome, 0959 

Congolese tragedy, 0477 


Congo war, 0717 

Congress, 1430 

Conjuctivitis, 0507 

Conjunctiva, 1355 

Conservation, 0292, 0340, 0435, 0740, 

0824, 0836, 1201 

area, 0447 

Constitution, 0358 

Contextual Christology, 1120 

Contraception, 0512, 0543, 0958, 1308 

Convulsion, 0964 

Copperbelt, 0470 

Copper mining, 0460 

Cordylid, 0403 

Cornea, 0507, 0941 

Corneille, 0381 

Corporate sector, 0063 

Corporation, 0056 

Cost recovery system, 0072 

Costume, 0265 

Cotrimoxazole, 0542 

Cotton, 1177 

Country of origin, 0062 

Cranial shape, 0752 

surgery, 0751 

Craniofacial clefty, 0529 

Credit, 0466 

Creole, 0473 

CRF01_AE vaccine, 0080 

CRF27_cpx, 0615 

Crimean-Congo fever, 0511 

hemorrhagic fever, 0097, 0631 

Crime novel, 0007 

Criminality, 1414 

Crinoid, 0417 

Critical care nurse, 0971 

resource, 0972, 0973 

Crocodile, 0810 

Crohn’s disease, 0570, 1341 

Crude oil, 0222 

Crustacean, 0414 

Cryptococcal lymphadenopathy, 0601 

Cultivar, 1153, 1211 

Cultivation, 0757 

Cult of Awo, 0641 

Culture change, 0060 

Currency, 0481


Customs Union, 0669 

Cutlass, 1158 

CXC cytokine, 1289 

Cynodon dactylon, 0777, 0778 

Cyst, 1072, 1499 

Cytokine, 1027 

Cytomegalovirus, 0086, 1289 

Dactylobiotus luci, 0420 

Dairy system, 0172 

Da Matta, Joaquim Dias Cordeiro, 0865 

Dambos, 0470 

Damselfly, 0711 

Dance, 0004 

Dapsone, 0106 

Darfur refugee, 0321 

Dark skin, 1350 

David’s Story, 0645 

Deafness, 0130 

Death, 1493 

notification, 0881 

Debrouillard, 0389 

Decentralization, 0241, 0286 

Decker, Thomas, 0766 

Decolonialization, 0846 

Defoliation, 0792, 1194 

Dehumanize world, 1094 

Dehydration, 0258 

Deli, 0592 

Dementia, 1449 

Democracy, 0200, 0242, 0255, 0261, 0357, 

0646, 0662, 0664, 0667, 0668, 1088 

Democratic failure, 0279 

Democratization, 0719, 0723 

Demographic and Health Survey, 0170, 

0984 

stability, 0278 

surveillance system, 0887 

Demography, 1406 

Dendrochaetidae, 0030 

Dengue fever, 0142, 0602 

virus, 0600, 1068 

Dental care, 0954 

practice, 1321 

student, 0915 

therapy, 1277 

Dentist, 0494 

Dentistry, 0942 

Dentition, 1314 

Depression, 0205, 1437, 1438, 1445, 1446, 

1448, 1458, 1460 

Dermatitis, 0974 

Design specification, 0051 

Desvenlafaxine, 1438 

Development, 0297, 0332, 0820, 0826 

failure, 0057 

Developmentalism, 1408 

dhfr gene, 0119 

haplotype, 1303 

Diabetes, 0110, 0133, 1079 

Diabetic retinopathy, 0928 

Dialectic, 0767 

Diallo, Aida, 0007 

Diaphragm, 0565, 0566, 1308 

Diarrhea, 0156, 0538, 0939, 0957, 1052, 

1150, 1205, 1249, 1314, 1353 

Diaspora, 0266, 0294, 0299, 0300, 0474, 

0686, 0705, 0763, 0869, 1134 

Dictatorship, 0651 

Dictionary of Filmmaker, 0703 

Dietary problem, 1455 

Digital library, 0670 

Dikgale Demographic Surveillance 

Systems, 0890 

Diphtheria, 0626 

Disability, 1456 

Disa production, 0032 

Disease, 0093, 0346 

causation, 0734 

prevention, 0074 

Displacement, 0678 

District Health Information System, 0899 

six museum, 1089 

Division of labor, 0452 

Dixie, Christine, 0395 

Dmanisi site, 1130 

Doctors without borders, 0258 

Dog, 0804 

Dogon people, 0341 

Domestic abuse, 0854 

violence, 0856 

Dowden, Richard, 0298

Dracaena, 0760 

Dragonfly, 0711 

Drinking, 0841 

water, 1150 

system, 1499 

Drought, 0834 

tolerance, 1175 

Drug abuse, 0675 

drug interaction, 0911 

fund, 0072 

interaction, 1387 

quality, 1267 

regimen, 0113 

therapy, 0519 

transport gene, 0107 

Dry Forest group, 0789 

Dry sex, 0554 

Duffy antigen, 1014 

Duplicity, 0011 

Durban, 0318 

Dust, 1230 

Dying, 0378 

Dyspepsia, 0583 

Dysplasia, 0896 

E. coli, 1150, 1151, 1159, 1171, 1232 

Early Stone Age, 1126 

Ear rot, 0039 

Ebinyo, 1328 

Ebola virus, 0047 

Ebonics, 0869 

Ecological dynamic, 0340 

justice, 1478 

Economic bond, 0316 

development, 0231, 0748 

history, 0232 

policy, 0262 

reform, 0371 

rights, 0843 

risk, 0851 

Economics, 0229, 0282 

Ecosystem, 0347, 0402 


Ecotourism, 0822 

Eczema, 1075 

Edenulousness, 0874 


Education, 0744, 0825, 0834, 0844, 0845 

system, 0463 

Educational norm, 1429 

system, 0480, 0863 

Educator, 0076 

Eland, 0756 

Elder, J. D., 0478 

abuse, 0856 

Election, 0649, 0661, 0665, 0736, 1087, 

1413, 1428 

Electricity, 0224 

Electronic access to publications, 1225 

resource, 0061 

waste, 1122 

Elephant, 0432, 0779, 0792, 0813, 1192, 

1202 

seal, 0027, 0407, 0436, 0784 

Elive, Martha, 0305 

Emergency department, 1011 

room, 1295 

surgery, 0112 

Emerging economy, 0050 

Empowerment, 0832 

Encephalopathy, 0864, 1342 

Energy management, 0224 

market, 0702 

system planning, 0700 

English, 0862 

language, 0329 

nativization, 0479 

Enteritis, 1258 

Enterococci, 0552 

Enterococcus faccium, 1393 

Entrustment, 0344 

Envenomation, 0145, 1025 

Environmental governance, 0028 

management, 0033, 0223 

Environmentalism, 0050 

Epididymis, 0546, 1181 

Epilepsy, 0913, 0938, 0964 

Epistomina, 0802 

Epithelium, 1181 

Epstein Barr virus, 0109, 0167 

Equine influenza, 1160 

Erdmann, Paul, 0738 

Eroticism, 1480


Eruption, 1163 

Erythrocyte, 1198 

Essential tremor, 1323 

Estuary, 0418 

Ethanol, 0805 

Ethics of care, 1471 

Ethnic cleansing, 0663 

density, 1457 


Ethnicity, 0199, 0676 

Ethnoculturalism, 0006 

Ethnographer, 1461 

Ethnography, 0313, 0714 

Eugenics, 1469 

Evangelization, 0729 

Ewing family of tumors, 1054 

Executive Outcomes, 0250 

Exercise training, 0153 

Exhaust gas, 1125 

Exodus, 0197 

Export policy, 0455 

Eye care, 1095 

medication, 1257 

worm, 0169 

Eze, E. C., 1090 

F15/LAM4/KZN strain, 0523 

Fabaceae, 0807 

Face, 1251 

Fadugu, 0366 

Faith based development, 1477 

Fakoly, Tiken Jah, 0381 

Falciparum, 0162 

Family saga, 0226, 1142 

system, 0858 

tree, 0765 

Famine, 0722 

Fanconi’s anemia, 0967 

Farm, 0828 

Farmer, Paul, 0220 

Farmer Life School, 0987 

Farm household, 0469 

invasion, 0740 

Fat distribution, 1326 

Febrile illness, 1358 

Fecal analysis, 0403, 0445, 0552 

Feces, 0813 

Federalism, 0306, 1409 

Feeding, 1316 

activity, 0438 

Female genital cutting, 0168, 1329 

leadership, 1084 

Feminist ethics, 1471 

Feral cat, 0444 

Fertility, 0923, 1357 

decline, 0151, 1218 

Fertilizer, 0021 

Fetal alcohol syndrome, 1333 

distress, 0557 

echography, 1252 

Fevre, 0162 

Fibroblast, 0044 

Fibroma, 0896 

Fiction, 0007, 0312 

Fiddling, 0296 

Filariasis, 0544, 1290 

Film, 0769 

fiction, 0251 

Filmmaker, 0703 

Fire, 0404, 0425, 0448 

Firm performance, 0053 

Fish, 0399, 0443, 1187 

Fishery, 0659 

Fishing, 0836 

ground, 0842 

Fistula, 0139, 0176, 0608, 1009, 1038 

Flagellum, 1203 

Flavivirus, 0142 

Flooding, 0019 

Floodplain, 0401 

Flute, 0773 

Folklore, 0012, 0476 

Food, 0820 

aid, 0837 

Foodborne disease, 1168 

Food choice, 0788 

handler, 0592 

insecurity, 0830 

palatability, 0620 

security, 0029, 0240, 0814 

Forager, 0249 

Foraging, 0410, 0782 

behavior, 0035 

Foraminifera, 0431, 0803

Forced labor, 0067 

Foreign aid, 0263, 0461 

policy, 0726, 1404 

Forest conservation, 0045 

Forestry, 0471 

Forgiveness, 1103, 1444 

Formalism, 0473 

Fracture, 0577 

Francophone, 0009 

novel, 0003 

Freedom Charter, 0368 

Free tailed bat, 1212 

French national identity, 0453 

policy, 0680 

Friedrich ataxia, 0130 

Friendship, 0226 

Frodo, 1211 

Frost, 0779 

Frugivore, 0795 

Fruit consumption, 0048 

removal, 0795 

Fundal camera, 0928 

Fungal infection, 0038 

Fungus, 1164, 1180, 1200 

Funj kingdom, 0359 

Fusarium spp, 0039 

G6PD A-, 1379 

G6PD deficiency, 0184 

G8, 0239 

Gallstone, 0497 

Games of life, 0851 

Gametocytemia, 1265 

Garanger, Marc, 0384 

Gas, 0280 

Gasification, 1436 

Gastric ulceration, 1258 

Gastrointestinal infection, 1353 

Gay, 0309 

activism, 1412 

Gayism, 1480 

Gender, 0287, 0289, 0324, 0355, 0464, 

1118, 1407 

assignment, 1227 

inequality, 1494 

mainstreaming, 0033 

profile, 0089, 0358 


Gendered sexuality, 0175 

Gene expression, 0546 

Geneology, 0765 

Genetic counseling, 0937 

Diversity, 0380, 0921 

studies, 1107 

Genital cutting, 1329 

injury, 0139 

mutilation, 0168 

shedding, 0571 

ulcer, 0878, 0944, 1001 

disease, 0613 

Genocide, 0289, 0364, 0374, 0815, 1083, 

1402 

Genome, 0615, 0906 

Genomic application, 1219 

medicine, 1364 

Geography, 0017, 0229 

Geo-politics, 0290 

German troop, 0365 

Gerontology, 0867 

Gestational diabetes, 1079 

Ghallab, Abdalkrim, 0387 

Ghost cell odontogenic tumor, 0916 

Gicandi, 0004 

Global disease, 0331 

health, 0611 

network, 0720 

Globalization, 0333, 0833 

Globerulonephritis, 0556 

Glomerular filtration rate, 0568 

Glucose, 0595, 1379 

Glycemic control, 0110 

Glycosylation, 1035 

Glyphyosate, 0777 

Gnathiid, 0414 

Gnawa spiritual group, 0686 

Gold miner, 1304 

Golden legend, 0273 

mole, 0419 

Gonadal steroid, 1195 

Gonadotropin, 1007 

Gonorrhea, 0886, 0919 

Gore, 0252 

Gorilla, 0788 

Country, 0268 

Gospel, 0010


Governance, 0332, 0650, 0653 

Governing party, 0201 

Government, 0277 

G protein, 0024 

gene, 1315 

Grain mold, 1215 

Grammar, 0473 

Grandmother productivity, 0853 

Grandparenting, 0857 

Grassland, 0347 

Great ape, 0035 

Great Lakes, 0278 

Griot, Wolof, 0370 

Griqua conundrum, 0725 

Groom, 0982 

Group size, 0782 

Growth, 0827 

Guerilla, 0303, 0326 

Guevara, Che, 0739 

Guillain-Barre syndrome, 0636, 0957 

Guilt, 0014 

Guineafowl, 0783 

Gulliver syndrome, 0425 

Gunshot, 0555 

Gynecology, 0530 

H5N1 virus, 0036, 0550 

Habitat preference, 0405 

use, 0448 

Haemophilus influenza, 1292 

Hagberg Falling Number, 0018 

Hagiography, 0343 

Hair braider, 0677 

dye, 0907 

poisoning, 1275 

Hamartoma, 0962 

Handicap International, 0891 

Harare, 0749 

Hartebeest, 0775 

Haulout site selection, 0027 

Hausa, 0330 

Hb Bernalda, 1073 

HBV, 0496 

Head circumference, 1069 

lice, 1131 

Healer, 0492 

Healing, 0771 

Health, 0831 

care clinic, 0087 

cost, 1229 

fee, 0073 

resources, 0311 

service, 0238 

worker, 0310 

facility, 0489 

needs, 1219 

perception, 0857 

policy, 1216, 1226 

research, 1231 

seeking abroad, 0210 

services extension program, 0877 

worker salary, 0931 

Heart disease, 0978 

failure, 0133, 0140 

transplantation, 1374 

Hegemony, 0345 

Helical bacteria, 0490 

Helicobacter pylori, 0970 

Hellenism, 1495 

Helminth, 0413, 1152, 1190 

infection, 0783 

Helminthiasis, 0985 

Hemoglobin, 0999, 1073 

A2 0610 

concentration, 0193 

S, 0184 

mutation, 1260 

Hemophilia, 0925 

Hemophilus influenza, 0177 

Hemorrhage, 1017 

Hemorrhagic fever, 0097, 0511, 0631 

Hemovigilance, 0190 

Henna, 0907, 1275 

Hepatitis, 0128, 0135, 0147, 0897, 1056, 

1066, 1070, 1248, 1293, 1298, 1346, 

1398 

Hepatoblastoma, 0150 

Herbalist, 0741 

Herbal preparation, 0492 

Herbicide, 0777, 0778, 0812 

Heritage, 0264 

Heroism, 1109 

Herpes, 0100, 0613, 0902, 0944, 1001, 

1031, 1032, 1302

Heteroduplex assay, 0956 

Heterosexual identity, 0310 

Hewitt, Roger, 0775 

Higher education, 0465 

Highland Malaria Project, 0125 

Highlife, 0383 

Hip Hop, 0004, 0010, 0013 

Hirschsprung’s disease, 0937 

Historical memory, 1112 

perspective, 0208 

Historiography, 1421 

History, 0730 

HIV, 0063, 0086, 0195, 0315, 0331, 0361, 

0379, 0509, 0533, 0535, 0542, 0830, 

1033, 1232, 1241, 1276, 1302, 1305, 

1318, 1319, 1351, 1376, 1380, 1395, 

1398 

bibliography, 0501 

children, 1447 

clinic, 0897, 1283 

co-infection, 0149, 0517 

counseling, 1022, 1045 

dementia scale, 1443 

drug resistance, 1268 

education, 0987 

epidemic, 0623, 0880, 1004, 1263, 1361 

incidence, 1266 

infection, 0160, 0580, 0625, 0873, 0950, 

0977, 0996, 1003, 1063, 1262, 1325, 

1365, 1367 

monitoring, 1360 

pandemic, 0853, 1254 

plasma viremia, 1285 

positive infant, 0864 

prevalence, 0076, 1234 

estimate, 0936 

prevention, 0100, 0904, 1286, 1309 

strategy, 1000 

research, 0947 

risk, 0622 

behavior, 1344 

RNA, 1030 

services, 0591 

spread, 1359 

status, 0114, 0157 

stigma, 0876 

survival, 1316 


[HIV] 

testing, 1018, 1021, 1247 

program, 1034 

transmission dynamic, 0912 

vaccine, 0123, 0983 

efficiency, 1322 

HIV-1, 0563 

subtype, 1051 

Hodges, Samuel, Jr., 0052 

Hodgkin, Thomas, 0739 

Hollywood, 1476 

Home range, 0444 

Hominid, 0249, 0758, 1127 

Hominoid, 1132 

Homocysteine metabolism, 1293 

Homo erectus, 0752 

Homosexuality, 0309, 1100, 1269, 1302 

Hoodia gordonii, 1182 

Hopelessness Scale, 1097 

Hormone receptor, 1007 

Hospice, 0532, 0894 

care, 1330 

Hospital attendance, 0541 


quality improvement, 1354 

Hotel Rwanda, 1083 

Household burden of disease, 0093 

production, 0835 

Howieson’s Poort industry, 0001 

HTLV-1, 1080 

Human behavior, 0377 

Capital Investment model, 0214 

diversity, 0380 

Information Behavior, 0898 

origin, 0761 

resource management, 1420 

rights, 0220, 0292, 0895 

law, 0724 

settlement, 0046 

Humoral response, 0040 

Hunter, Monica, 1461 

Hunter gatherer, 0249, 1251 

Huntington’s disease, 0924 

Hybridizing human, 1469 

Hydatid cyst, 1072 

Hydrology, 0839 

Hydropedology, 0811


Hydropolitics, 1433 

Hydroton, 0032 

Hyperemesis gravidarum, 0617, 1002 

Hypermorphosis, 0796 

Hyperplasia, 0896, 0962 

Hypertension, 0502, 0874, 0984, 1377 

Hypophosphatemia, 1371 

Hypothermia, 0186 

Hypovitaminosis D, 1043 

Iatrogenic transmission, 0171 

Iconium, 1481 

Iconography, 1111 

Identity, 0034, 1431, 1473 

Ideology, 1466 

IDEP, 0262 

Igbo, 0861 

Igwe, Amaka, 0385 

II64L mutation, 0117 

Ijo, 0728 

Illness, 0315 

Immigrant, 0048, 1107, 1108, 1462, 1464 

Immigrant disease, 1010 

Immigration, 0680, 1105, 1106 

Immunization, 0500 

Imperialism, 0245, 0360, 0714 

INDEPTH database, 0887 

Indigenous medicine, 0781 

Industrial relation, 0742 

sector, 0700 

Infant feeding, 0893 

health care, 0134 

Infectious agent, 0975 

Influenza, 0040, 0903, 1292 

Informant, 0475 

Information and communication 

technology, 0066 

provider, 0042 

seeking behavior, 0652 

Infrared energy management, 1497 

Inheritance, 0472 

Injury surveillance system, 1077 

Inkatha, 0684 

Innovation, 0053 

Insecticide treated bed net, 0491, 0905, 

0932 

Insomnia, 1438 

Intellectual, 0770, 1411 

Intelligence, 1459 

test, 0927 

Intelligent Transport System, 0069 

Interferon, 0095 

International citizenship, 0658 

relation, 1417 

Internationalism, 0059 

Interwar, 1493 

Intimacy, 0344 

Intimate partner violence, 0205 

Invasive species, 0400 

Iron deficiency, 1384 

status, 0590 

Irrigation, 0755, 0848 

Ischemia, 0588 

Islam, 0683, 0687, 0688, 1110, 1465, 1479, 

1482 

Islamic authority, 1468 

HGO, 0221 

Isola, Akinwumi, 0236 

Isoniazid, 1345 

It’s me, Anna, 1114 

Ivory, 1192 

Ixodid tick, 0097 

Jackal, 0794 

Jaipur foot, 1256 

Janjaweed, 0258, 0364 

Arab, 0253 

Jazz, 0325 

Jebel Barkal, 0341 

Jesuit, 0321 

Jockey, 0982 

Johannesburg Art Gallery, 1135 

Joseph, Helen, 0648 

Joubert syndrome, 0207 

Journal ownership, 1225 

Judge, 1110 

Julius Caesar, 0766 

Just War Theory, 1086 

Kaposi’s sarcoma, 0144, 0183, 0949 

Karanga, 0346 

Katima Mulilo, 0852 

Kelani, Tunde, 0385

Keratitis, 1257 

Kernel moisture, 0018 

Ketone inhibitor, 1029 

Khat, 0141, 0819, 1155, 1170, 1172 

chewing, 0697 

Khotso, 0741 

Kidney disease, 1278 

injury, 0939 

Killer teeth, 1314 

Kinship system, 0722 

Kissinger, Henry, 0726 

Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve, 0028 

Kololo, 0859 

Kroonstad form, 0793 

Kushite temple, 0341 

Lablab residue, 0022 

Labor, 0818, 0838, 0843 

crossing, 0817 

Laboratory parameter, 0182 

request form, 0518 

Laccosperma secundiflorum, 1176 

Laing, Sandra, 0367 

Lake Malawi, 0842 

Laminectomy, 0084 

Lamivudine, 1396 

Landmine, 1410 

Land rights, 0308 

tenure, 0472 

use change, 0823, 0824 

Landscape, 0342, 0740, 0760 

Lark, 1167 

Larval fish, 1187 

Lassa virus, 0108 

Law, 0332 

of succession, 0319 

Leadership, 0727 

Leadership strategy, 1403 

Lead exposure, 0907 

Leaf rust, 1214 

Legal system, 1284 

Legislation, 1427 

Legislature, 1434 

Legless skink, 0416 

Legume, 1173 

Leishmaniasis, 0113, 0619, 1046 


Leisure activity, 0697 

Lemkin, Raphael, 1402 

Leprosy, 0194 

Lesbian, 0309 

activism, 1412 

Lesion, 0494, 1049, 1163 

Leukemia, 1287 

Levofloxacin, 0965 

Lewis-Williams, David, 0396 

Liberation, 1418 

Librarianship, 0059 

Library service, 0533 

Lice, 1131 

Life cycle energy, 0223 

style coping, 0215 

Liminal liturgy, 1113 

Lineage identity, 0855 

Lion, 0412, 0426, 0787, 1202 

Literacy, 0259 

program, 0898 

Literary criticism, 1419 

Literature, 0006, 0233, 0290, 0307, 0743, 

0747 

Liver failure, 0917 

transplantation, 1056 

tumor, 0150 

Livestock, 0398, 0446, 0469, 1157, 1188, 

1280 

Livingstone, David, 0859 

Lizard, 0023 

Lloyd, Lucy, 0351 

Loa Loa, 0169, 1055 

Loiasis, 0169 

Low birth weight, 0186 

vision, 1348 

LRRK2 haplotype, 1026 

Lugol’s iodine, 1253 

Lumbar puncture, 0933 

stenosis, 0084 

Lung cancer, 0888 

disease, 1074 

Luo people, 0344 

Lycaon pictus, 0804 

Lymphatic filariasis, 0544 

Lymphocyte, 0092 

Lymphoma, 1250 

Lyssavirus, 1162


Maasai, 0013 

Mabanckou, Alain, 0393 

Machete, 1158 

Macroeconomic impact, 0070 

indicators, 0230 

Mad ritual, 1119 

Mafeje Affair, 0660 

Magda A, 0654 

Magic, 0696, 1485 

Magnesium, 1197 

Maize, 0022, 0037, 0039, 0055 

yield, 0800 

Malan, Rian, 0014 

Malaria, 0093, 0103, 0127, 0129, 0131, 

0159, 0161, 0162, 0165, 0166, 0174, 

0178, 0192, 0195, 0484, 0491, 0496, 

0519, 0545, 0547, 0551, 0603, 0945, 

0999, 1020, 1028, 1048, 1065, 1067, 

1185, 1190, 1243, 1265, 1291, 1296, 

1313, 1337, 1352, 1382, 1384 

control, 0115, 0905, 1356, 1390 

diagnosis, 1372 

epidemic, 0125 

eradication, 1237 

in children, 1373, 1375 

incidence, 1301, 1307 

Malarial drug resistance, 1272 

morbidity, 1078 

prevention, 0158, 1061 

transmission, 0184, 0612 

vaccine, 0991 

Male sex worker, 0901 

Malnutrition, 0079, 0189, 0485, 0549 

Malt, 1215 

Mambo Hills, 0281 

Mami Wata, 0299 

Mammal decline, 0402 

diversity, 0435 

Managing culture, 0060 

Manamba, 0847 

Mandela, Nelson, 0261, 0272 

Manganese mine, 0785, 0786 

Mango, 1204 

Mangrove plantation, 1220 

Manipulation of history, 1112 

Mann, Jonathan, 0895 

Mannoside antibody, 0570 

Mansonella perstans, 1290 

Mansonia, 0544 

Manure, 1174 

Marathon, 1044 

Market, 0745 

orientation, 0053 

Marketing system, 0466 

Marriage, 1229 

Martyr, 0690 

Masai, 1414 

Masculinity, 0382 

script, 1474 

Mass violence, 0815, 1093 

Mastomys natalensis, 0108 

Mastopexy, 0569 

Masturbation, 0168 

Maternal death, 0187, 1246 

health, 0547 

services, 1500 

Maternity care, 0995 

Mating, 1213 

Maxillofacial surgery, 0889 

Mbare, 0749 

Mbeki, Thabo, 1404 

Mda, Zakes, 0011 

Measles, 0101, 1336 

virus, 0535 

Media, 0327, 1435 

and You survey, 0074 

Medical research, 0875 

school, 0089 

student, 0943 

transport, 1394 

waste management, 1233 

Medication history, 1062 

Medicinal plant, 0781, 0806, 1191, 1196 

Medicine man, 0741 

Melarsoprol, 1342 

Memory, 1134 

Menarche, 0845 

Meningitis, 0627 

Meningococcal vaccination, 1370 

Mental disorder, 0204, 1452 

health, 0164, 1442, 1447 

care act, 0882 

stigma, 1439 

illness, 0909

Mercenary, 0250 

Metabolic syndrome, 0640, 1243 

use, 1350 

Metabolism, 0606 

Metabolite, 0041, 0043, 0813 

Metatarsal, 1279 

Methamphetamine use, 1036 

Methoxyestradiol, 0596 

Metropolitanization, 1123 

Mhudi, 0005 

Microbicide, 0553, 0566, 0988 

Middle Stone Age, 0001, 0754, 0756 

Migrant, 0209 

women, 0835 

Migration, 0284, 0287, 0317, 0369, 0705, 

0723, 0737, 1106 

flow, 0211 

for health, 0210 

Military, 0656, 1416 

deployment, 0213 

relations, 0655 

Militia, 0253, 0647 

Milk, 1171, 1378 

Miller, 0776 

Millet, 1199 

Mineworker, 0270 

Mine workers’ strike, 0838 

Minh-ha, Trinh, 0006 

Mining, 0460 

Miraa, 1414 

Mission, 0846 

Church, 1486 

Missionary, 0692, 0729, 0934 

work, 0248 

Mite, 0030, 0434 

Mitochondrial DNA, 0015, 1132 

Mitomycin C, 1397 

Mitotic spindle formation, 0596 

Mixed crop, 0469 

Mobility, 0069 

Modern art, 0704 

Modernity, 0464, 0683 

Modernization, 0297, 0350, 0687 

Molar tooth sign, 0207 

Mole, 0419 

Molecular epidemiology, 1248 

Mole-rat, 0442, 1195 


Mollusc, 0799 

Mollusk, 0041 

Money, 0481 

Monkey, 0429 

Monkeypox, 0966 

Monsoon, 0300 

Morality, 1090 

Mortality trend, 0890 

Mosquito, 1185 

Mosquito vector, 0104 

Mother to child disease transmission, 

0193, 0597, 0598, 0900, 1316, 1396 

tongue, 0480, 0863 

Motor axonal, 0636 

Movie, 0251 

Mpe, 0005 

MRNA, 1027 

MUC1 expression, 0539 

Mudbelt, 0430 

Mugabe, Robert, 0715 

Multiple sclerosis, 0933 

Mummy, 1131 

Municipal unrest, 0679 

Mural, 0271 

Murder, 1274 

Musculoskeletal pain, 0513 

trauma, 0495, 0514 

Museum, 0388 

Music, 0010, 0296, 0383, 0773, 1148 

teacher, 0390 

Muslim, 0353, 0732, 1468 

Mycobacterium, 0493, 0498 

Mycobacterium africanum, 0149 

Mycobacterium ulcerans, 0148 

Mycoplasma, 0787 

Mycotoxin, 0043 

Myiasis, 1163 

Myopericarditis, 0616 

Mysid, 0405, 0780 

Myth, 0034, 0396, 0717, 0772, 1111 

of Innocence, 1491 

Mythology, 1421 

My Traitor’s Heart, 0014 

Nagana, 1157 

Narrative, 0012, 0775, 1145, 1419 

Nat, 1212


National Arts Council, 1139 

identity, 0209, 0453, 0481 

memory, 1109 

policy, 0709 

security, 0228 

Statistical Services, 0358 

Nationalism, 0314 

Nationalist strategy, 1483 

Nativization, 0479 

Natrix maura, 0015 

Natural resource, 0456 

Nazi, 0651 

Ndebele, 0475 

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 0886 

Neisseria meningitidis, 1166 

Neoliberalism, 0221, 1433 

Neonatal care, 1006 

illness, 1245 

mortality, 0073 

screening, 0994 

surgery, 0940 

Neoplastic condition, 0183 

NEPAD, 0246, 0262 

Nesomyrmex, 0801 

Nesting data, 1167 

Networking, 1430 

NeuroAIDS, 0960 

Neurocysticercosis, 0953, 0997 

Neurodevelopment, 0077 

Neurokinin B, 1343 

Neuromelanin, 1350 

Nevirapine resistance, 0597 

New Patriotic Party, 1085 

Newcastle disease, 1184 

Ngewu, Cameron K., 1484 

NGO discourse, 0345 

Ngoni, 0713 

Nitric oxide synthase gene, 1071 

Nitrogen, 0016, 0021 

availability, 0404 

Njami, Simon, 0382 

Nnebue, Kenneth, 0385 

Nod2 mutation, 1341 

Nollywood, 0251 

Nomad, 0350 

Nonverbal expression, 1453 

Noun class, 0483 

system, 0482, 0868, 0870 

Novel, 0003, 0774 

NRTI sparing strategy, 1326 

Nubis, 0474 

Nuclear crisis, 1124 

Nursing, 0508, 1295 

Nutrition, 0234, 0567, 1224 

Nutritional status, 0075 

Nyanga society, 0356 

Obesity, 0506, 1243, 1455 

Obstetric care, 0526 

fistula, 0176, 1038 

Obstetrics, 0188 

Occlusal wear, 0520 

Occupational hazard, 1222 

Oil, 0058, 0280, 0314, 0336, 0339, 0702, 

1415 

community, 0196 

Okija Shrine, 1096 

Oldowan facies, 1126 

Olduvai Gorge, 0761 

Olfactory receptor gene, 0024 

Omo Valley, 0349 

Oncology, 1366 

Oncoprotein, 0109 

Online workspace, 0051 

Oocyst, 1499 

Operation Cobra II, 1086 

Ophiostoma, 1164 

Opioid dependence, 1039 

Orality, 1134, 1149 

Oral lesion, 0494, 1049 


mutilation, 1328 

narrative, 1143 

tradition, 0855 

Orbivirus, 0179 

Oreochromis mossambicus, 0408 

Organ, 0773 

Organic agriculture, 0458 

Orphanage, 0138 

Orphanhood, 1102 

Orthopedic, 0081

Osteitis, 0624, 1012 

Osteoporosis, 0528 

Out of Africa model, 0377, 0906, 1128, 

1129, 1130 

Out of season reproduction, 0442 

Outpatient health services, 0948 

Overweight, 0506 

Owl pellet, 0445 

Paarl, 1116 

Pacymeningitis, 0593 

Pain, 1363 

Painter, 0394 

Painting, 0271 

Palliative care, 1363 

Palm oil trader, 0392 

Pancreatitis, 0083 

Pandemic event, 0969 

Pantoprazole, 0583 

Papaya seed, 0049 

Papillomavirus, 1319 

Paracheck Pf, 0129 

Paradigm shift, 0056 

Paraganglioma, 1334 

Paragonimosis, 1239 

Parakeet, 1213 

Paranoia, 0682 

Paranthropus, 0376 

Parasite, 0117, 0399 

load, 0127 

Parasuicide, 1097 

Park, 0002 

Parkinson’s disease, 1026 

Parousia, 1481 

Passenger Indian, 1462 

Pastoralism, 0821, 0834 

Pathogen, 1203 

Patient transport, 0576 

Patriotic history, 1411 

Paul, 1487 

PCR primer, 0116 

Peace, 0337 

study, 0269 

Peacebuilding, 1422 

Peace Corps, 0366 

Peacekeeping, 0243, 0336 


Peasant, 0350 

Pedagogue, 0865 

Pedagogy, 0468 

Pedf gene, 1053 

Pedicle, 0569 

Pedology, 0811 

Pelican, 0401 

Peligious pluralism, 0695 

PEN-3 model, 0858 

Penicillin, 1166, 1264 

Percussionist, 0370 

Pericarditis, 0930 

Perimetric, 0760 

Perinatal disease transmission, 0128 

outcome, 0573 

Periodontitis, 1368 

Personal name, 1115 

Personhood, 1149 

Pertussis, 0626 

Peste des petits ruminant, 0185 

Pesticide, 1177, 1222 

Pestilence, 0969 

Petroleum war, 0058 

Pfcrt, 1067 

Pharma, 0910 

Pharmacogenetic factor, 1198 

Pharmacovigilance, 0090 

Pharmacy refill, 1282 

Phenolic, 0788 

Philosophical inquiry, 1119 

Philosophy, 0672, 1149 

Phlebovirus, 1040 

Phosphorus, 0016 

retention, 0026 

Photograph, 0395 

Photography, 0260, 0268, 0384, 0731, 

1136 

Physiognomics, 1487 

Pidgin, 0869 

Plaatje, 0005 

Placenta, 0539, 1382 

Placental mammal, 0044 

Plagiarism, 0011 

Plant extract, 0038 

rights, 0694 

Plantation, 1220


Plantlet, 0032 

Plasmodium falciparum, 0105, 0106, 0117, 

0119, 0129, 0161, 0195, 0551, 0612, 

0945, 1185, 1190, 1303, 1356, 1384 

Plasticity, 1186 

Platelet GPIIb, 0116 

Playwright, 0707 

Plectranthus, 0721 

Plinthic B horizon, 0025 

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 1076 

Pneumonia, 0154, 0873, 1236 

Pneumonitis, 1074 

Poet, 0707, 0865 

Poison, 0339 

Policy maker, 0237, 0706, 0744 


researcher, 1091 

review, 0826 

Polio, 0088, 1255 

Political change, 0727 

ecology, 0757 

economy, 0665, 0702 

integration, 0657 

liberalization, 0353 

thought, 0651 

Politics of knowledge, 0750 

Pollen, 0020 

Polyneuropathy, 0593 

Pop music, 0391 

Popular music, 0383 

Population dynamic, 0784 

health, 0816 

movement, 0317 

regulation, 0436 

Pornography, 0815 

Postage stamp, 0055 

Postcolonial forest, 0671 


state, 0743, 1425 

Post-Colonialism, 0208, 0696 

Posthospital mortality, 0605 

Postimmigration investment, 0214 

Postmodern sensibility, 1492 

Posttraumatic stress disorder, 0206, 1450 

Potassium, 0037 

Potato, 1209] 

cultivar, 1211 

Pot plant, 0021 

Poultry, 0094 

Poverty, 0286, 0301, 0333, 0456, 0545, 

0706, 0724, 0748, 0816, 0832, 0849, 

0871, 1098, 1218, 1221, 1224, 1226, 

1228, 1440 

Power, 1411 

plant, 0698 

Pool, 1408 

relation, 0659 

Praxis, 0468, 1116 

Preacher, 1465 

Predation, 0429, 0435, 1202 

Predator, 0415, 0790 

Preeclampsia, 1343 

Pre-embryo research, 0908 

Pregnancy, 0187, 0512, 0547, 0573, 0601, 

0932, 0963, 0981, 0990, 1002, 1017, 

1286, 1291, 1332, 1343, 1388 

loss, 1071 

Preller, Martie, 1141 

Presidential campaign, 1428 

Preterm delivery, 0981 

Prey preference, 0415, 0790 

Primary care clinic, 1023 

health care, 0992 

Prince Imperial, 0293 

Print resource, 0061 

Prisoner, 0374 

Private medicine, 0134 

Privitization, 0308 

Probiotic lactobacillus, 1249 

Product development, 0056 

Productivity, 0069 

Property rights, 0821 

Prosperity, 0831 

Prostate, 0975 

Prostitute, 0389 

Protease inhibitor, 1380 

Protected area, 0002, 0046 

Protein exposure, 1230 

Prothrombin, 1035 

Proverb, 0701 

Provincial growth, 0826 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 0173 

Psittacula eques, 1213 

Psychiatric disorder, 1450

[Psychiatric disorder] 

nursing, 0202 

Psychoeducation, 1451 

Psychological distress, 1101, 1102, 1446 

Psychosis, 1098, 1104, 1454, 1460 

Psychotherapy, 1458 

Psychotic disorder, 1457 

Pterygium, 0507 

Ptyctimous mite, 0434 

Publication, 0720 

Public authority, 0829 

culture, 0198 

health, 0952 

concern, 0126 

issue, 0146 

policy, 1284 

hospital, 0111 

leadership, 1403 

library, 0832 

policy, 0232 

education, 1092 

sector, 0235 

reform, 0710 

service, 1424 

water utility, 0840 

Puccinia triticina, 1214 

Pulmonary blastomycosis, 0888 

hydatid cyst, 1072 

Pyrazinamide, 1189 

Quality assurance, 0534 

Quality of life, 0124, 0153, 0594, 1049, 

1216, 1437, 1447 

Quartem, 1065 

Queer representation, 0360 

Quinine, 1296 

Rabies, 1162, 1169 

Race, 0324, 0361, 0712, 0729, 0764 

Racism, 1406 

Radiation control, 0942 

Radiography rejection, 1081 

Rain forest, 1152 

Rainwater harvesting, 0131 

Ramaphosa, Cyril, 0270 

Rangeland, 0823, 1188 


Rape, 1274 

Rash, 1306 

Rat, 1195 

Rattan, 1176 

Rawls, John, 0672 

Raw meat, 0490 

milk, 1171 

Reading, 0844 

Realism, 0696 

Recovery, 1410 

Red blood cell, 1313 

Redox activity, 0025 

condition, 0793 

Reef, 0780 

Refractive error, 1037, 1348 

Refrigeration cycle, 1125 

Refugee, 0723 

health, 0164 

Refugia, 0447 

Regai Dzive Shiri Project, 0100 

Reggae, 0381 

Regionalism, 0354, 1408 

Regionalization, 0017 

Regulation, 0827 

Religion, 0346, 0733, 0734 

Religious discourse, 0219, 1483 

radio, 0681 

Renal disease, 0568 

failure, 0556, 1275, 1299 

Renewable energy, 1435 

Reperfusion injury, 0588 

Reproductive biology, 0426 

health, 0537, 0589, 0860, 0989, 1024 

service, 0509 

Research agenda, 0216 

Respiratory allergy, 1108 

disease, 1340 

syncytial virus, 0621 

tract disease, 1315 

infection, 0965 

Retinopathy, 0531, 0599, 0928 

Revenue authority, 0829 

RGS4, 0885 

Rhinitis, 1075 

Rice, 0776 

Rickettsioses, 1300 

Rifampicin, 1345


Rift Valley fever, 1280 

virus, 1040, 1358 

Rights of inheritance, 0319 

Risedronate, 0528 

Ritual murder, 1096 

Riverwood, 0391 

RNA splicing, 0135 

Robotic arm, 1252 

Rocky outcrop, 0410 

Rodent population, 0019 

Roll Back Malaria, 0165 

Romance novel, 0009 

Root dynamic, 1194 

Rose Cottage Cave site, 0754 

Rotavirus, 0156 

Roy Adaptation Model, 1033 

Rrange expansion, 0906 

Ruffian writing, 0392 

Rugby, 0272, 0735 

Runner, 1044 

Ruptured uterus, 1016 

Rural sector policy, 0643 

Ryckaert, David III, 0394 

Sacred grove, 0340 

SADC, 0737 

Safe sex, 0137, 0560 

Sahul, 1128 

Salvation Army, 1498 

Samburu, 1143 

San culture, 0351 

Sand bar, 0418 

Sandfly Fever Sicilian virus, 1040 

Sand Forest tree, 0789 

Sandy soil, 0037 

San rock art, 0746 

Sap extract, 1182 

Satoyoshi syndrome, 1258 

Savanna, 0020, 0022, 0031, 0347, 0404, 

0425, 0441 

Scar, 1261 

Scarification, 1375 

SCAR marker, 1183 

Schistosome, 0976 

Schistosomiasis, 0524 

Schizophrenia, 0885 

School attendance, 1365 

library, 0871 

Sclerotinia stem rot, 1156 

Scot, 0713 

Sea cucumber, 0433 

Seal, 0407, 0436, 0784 

Sebaceous gland, 0541 

Secondary education, 1432 

Security, 0655, 0656 

Council, 0666 

Seed mineral, 1173 

Seizure, 0997 

Self employment, 0891 

esteem, 0217 

immolation, 1238 

medication, 0174 

publishing, 0064 

Sepsis, 1287, 1371 

Serengeti, 0342 

Plain, 0335 

Serogroup W135, 0627 

Seroprevalence, 1022 

Seroprotection, 0098 

Serpent, 0015 

Serval, 0791 

Service provider, 1472 

Severe illness, 1245 

Sex, 1493 

Sex chromosome, 0044 

development, 1227 

Sexual activity, 0565 

behavior, 0137, 0912, 1310, 1365 


practice, 0163, 0537 

rights, 0120 

risk, 0205, 1494 

violence, 0139 

vulnerability, 1474 

Sexuality, 0712, 0993, 1480 

Sexually risky behavior, 1271 

transmitted disease, 0218, 0517, 0522, 

0553, 0554, 0564, 0598, 0622, 0674, 

0819, 0880, 0883, 0892, 0904 

transmitted infection, 0920, 0929, 0944, 

0992, 0995, 1024, 1234, 1263, 1266, 

1268, 1309, 1344, 1349, 1389, 1395, 

1398

She-Devil, 1482 

Sheep, 1206 

Shell morphology, 0437 

Shigella, 0616, 1052 

Shop worker, 0464 

Short story, 0363 

Shoulder joint, 0632 

Shrew, 0448 

Shrine, 0291 

Shumway, Gordon, 1374 

Sialic acid, 1382 

Sickle cell, 1313 

disease, 0561, 0574 

disorder, 0994 

Sick people, 0837 

Sigmoid sinus, 0624 

Simian foamy virus, 1179 

Sindbis virus, 1019 

Singing, 1133 

Single nucleotide polymorphism, 0922 

Sinnar, 0359 

Sinonasal malignancy, 1335 

paraganglioma, 1334 

Sisal plantation, 0759, 0847 

Sister Abena, 1145 

Skeleton Coast, 0322 

Skin disease, 0541 

Skink, 0416 

Slave heritage politics, 1431 

Slave trade, 0065, 0244, 0738, 0745 

Slavery, 0052, 0314 

Sleep quality, 0215, 1464 

Sleeping sickness, 0099, 0525 

Slum, 0662 

Smallholder farm, 0472 

Smallpox, 0966 

Smear negative, 0493 

positive, 0536 

Smith, Kathryn, 1136 

Smoking, 1426 

Snail, 0400 

Snake bite, 0145, 1025 

SNP5 gradient, 1341 

Snuff, 0085 

So Long a Letter, 0772 

Social agent, 1488 

anthropology, 0212 


[Social agent] 

change, 0302, 0355 

custom, 0003 

deprivation, 0196 

development, 0231 

differentiation, 0394, 1463 

health index, 0213 

influence, 0035 

movement, 0679 

reality, 1473 

science capacity, 0216 

status, 0677 

upheaval, 1475 

virtue, 0728 

welfare, 1472, 1490 

work, 0302 

Sociocultural idenity, 0725 

Sociodemography, 0845 

Socioeconomic factor, 0075 

status, 1101 

Sociolinguistics, 0297 

Soft catch trap, 0794 

Solar collector, 0222 

Soldier, 0326, 0644 

Somatic cell, 0406 

Song, 0768 

Sorghum, 1199, 1215 

South African National Gallery, 0386 

War, 1421 

Southern Rhodesia, 0715 

Soybean, 1156 

processing, 1230 

Species richness, 0031 

Sperm, 1181 

Spider, 0411 

Spina bifida, 0594 

Spine, 0111 

Spirit, 0689 

Spiritual being, 0734 

power, 0355 

Spleen, 1375 

Sporothrix, 1164 

Spouse sharing, 0860 

Springbok, 0272 

Spurfowl, 0783 

Sputum, 1236 

smear, 0586, 0633


Squamous cell, 1355 

Stakeholder, 0822 

Staphylococcus, 0092 

State, 0766 

State collapse, 0267 

failure, 0254 

formation, 0058, 0762 

Statehood, 0245 

Stature estimate, 1279 

Stem cell research, 1242 

mortality, 0432 

rot, 1156 

Stickholder, 0822 

Still Bay industry, 0001 

Stone ruin, 0356 

Stool sample, 1052 

Storybook reading, 0844 

STR allele frequency, 1338 

Strategy, 0709 

Streptococcus, 0154 

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1005 

Stress, 1440, 1445 

and Health Study, 0204, 1099 

Stressor, 0532 

Strike, 0838 

Stroke, 0505, 0639, 1391 

Strongyloidiasis, 0524 

Strophanthus hispidus, 0805 

Student centered learning, 0468 

Subaltern, 0478 

Subcutaneous damage, 0136 

Substance use, 1023, 1494 

Subtidal bay, 0443 

Sugar cane, 1158 

industry, 0778 

Suicidal behavior, 1099 

Suicide, 0091, 1459, 1479 

Sulfadoxine, 1265 

Sunba, 1147 

Sunflower, 1153 

Sunni identity, 0691 

Suprascapular nerve, 0632 

Supreme Court, 1409 

Surfactant deficiency, 1340 

Surgeon, 0112 

Surgical residency, 0872 

Survival effect, 0584 

Sustainability, 0072 

Sustainable economy, 0235 

Sustaining growth, 0230 

Swine, 0997 

Swing, 0325 

Syncytial virus, 1315 

Syphilis, 0963, 1264 

Tai Forest, 0429 

Talmud, 1485 

Tardigrade, 0420 

Taste, 0620 

Tastiness, 1209 

T cell count, 0618 

element, 0080 

leukemia, 1332 

Teacher, 0825 

Teaching, 0708 

Technical isolation, 1124 

Technopolitics, 1423 

Tekere, Edgar, 0372 

Television, 0769 

advertising, 1144 

news, 0200 

Telfairia occidentalis, 1198 

Temporomandibular disorder, 0520 

Tenure, 1463 

Teramnus labialis, 1173 

Terrace builder, 0356 

Territorial segregation, 0828 

Testis, 0406 

Tetanus, 0587, 0626, 0892 

Tetracycline, 0552 

Textbook, 0017 

Textile, 0265 

Thalassemia, 0603, 0610, 1073 

Theater, 0767 

Theological seminary, 0684 

Theologizing, 0685 

Theology, 1116, 1470 

Thermal power plant, 0698 

treatment, 0222 

The Washing Away of Wrongs, 1136 

Thiabendazole, 1290 

3D facial imaging, 1333 

THUSA study, 0486

Tick, 0412, 0511, 0787 

borne disease, 1300 

Tiger mosquito, 0102 

Tilapia, 0406 

T lymphotropic virus, 1080 

Tobacco harm reduction, 0085 

use, 0170, 1441 

Tonsil disease, 0579 

Tooth loss, 0874 

Tooth wear, 0520 

Torah, 0694 

Tourette syndrome, 0961 

Tourism, 0818 

Township, 0452 

Toxoplasmosis, 1206 

Trabeculectomy, 1397 

Traces du sacre exhibition, 1137 

Trachoma, 0488, 0515 

Trade, 0052, 0263, 0300, 0316 

Trader story, 0392 

Trading system, 0065 

Traditional authority, 1407 

healer, 0152, 0181, 0529 

medicine, 0038, 0134, 0492, 0530, 1154, 

1182, 1210 

Traffic accident, 0409 

injury, 0516 

Transactional sex, 0389 

Transcriptional gene silencing, 1041 

Transkei, 0716 

Trauma, 0112, 1444 

team training, 1273 

Traumatic event history, 0206 

Traveler, 0103, 0158 

Travel writing, 0273 

Tremor, 1323 

Tribalism, 0673 

Trichiasis, 0488, 0515 

Trichomonas, 0564 

Trimusculus costatus, 0041 

Trophoblast, 0539 

Tropical disease, 0146, 0171 

Tropical forest, 0439 

Trunk trauma, 0555 

Truth and reconciliation, 0320, 0334 

Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 

1103 


Trypanosomiasis, 0099, 0525, 1157, 1203, 

1311, 1342, 1347 

Tsetse fly, 0099, 0525 

Tuberculosis, 0095, 0111, 0126, 0143, 

0149, 0449, 0450, 0487, 0493, 0500, 

0523, 0536, 0548, 0581, 0585, 0586, 

0591, 0604, 0607, 0609, 0618, 0624, 

0628, 0630, 0633, 0850, 0930, 0955, 

1005, 1013, 1027, 1043, 1050, 1057, 

1059, 1154, 1189, 1219, 1239, 1244, 

1247, 1263, 1288, 1294, 1297, 1299, 

1304, 1312, 1317, 1324, 1327, 1339, 

1345, 1369, 1376, 1383, 1399 

Tumor, 0150, 0879, 0916, 1054 

TV programming, 0693 

Twi Proverb Dictionary, 0701 

Two Thousand Seasons, 0771 

Typhoid fever, 0154 

Tyranny, 0227 

Ubang, 0120 

UCINET, 0068 

Ujamma, 0462 

UKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park, 0746 

Ulcer, 0583, 0613, 0637, 0638, 1001, 1012 

Ulna, 0577 

Ultrasonography, 0136, 0188 

Underdevelopment, 0264, 0333 

Underdog, 1121 

Underground, 0753 

Undernutrition, 0614 

Union government, 0657 

UNISA Online Collection, 0388 

United Nations, 0243, 0666 

Unprotected sex, 1395 

Urban development, 0749 

poor, 0467, 1500 

Urbanicity, 1426 

Urethritis, 0878 

Urinary glycoprotein, 1035 

Urine, 0049 

User fee, 0073 

Uterus, 1016 

Vaccination, 0098 

Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), 0122 

Vagina, 0554, 0564, 0878


Vaginal fistula, 1009 

gel, 0571 

HIV transmission, 0558 

yeast, 0572 

Vampire, 0008 

Vasectomy, 0546 

Vegetable, 1151 

consumption, 0048 

Ventricular fibrillation, 1296 

hypertrophy, 0562 

Verbal miscue, 0861 

Veterinary care, 1168 

Vineyard, 0438 

Violence, 0467, 0644, 0654, 0699 

Viper, 0145 

Viral load, 0147, 1386 

Virologic failure, 0527 

Virus lineage, 1280 

VISION 2020, 1095 

Vision screening, 1037 

Visual impairment, 1270 

Visuality, 0384 

Vitamin A, 1078, 1204 

Vitamin content, 1378 

Vitamin D, 1043 

deficiency, 0513 

Vitamin E, 0130 

Volunteerism, 0872 

Voting, 0199 

Waist circumference, 0140, 0540 

War, 0307, 0337 

Water, 0470, 0839 

Watercolor, 0721 

Water crisis, 0457 


resource management, 0762 

Waterscape, 0842 

Water service delivery, 0849 

spirit, 0299 

stress, 1194 

supply, 0454 

Watson, James, 0927 

Weatherley catchment, 0793 

Web 2.0, 1492 

We Buried the Past, 0387 

Weibull regression analysis, 1063 

Welfare, 1118, 1470 

agent, 1117 

Well, 0339 

Wellcome Trust, 0398, 0487 

West Nile virus, 0982 

West Side Boys, 1416 

Wheat, 0018, 1175, 1183, 1199, 1214 

Whey, 0606 

White, Jake, 0735 

White, Luise, 0008 

White donkey, 1495 

White identity, 1489 

Wife beating, 0854 

Wildebeest, 0335 

Wildlife photography, 0260 

Will, 0319 

Wills, Lucy, 0875 

Winter chilling, 1208 

Witchcraft, 0373 

Witnessing dance, 1444 

Wittfogel’s hydraulic hypothesis, 0755 

Wollega Zone, 0369 

Womanhood, 0768 

Women’s health, 0530 

work, 0455 

Wonderwerk Cave site, 1126 

World Bank, 0263 

survey, 0846 

Cup stadium, 0642 

Heritage site, 0746 

War I, 0285, 0375 

Worship, 0291, 1113 

Wrinkle, 1261 

Wrist, 0577 

Writers, 0288 

Writing, 0236, 0259, 0284 

Writing Now, 0363 

/Xam myth, 0396 

Xenophobia, 0769 

Xhosa, 0713 

Yearbook, 0348 

Year of Africa, 0239 

Yellow fever, 0104, 0142

Yogurt, 1249 

Yoruba song, 1133 

Young infant mortality, 1047 

Zapiro, 0338 

ZEBOV sequence, 0047 

Zenon, 1495 


Zidovudine, 0597 

Zinc finger protein, 1053 

supplementation, 0538, 1078 

Zinjanthropus, 0761 

Zoonosis, 0185, 0379, 0446, 0451, 1161 

Zoonotic disease, 0449, 1168 

Zulu, 1498 

War, 029


CUMULATIVE REGIONAL INDEX 

CENTRAL AFRICA 0047, 0101, 0140, 

0169, 0171, 0259, 1298, 1332, 1401 

Burundi 0206, 0289, 1422 

Chad 0221, 0321 

Congo (DRC) 0058, 0139, 0240, 0279, 

0313, 0477, 0511, 0525, 0584-0586, 

0615, 0644, 0717, 0736, 0868, 1094 

Malawi 0061, 0096, 0109, 0144, 0160, 

0472, 0503, 0510, 0522, 0560, 0582, 

0713, 0722, 0842, 0902, 0951, 

1058-1060, 1272, 1452, 1463, 1474 

Rwanda 0106, 0153, 0286, 0374, 0461, 

0643, 1083, 1325 

Zambia 0086, 0371, 0460, 0470, 0481, 

0535, 0589, 0625, 0659, 0733, 0825, 

0837, 1024, 1247 

EAST AFRICA 0068, 0071, 0107, 0141, 

0216, 0278, 0300, 0308, 0375, 0376, 

0457, 0704, 0755, 0759, 0761, 0764, 

0817, 0846, 0847, 1044, 1079, 1155, 

1171, 1275, 1328, 1433, 1465, 1483, 

1493 

Kenya 0004, 0010, 0067, 0117, 0119, 

0197, 0199, 0202, 0329, 0344, 0391, 

0410, 0458, 0591, 0594, 0603, 0649, 

0662, 0665, 0675, 0692, 0723, 0834, 

0841, 0857, 0872, 0901, 0913, 0938, 

1028, 1033, 1034, 1121, 1143, 1192, 

1220, 1280, 1303, 1324, 1339, 1413, 

1428, 1500 

Tanzania 0013, 0038, 0055, 0129, 0137, 

0155, 0163, 0182, 0184, 0188, 0189, 

0274, 0335, 0342, 0402, 0412, 0441, 

0454, 0462, 0466, 0526, 0527, 0553, 

0612, 0622, 0668, 0757, 0760, 0787, 


490 

0823, 0824, 0845, 0848, 0936, 0979, 

1015, 1031, 1032, 1037, 1042, 1095, 

1210, 1251, 1299, 1323, 1338, 1381, 

1384, 1396, 1434 

Uganda 0066, 0074, 0090, 0125, 0256, 

0268, 0303, 0420, 0437, 0514, 0530, 

0543, 0563, 0697, 0788, 0819, 0894, 

1006, 1016, 1017, 1022, 1030, 1048, 

1115, 1372, 1414, 1458 

EQUATORIAL AFRICA 1290, 1355 

Central African Republic 0439, 0886 

Equatorial Guinea 0671 

Gabon 0040, 0587, 0602, 0714 

INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS 0322, 0436, 

1212 

Malagasy Republic (Madagascar) 0422, 

0424, 0689, 0796, 0798, 0799, 1201, 

1366 

Mauritius 0264, 0455, 1213 

NORTH AFRICA 0015, 0023, 0110, 

0113, 0130, 0179, 0421, 0797, 0889, 

0907, 0959, 1002, 1046, 1073, 1080 

Egypt 0075, 0207, 1065, 1069, 1070, 

1235 

Libya 1064 

Morocco 0215, 0217, 0387, 0552, 0686, 

1007, 1368, 1460 

Tunisia 0210, 0506, 0541, 0808, 0879, 

1026, 1071 

NORTHEAST AFRICA 0131, 0269, 

0283, 1172

[NORTHEAST AFRICA] 

Djibouti 0233, 0456 

Eritrea 0534, 0536 

Ethiopia 0049, 0246, 0349, 0352, 0369, 

0397, 0398, 0446, 0449, 0450, 0451, 

0469, 0485, 0487-0494, 0496-0502, 

0504, 0507, 0509, 0537, 0538, 0630, 

0708, 0709, 0762, 0820, 0821, 0850, 

0876, 0877, 0905, 0935, 0941, 0989, 

0990, 1027, 1050, 1052, 1057, 1081, 

1097, 1170, 1218, 1236, 1499 

Somalia 0227, 0267, 0353, 0513, 0524, 

0768, 1010, 1314 

Sudan 0104, 0253, 0258, 0337, 0359, 0364, 

0474, 0515, 0748, 1093, 1410 

SOUTHERN AFRICA 0001, 0020, 0192, 

0211, 0222, 0287, 0310, 0311, 0418, 

0428, 0452, 0468, 0669, 0678, 0684, 

0685, 0694, 0698, 0699, 0756, 0801, 

0802, 0814, 0838, 0839, 0947, 0991, 

1113, 1118, 1120, 1125, 1167, 1230, 

1322, 1361, 1408, 1435, 1476, 1480, 

1486 

Angola 0336, 0442, 0574, 0827, 0865 

Botswana 0063, 0157, 0508, 0517, 0634, 

0667, 0674, 0785, 0786, 1202, 1281 

Lesotho 0026 

Mozambique 0045, 0093, 0177, 0282, 

0326, 0495, 0629 

Namibia 0247, 0327, 0343, 0368, 0573, 

0673, 0711, 0831, 0833, 0852, 1207, 

1425 

South Africa 0005, 0011, 0014, 0016, 

0018, 0021, 0025, 0027, 0030-0032, 

0037, 0039, 0041, 0053, 0059, 0060, 

0062, 0064, 0069, 0076, 0083, 0085, 

0087, 0089, 0091, 0103, 0111, 0112, 

0123, 0124, 0126, 0138, 0143, 0150, 

0151, 0173, 0175, 0176, 0180, 0181, 

0187, 0191, 0193, 0194, 0198, 0200, 

0201, 0204, 0205, 0212, 0213, 0218, 

0220, 0237, 0250, 0257, 0261, 0262, 

0270, 0272, 0275-0277, 0281, 0284, 

0293, 0302, 0318, 0320, 0324, 0325, 

0338, 0348, 0351, 0357, 0358, 0360, 

0361, 0384, 0386, 0395, 0403, 0405, 

CUMULATIVE REGIONAL INDEX / 491 

0407-0409, 0411, 0414, 0417, 0423, 

0426, 0427, 0430-0433, 0435, 0443, 

0444, 0447, 0448, 0464, 0475, 0486, 

0512, 0516, 0518, 0523, 0529, 0531, 

0533, 0555-0557, 0567, 0568, 0571, 

0576, 0580, 0590, 0592, 0597-0599, 

0609, 0614, 0621, 0627, 0628, 0642, 

0645, 0646, 0648, 0650, 0653-0658, 

0660, 0664, 0679, 0681, 0682, 0690, 

0716, 0720, 0721, 0725, 0730, 0731, 

0735, 0737, 0741, 0746, 0750, 0754, 

0765, 0769, 0770, 0775, 0777-0784, 

0789-0791, 0793, 0794, 0800, 0803, 

0804, 0807, 0810-0813, 0822, 0826, 

0828, 0832, 0844, 0849, 0854, 0856, 

0858, 0866, 0871, 0873-0875, 0878, 

0881, 0882, 0890, 0896, 0897, 0899, 

0900, 0903, 0908, 0910-0912, 

0914-0916, 0919, 0920, 0925, 0928, 

0933, 0937, 0942, 0944, 0946, 0948, 

0952, 0953, 0957, 0962, 0963, 

0971-0974, 0977, 0978, 0980, 0987, 

0992, 0993, 0995-0997, 1000, 1005, 

1008, 1011, 1023, 1036, 1039, 1075, 

1082, 1086, 1088, 1089, 1091, 1092, 

1098-1101, 1103, 1114, 1116, 1117, 

1123, 1126, 1135, 1136, 1139, 1141, 

1144, 1150, 1151, 1153, 1154, 1156, 

1157, 1164, 1165, 1174, 1175, 

1182-1184, 1187, 1188, 1191, 

1193-1195, 1205, 1206, 1208, 1209, 

1211, 1214, 1215, 1219, 1221-1229, 

1232, 1233, 1240, 1244, 1246, 1254, 

1263, 1266, 1271, 1274, 1277-1279, 

1283, 1284, 1287, 1288, 1295, 1304, 

1308, 1310, 1315, 1319-1321, 1330, 

1340, 1343, 1347-1349, 1351, 1365, 

1369, 1371, 1374, 1385, 1387 - 1389, 

1394, 1395, 1404-1406, 1412, 1417, 

1419-1421, 1423, 1424, 1426, 1427, 

1429, 1431, 1436, 1439, 1440, 1443, 

1445, 1448, 1451, 1462, 1467, 

1470-1473, 1475, 1477, 1484, 1488, 

1490, 1494, 1497, 1498 

Swaziland 0465 

Zimbabwe 0100, 0346, 0356, 0363, 0372, 

0399, 0467, 0565, 0566, 0575, 0715,

492 / CUMULATIVE REGIONAL INDEX 

[SOUTHERN AFRICA] 

0740, 0749, 0818, 0830, 0836, 0840, 

0884, 1102, 1411 

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 0007, 0043, 

0077, 0082, 0116, 0118, 0132, 0133, 

0158, 0165, 0170, 0178, 0190, 0195, 

0229, 0292, 0389, 0393, 0540, 0545, 

0547, 0549, 0558, 0581, 0635, 0719, 

0767, 0816, 0829, 0853, 0887, 0921, 

0926, 0927, 0931, 0932, 0939, 0943, 

0961, 0964, 0985, 0986, 0994, 0998, 

0999, 1001, 1009, 1013, 1045, 1107, 

1138, 1166, 1185, 1203, 1216, 1217, 

1237, 1241, 1262, 1273, 1286, 1296, 

1305, 1309, 1326, 1342, 1344, 1346, 

1363, 1376, 1380, 1390, 1391, 1442, 

1447, 1449, 1479 

WEST AFRICA 0003, 0009, 0022, 0099, 

0149, 0164, 0316, 0392, 0425, 0445, 

0600, 0742, 0855, 1146, 1204, 1293, 

1294, 1318, 1335, 1397 

Benin 0136, 0152, 0483, 0637, 0638, 0870, 

1291, 1373 

Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) 0174, 0354, 

0929, 1078, 1199, 1285, 1453 

Cameroon 0226, 0235, 0245, 0480, 0663, 

0707, 0863, 0930, 0956, 1020, 1055, 

1392 

Cote d’Ivoire 0057, 0070, 0080, 0400, 

0429, 0687, 0776, 1176, 1239Gambia 

0147, 1177, 1301 

Ghana 0033, 0050, 0073, 0084, 0148, 

0232, 0244, 0355, 0434, 0463, 0610, 

0619, 0701, 0705, 0706, 0732, 0739, 

0795, 0835, 0893, 0988, 1047, 1066, 

1085, 1145, 1357, 1370, 1407, 1432 

Guinea-Bissau 0108, 0186, 0328, 0605, 

0738 

Liberia 0254, 0334, 0459, 0647, 0966, 

1087 

Mali 0019, 0620, 0691, 1147, 1231 

Niger 0362, 0676, 1084, 1336, 1466, 1482 

Nigeria 0065, 0079, 0081, 0120, 0166, 

0168, 0183, 0185, 0196, 0228, 0234, 

0236, 0242, 0251, 0271, 0290, 0301, 

0304, 0306, 0312, 0314, 0317, 0319, 

0330, 0385, 0478, 0479, 0482, 0520, 

0521, 0561, 0639, 0640, 0641, 0666, 

0683, 0688, 0693, 0700, 0702, 0718, 

0728, 0734, 0806, 0809, 0843, 

0860-0862, 0945, 1061, 1096, 1109, 

1152, 1197, 1250, 1270, 1375, 1377, 

1409, 1415, 1437, 1468 

Senegal 0012, 0241, 0255, 0370, 0551, 

0677, 0710, 1018, 1386 

Sierra Leone 0052, 0366, 0661, 0744, 

0766


PERIODICALS AND SOURCE DOCUMENTS CITED IN 

THIS ISSUE 

Africa Today 

African Studies 

African Zoology 

American Journal of Psychiatry 

Annals of Hepatology 

Anthropology Southern Africa 

Biology of Reproduction 

Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics 

of North America 

CODESRIA Bulletin 

de arte 

Development Dialogue 

Ethiopian Journal of Health Development 

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 

Human Biology 

Immunogenetics 

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 

Indian Journal of Medical Research, The 

Indian Journal of Pediatrics 

Indian Journal of Public Health 

Infection 

Infection, Genetics and Evolution 

Infectious Disease Clinics of North 

America 

International Clinical 

Psychopharmacology 

International Emergency Nursing 

International Family Planning 

Perspectives 

International Journal of Parasitology 

International Journal for Quality in Health 

Care 

International Journal of Cancer 

International Journal of Dermatology 


493 

International Journal of Health Care 

Quality Assurance 

International Journal of Molecular 

Medicine 

International Journal of Nursing Practice 

International Journal of Obesity and 

Related Metabolic Disorders 

International Journal of Occupational and 

Environmental Health 

International Journal of Palliative Nursing 

International Journal of Psychiatry in 

Medicine 

International Journal of Sexual Health 

International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 

The 

International Journal of STD and AIDS 

International Journal of Stroke 

International Journal of Tuberculosis and 

Lung Disease 

International Quarterly of Community 

Health Education 

Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual 

Science 

Irish Medical Journal 

Issues Briefing (Alan Guttmacher Inst) 

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency 

Syndromes 

Journal of Adolescent Health 

Journal of Advanced Nursing 

Journal of African History 

Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 

Journal of Agromedicine 

Journal of Analytical Psychology, The

494 / PERIODICALS AND SOURCE DOCUMENTS 

Journal of Anatomy 

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 

Journal of Applied Microbiology 

Journal of Asthma, The 

Journal of Biosocial Science 

Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British 

Volume 

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 

Journal of Burn Care & Research 

Journal of Child Health Care 

Journal of Child Psychology and 

Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 

Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 

Journal of Clinical Investigation 

Journal of Clinical Microbiology 

Journal of Clinical Pathology 

Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and 

Therapeutics 

Journal of Communication Disorders 

Journal of Dental Education 

Journal of Dentistry for Children 

Journal of Eastern African Studies 

Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 

Journal of Epidemiology and Community 

Health 

Journal of Ethnopharmacology 

Journal of Family Planning and 

Reproductive Health Care, The 

Journal of Food Protection 

Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 

Journal of Forensic Sciences 

Journal of General Virology, The 

Journal of Glaucoma 

Journal of Gravitational Physiology 

Journal of Health Psychology 

Journal of Health, Population, and 

Nutrition 

Journal of Hepatology 

Journal of Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal 

Plants 

Journal of Hospital Marketing & Public 

Relations 

Journal of Human Evolution 

Journal of Human Genetics 

Journal Of Human Lactation 

Journal of Infectious Diseases, The 

Journal of Law and Medicine 

Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal 

Medicine, The 

Journal of Mathematical Biology 

Journal of Medical Microbiology 

Journal of Medical Virology 

Journal of Modern African Studies, 

The 

Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and 

Psychiatry 

Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences 

Journal of Pain And Symptom 

Management 

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and 

Nutrition 

Journal of Perioperative Practice 

Journal of Personality and Social 

Psychology 

Journal of Preventive Medicine and 

Hygiene 

Journal of Public Health Policy 

Journal of Southern African Studies 

Journal of Sustainable Forestry 

Journal of the American College of 

Cardiology 

Journal of the American College of 

Dentists, The 

Journal of the American Dental 

Association 

Journal of the American Dietetic 


Journal of the American Medical 


Journal of the Association of Physicians in 

India, The 

Journal of the History of Medicine and 

Allied Sciences 

Journal of the National Medical 


Journal of The Royal Army Medical Corps 

Journal of the Royal Society of Health 

Journal of the South African Veterinary 


Journal of Theology for Southern Africa 

Journal of Trauma, The 

Journal of Travel Medicine 

Journal of Tropical Ecology

Journal of Urban Health 

Journal of Virological Methods 

Journal of Virology 

Lancet, The 

Lancet Infectious Diseases, The 

Lancet. Neurology 

Leprosy Review 

Maternal and Child Nutrition 

Medical Hypotheses 

Medicine and Law 

Medicine, Science, and the Law 

Microbes and Infection 

Minerva Pediatrics 

Molecular Ecology 

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 

Mousaion 

Mycologia 

Nature 

Nature Clinical Practice. Rheumatology 

Nature Reviews: Genetics 

Nigerian Journal of Medicine 

Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal 

Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital 

Medicine 

Obstetrics and Gynecology 

Occupational Therapy International 

Ophthalmic Epidemiology 

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 

Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research 

Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 

Parasite 

Parasitology 

Parassitologia 

Pediatric Blood & Cancer 

PERIODICALS AND SOURCE DOCUMENTS / 495 

Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, The 

Pediatric Nephrology 

Pediatric Research 

Pediatrics 

Perception 

Perceptual and Motor Skills 

Perspectives In Biology And Medicine 

Pharmeuropa Bio 

Placenta 

Plant Foods and Human Nutrition 

Planta Medica 

Plastic And Reconstructive Surgery 

PLoS Genetics 

PLos Medicine 

PLoS ONE 

PLoS Pathogens 

Politeia 

Prevention Science 

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, The 

Psychological Reports 

Psychosomatic Medicine 

Religion and Theology 

Research in African Literatures 

Rural and Remote Health 

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric 

Epidemiology 

South African Journal of International 

Affairs 

South African Journal of Plant and Soil 

Science 

South African Journal of Wildlife Research 

Studies in History and Philosophy of 

Biological and Biomedical Sciences 

Substance Use and Misuse

A Current Bibliography on African Affairs - Baywood Publishing

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?