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CONTENT - International Society of Zoological Sciences

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S1 ICZ2008 - Abstracts<br />

Integrative taxonomy in a hyperdiverse group <strong>of</strong> marine molluscs:<br />

the Turrinae (Gastropoda, Conoidea).<br />

Nicolas Puillandre 1,2 , Sarah Samadi 1 , Marie-Catherine Boisselier 1 and<br />

Philippe Bouchet 2<br />

1<br />

MNHN, Service de Systématique Moléculaire, 43 rue Cuvier, 75005<br />

Paris, France.<br />

2<br />

MNHN, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.<br />

Conoidea, which includes subfamily Turrinae, is a hyperdiverse group<br />

<strong>of</strong> marine gastropods, with about 10000 living species (Bouchet 1990)<br />

defined mostly by shell characters. The great and sometimes<br />

continuous variability <strong>of</strong> these morphological characters renders the<br />

delimitation <strong>of</strong> species complicated. Recently, molecular taxonomy<br />

has received increasing attention (Vogler 2006, Arhens 2007) to<br />

better define species boundaries in poorly known groups, where<br />

traditionnal characters are difficult to assess. Recent cruises in West-<br />

Pacific have permitted the achievement <strong>of</strong> a sampling comprising<br />

almost 1000 specimens <strong>of</strong> Turrinae. Species were not a priori defined<br />

in order to accurately estimate intra and interspecific variabilities.<br />

Sequencing was performed for two genes: the COI mitochondrial<br />

gene used for the barcode project and a portion <strong>of</strong> the 28S nuclear<br />

gene. Species boundaries were defined using the “barcode gap” as a<br />

threshold but also phylogenetic reconstructions associated to the<br />

method described in Pons et al. 2006. More than 80 clusters were<br />

thus delimited, mostly including several specimens. Geographic and<br />

morphologic informations were then used to discuss alpha-taxonomy<br />

<strong>of</strong> the group. If some clusters appeared easily recognisable on the<br />

basis <strong>of</strong> morphological characters, some gave the impression to<br />

include specimens with identical shells, while several shell<br />

morphologies were observed in others. Indeed, molecular taxonomy<br />

appears to be a fast and accurate way to define clusters <strong>of</strong> individuals<br />

within Turrinae.<br />

New perspectives in the systematics <strong>of</strong> Limnadiid clam shrimps<br />

(Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Spinicaudata): cyst morphology<br />

provides solid elements to the revision <strong>of</strong> this group in the world<br />

Nicolas Rabet<br />

UPMC, UMR 7138 CNRS UPMC MNHN IRD, Case 05, 7 quai St<br />

Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France.<br />

The shape and surface ornamentation <strong>of</strong> cysts, resting embryos, are<br />

very useful for systematic studies <strong>of</strong> Branchiopoda. These characters<br />

were already frequently used in Anostraca at the genus and<br />

sometimes species level (Thiéry 1996) but some important specific<br />

variations were also recently described (Thiéry et al. 2007). Within the<br />

Spinicaudata the cyst shells are always spherical, except in<br />

Limnadiidae where they can also be cylindrical or spiralled with<br />

numerous intermediate shapes. Contrary to Anostraca, the systematic<br />

based on adult morphology is very difficult in limnadiid clam shrimps<br />

because morphology is highly variable and classical taxonomy is<br />

generally very confused. Some studies suggested that the variation <strong>of</strong><br />

shape and ornamentation <strong>of</strong> cysts are the best morphological<br />

characters for the taxonomy <strong>of</strong> the genus Eulimnadia in America (Belk,<br />

1989, Martin, 1989). Here I present the examination <strong>of</strong> numerous<br />

specimens from different parts <strong>of</strong> the world (including newly collected<br />

samples and samples from museum collections). In each population<br />

the cyst morphology is relatively stable, confirming its interest<br />

throughout the world to identify species <strong>of</strong> Eulimnadia and also <strong>of</strong><br />

other genera (Metalimnadia and a new genus). In addition, cyst<br />

morphology allows species identification in the absence <strong>of</strong> adult<br />

specimens by sampling soils from temporary pools, which could<br />

increase rapidly our knowledge on this group.<br />

Thiéry A. 1996. In: Grassé PP, ed., Traité de Zoologie, Anatomie,<br />

Systématique, Biologie 7: 287–351. Paris: Masson.<br />

Thiéry A, Rabet N, Neve G. 2007. Biol J Linnean Soc 90(1): 55-60.<br />

Belk D. 1989. J Crust Biol 9(1): 115-125.<br />

Martin JW. 1989. J Crust Biol 9(1): 104-114.<br />

- 10 -<br />

EDIT: creating a new environment in taxonomic institutions<br />

Simon Tillier<br />

EDIT, CP43, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (UMR 7138), 57<br />

rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France<br />

Methodological, scientific and technical progress is rapidly<br />

transforming taxonomy and its environment, making these times more<br />

exciting than ever for taxonomists. Pivotal to the development <strong>of</strong><br />

taxonomy are the rapidly expanding fields <strong>of</strong> high throughput DNA<br />

sequencing, automated digital data-gathering and biodiversity<br />

informatics. Incorporating these technologies will be critical to the<br />

future <strong>of</strong> the science <strong>of</strong> taxonomy.<br />

To employ these new tools, scientific collaborators and users <strong>of</strong><br />

taxonomy will require new ways <strong>of</strong> working and interacting with<br />

taxonomists. Taxonomic scientists integrated into interdisciplinary<br />

teams will be an essential way <strong>of</strong> working. There will have to be<br />

substantial, even radical, changes in how taxonomy is done and its<br />

supporting infrastructure operated, to exploit these opportunities to the<br />

full.<br />

In support <strong>of</strong> these radical changes in the way taxonomy is done and<br />

made available to its users, EDIT is a consortium <strong>of</strong> the largest<br />

taxonomic institutions in the world which unite their strengths to<br />

develop and accompany the necessary change in infrastructure<br />

planning, functioning and management. Beside progress toward<br />

integration <strong>of</strong> research infrastructures, EDIT is elaborating the<br />

computer tools which will be instrumental to further developments <strong>of</strong><br />

taxonomic research, and has set up projects for All Taxa Biodiversity<br />

Inventories in Europe experimenting new standards and methods.<br />

Metazoan phylogenetics: “surprising new results” and the<br />

deceptive phylogenetic signal<br />

Johann-Wolfgang Wägele<br />

<strong>Zoological</strong> Research Museum Alexander Koenig (Bonn, Germany):<br />

During the last years a large number <strong>of</strong> new, <strong>of</strong>ten mutually<br />

incompatible hypotheses on the phylogeny <strong>of</strong> animals have been<br />

published, most <strong>of</strong> them based on molecular data. The Ecdysozoa<br />

hypothesis is not compatible with the Coelomata, the clade<br />

Myriochelata disrupts the Mandibulata and Tracheata, the Serialia is<br />

not compatible with the Conchifera, and at the base <strong>of</strong> the metazoan<br />

tree we find alternatively sponges, placozoans, or ctenophorans. Each<br />

author or team <strong>of</strong> authors claim to have found convincing evidence.<br />

Obviously, some pr<strong>of</strong>ound misunderstandings are misleading us. A<br />

major issue is the missing analysis <strong>of</strong> data quality. Statistical support<br />

values on trees are not adequate signs for the quality <strong>of</strong> data.<br />

Different types <strong>of</strong> long branch artefacts require different measures.<br />

Improvement <strong>of</strong> substitution models helps, but does not compensate<br />

for the absence <strong>of</strong> phylogenetic information in raw data. New tools for<br />

the evaluation <strong>of</strong> the suitability <strong>of</strong> alignments still have to be<br />

developed.

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