Distribution of Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Saudi Arabia

Res. Bult., No. (171), Food Sci. & Agric. Res. Center, King Saud Univ., pp. (5-23) 2010
Distribution of Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae)
in Saudi Arabia
Alahmed, A. M. , Kheir, S.M. and Al Khereji, M.A.
ABSTRACT: A survey for sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Saudi
Arabia was conducted during the period March 2004 to February 2006, and
6530 sandfly specimens which represented 2 genera and 22 species were
collected using light traps. Among these, nine species belonged to the genus
Phlebotomus which constituted 65.5% (4212 sandflies), and 13 species
belonged to the genus Sergentomyia which constituted 34.5% (2318
sandflies) were encountered. The collected sandflies included Phlebotomus
alexandri Sinton, P. arabicus Theodor, P. bergeroti Parrot, P. kazeruni
Theodor & Mesghali, P. major Adler & Theodor, P. orientalis Parrot, P.
papatasi (Scopoli), P. saevus Parrot & Martin, P. sergenti Parrot,
Sergentomyia adleri (Theodor), S. africana (Newstead), S. antennata
(Newstead), S. calcarata (Parrot), S. christophersi (Sinton), S. clydei
(Sinton), S. dreyfussi Parrot, S. fallax (Parrot), S. magna(Sinton), S. schwetzi
(Adler, Theodor & Parrot), S. sonyae Lewis, S. squamipleuris (Newstead)
and S. tiberiadis (Adler, Theodor & Lourie). The new distribution and
relative abundance of these sandflies in each collection site in Saudi Arabia
is discussed.
Key words: Distribution, Psychodidae, Sandflies, Saudi Arabia.
________________________________________________________
Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud
University, P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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INTRODUCTION
Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are widespread
in the tropics and subtropics, and they transmit Leishmania, protozoan
parasites which cause visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and various forms
of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) which infect more than 350 million
people in more than 80 countries (Lane, 1993). Sandflies also transmit
a bacterium which causes bartonellosis in northwestern South
America, and sandfly fever virus throughout North Africa and the
Middle East (Lane, 1993).
During the past few decades, Saudi Arabia has witnessed
tremendous efforts in social development and urbanization in all
provinces, which have affected insect fauna, particularly sandflies.
Expansion of agricultural projects, urbanization and development of
water resources, have lead to creation of new breeding sites for
sandflies.
Although several reports are available on the distribution of
sandflies in Saudi Arabia (Lewis and Buttiker, 1980, 1982; Buttiker
and Lewis, 1983; Killick-Kendrick et al., 1985; Tosson and
Alseghayer, 1992; Aldawood et al., 2004; Abdelwahab and Abdoon,
2005; Al Barrak, 2005 and Al Badry et al., 2009), more recent
information on the distribution and abundance of sandflies in Saudi
Arabia is required before embarking on large scale control projects.
Studies of the distribution of Phlebotomine sandflies are important for
evaluating the possible effects of climate change on any range shift of
leishmaniasis or other diseases they transmit.
Study area:
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Saudi Arabia is a vast country with an area of about 2.25
million km². It lies in the southwestern part of Asia between lat. 15º
44' N - 32º 9' N, and long. 34º 24' E - 55º 39' E (Fig. 1). The Kingdom
is an extremely arid area, except for the southwestern region and some
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Fig. 1: Map of Saudi Arabia showing collection sites of sand flies.
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coastal zones. The topography of the kingdom is characterized by the
mountains in the south and the west, plateaus in the north and the
center, sand dunes and desert in the east and some scattered valleys
(Brown, 1968 and Mohammedein, 2001).
The southwestern part of the Kingdom is a mountainous area
and is divided into 3 distinct topographical zones depending on the
geographical characteristics: Sarawat Asir (which is mountain series
extending north-south along the coastal plains of the Red Sea), Asir
Plateau and Tihama lowlands. The Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia is
a desert region which includes the part of the Kingdom located along
the Arabian Gulf between the Sultanate of Oman to the south and
Kuwait to the north. The region is separated from the interior by the
sand dunes known as Al Dahna, and is bordered to the south by “Al
Rub Al Khali” (the Empty Quarter desert).
The western coastal escarpment can be considered two
mountain ranges separated by a gap at the vicinity of Makka Al
Mukarrama. The northern range seldom exceeds 2100 meters above
sea level, and the elevation gradually decreases towards the south to
about 600 meters around Makka Al Mukarrama, with some coastal
plains. The climate is hot dry in summer and warm, slightly humid in
winter.
Al Qassim Region is located at the heart of the Kingdom, and
has a typical desert climate, which is cold rainy in winter and hot dry
or with low humidity in summer. It is divided by Wadi Al Rumma
(Rumma Valley), which is the longest valley in Arabian Peninsula,
from the west to northeast. The region lies at an altitude of 600-750
meters above sea level and it is gliding from west to east in general.
Agriculture is the cornerstone of the region’s economy, and it
produces corn, dates, citrus and some vegetables.
Al Madinah Al Munawwarah Region is an upland plateau
scored by numerous valleys (wadis) covered with grasses and scrub
vegetations which are used for pasture. It has a typical desert climate,
which is cold rainy in winter and hot dry in summer. Al Madinah Al
Munawwarah is one of the biggest oases in the region and famous for
growing dates. The topography of the Northern Region is
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characterized by the presence of high plateaus which are extension of
"Badiat Al Sham". The vegetative cover of the study area is very
poor, except for some coastal zones. The climate and vegetation of
Saudi Arabia were studied by several authors (Khattab and El
Haddidy, 1971; Mandaville, 1973 and Abulfatih and El Khalili, 1978).
Collection and identification of sandflies:
Sandflies collection was conducted during the period March
2004 to February 2006 during a country-wide survey for mosquitoes.
For collection, 18 collection sites representing different ecological
zones in the Kingdom were selected (Fig. 1). In each collection site,
adult sandflies were collected using one Center for Disease Control
miniature light trap (CDC) and one standard New Jersey (NJ) light
trap (Bioquip Company, Gardena, CA, 90248-3602, USA). The CDC
and the NJ light traps were attached to a battery that supplies power,
and installed permanently near suitable sandfly breeding sites such as
near rodents’ burrows, human habitation or animal housings. The light
traps were operated once every two weeks from sunset at 18:00 hrs to
sunrise at 06:00 hrs the following day throughout the study period.
The collected adult sandflies were preserved into 80% ethyl alcohol in
glass vials with screw caps, labeled and sent to the Entomology
Laboratory, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud
University, Riyadh. Adult sandflies were identified by Dr. El Hossary,
S. S., an expert in sandflies taxonomy, from Naval American Medical
Research Unit 3 (NAMRU 3), Cairo, Egypt and Prof. Mahmoud
Wahba, Department of Medical Entomology, Suez Canal University,
Egypt.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
During this study 6530 sandflies, which represented 2 genera
and 22 species, were collected. Out of these, 4212 (64.5%) were
Phlebotomus sandflies which belong to 9 species (Table 1), and 2318
(35.5%) were Sergentomyia sandflies which belong to 13 species
(Table 2). The sandflies collected included Phlebotomus alexandri
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Sinton, P. arabicus Theodor, P. bergeroti Parrot, P. kazeruni Theodor
& Mesghali, P. major Adler & Theodor, P. orientalis Parrot, P.
papatasi (Scopoli), P. saevus Parrot & Martin, P. sergenti Parrot,
Sergentomyia adleri (Theodor), S. africana (Newstead), S. antennata
(Newstead), S. calcarata (Parrot), S. christophersi (Sinton), S. clydei
(Sinton), S. dreyfussi Parrot, S. fallax (Parrot), S. magna (Sinton), S.
schwetzi (Adler, Theodor& Parrot), S. sonyae Lewis, S. squamipleuris
(Newstead) and S. tiberiadis (Adler, Theodor & Lourie).
The total numbers of Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia sandflies
collected in each collection site are shown in Table (3). The results
showed that sandflies were widely spread in Saudi Arabia, and the
highest numbers were collected from Abha, Jazan and Najran Regions
in the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia, while the lowest numbers
were collected from Al Jouf and Tabouk Regions where only
Phlebotomine sand flies were collected. The overall relative
abundance of Phlebotomus (Table 4) and Sergentomyia (Table 5)
sandflies showed that Phlebotomus papatasi is the most widespread
species (24.65%), while P. major is the least spread species (0.14%).
Phlebotomine sandflies in Saudi Arabia:
Phlebotomus alexandri Sinton:
Only 101 specimens were collected from Al Taif, Abha, Jazan,
Najran, Al Riyadh, Al Dawadmi and Al Qassim (Table 1). This
species was reported earlier from Riyadh and Al Madinah Al
Munawwarah Regions (Lewis and Buttiker, 1982) and from Asir
(Abdelwahab and Abdoon, 2005). It is the main vector of L. donovani
from North Africa to western China (Lane, 1993). It was suspected to
be the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the southwestern part
of Saudi Arabia (Al Zahrani et al., 1997).
P. arabicus Theodor:
During this study, 259 specimens were collected from Makka
Al Mukarrama, Al Bahah, Abha, Jazan, Najran and Al Dawadmi. It
was reported from Asir (Lewis and Buttiker, 1982 and Abdelwahab
and Abdoon, 2005) and Al Bahah (Lewis and Buttiker, 1980).
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Table (3): Total numbers of sandflies collected from different sites in
Saudi Arabia
collection site
Total
Phlebotomus
spp.
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Total
Sergentomyia
spp.
Total
sandflies
AL Hassa 234 (60.78%) 151(39.22%) 385
Al Dammam 142 (57.72%) 104(42.28%) 246
Hafr Al Batin 35 (39.78%) 53 (60.22%) 88
Hail 145 (87.87%) 20(12.13%) 165
Al Jouf 37(100%) 0 (0%) 37
Tabouk 80 (100%) 0 (0%) 80
Al Madinah Al
Munawwara
Makka Al
Mukarrama
307(62.4%) 185(37.6%) 492
101(37.27%) 170(62.73%) 271
Jeddaha 67 (38.5%) 107 (61.5%) 174
Al Taif 114 (52.54%) 103 (47.46%) 217
Al Baha 314 (79.69%) 80 (20.31%) 394
Abha 547 (49.5%) 558 (50.5%) 1105
Jazan 629 (69.97%) 270(30.03%) 899
Najran 586 (68.22%) 273 (31.78%) 859
Wadi Al Dawasir 71 (71.71%) 28(28.29%) 99
Al Riyadh 373 (81.45%) 85 (18.55%) 458
Al Dawadmi 164 (78.09%) 46(21.91%) 210
Al Qassim 266 (75.78%) 85 ( 24.22%) 351
Total number
collected
4212 2318 6530
Total % 64.50% 35.50% 100%

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P. bergeroti Parrot:
In this study, 1212 specimens were collected from almost all
collection sites except the Eastern and the Northern Regions. It was
reported earlier from Asir (Lewis and Buttiker, 1982 and Abdelwahab
and Abdoon, 2005), Al Bahah, Jazan, Makka Al Mukarrama, Al
Madinah Al Munawwarah, Najran and Riyadh (Lewis and Buttiker,
1982; Tosson and Alseghayer, 1992; Al Badry et al., 2009 and
Aldawood et al., 2004). P. bergeroti may play a major role in
transmission of leishmaniasis in Asir Region (Abdelwahab and
Abdoon, 2005).
P. kazeruni Theodor & Mesghali:
Only 87 specimens were reported from Hail, Tabouk, Al Taif,
Najran, Al Dawadmi and Al Qassim. It was reported from Al Taif by
Nadim et al. (1979). Further studies on the medical importance of this
species are required.
P. major Adler & Theodor:
Only 9 specimens were collected from Hail. The medical
importance of this species requires further investigation.
P. orientalis Parrot:
During this study 170 specimens were collected from Al
Madinah Al Munawwarah, Al Taif, Al Bahah, Abha, Jazan and
Najran. It was suspected to be the main vector of visceral
leishmaniasis in the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia (Al Zahrani et
al., 1997).
P. papatasi (Scopoli):
This is the most widespread anthropophagic species in Saudi
Arabia, where 1610 specimens were collected from all collection sites.
It is the main vector of CL in many part of Saudi Arabia (Killick-
Kendrick et al., 1985), and may be the major vector of CL in Al
Qassim Region (Lewis and Buttiker, 1980, Al Barrak, 2005). It was
reported from Asir (Lewis and Buttiker, 1980, Abdelwahab and
Abdoon 2005), Al Qassim (Al Barrak, 2005), Riyadh (Lewis and
Buttiker, 1980, Aldawood et al., 2004, Tosson and Alsegyhayer,
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1992), Al Madinah Al Munawwarah (Lewis and Buttiker, 1980 and
AL Badry et al., 2009), Hail (Bakr, 1995), southern part of Saudi
Arabia (Al Zahrani et al., 1997), Al Hassa (Killick-Kendrick et al.,
1985) and Najran (Lewis and Buttiker, 1980).
P. saevus:
Only 17 specimens were collected from Jeddaha, Al Taif and
Jazan. It is an uncommon species because it occurs near the
Palaearctic–Afrotropical borders, but does not extend far into either
regions (Lewis and Buttiker, 1982). It was reported earlier from
Riyadh and Asir (Lewis and Buttiker, 1982).
P. sergenti Parrot:
During the study, 747 specimens were collected from allover
the Kingdom, except Wadi Al Dawasir and the Eastern Region.
Phlebotomus sergenti was reported earlier from Al Madinah Al
Munawwarah (Al Badry et al., 2009) and Riyadh (Aldawood et al.,
2004). It was a proven vector of L. tropica in the southern region of
Saudi Arabia (Al Zahrani et al., 1988).
Sergentomyia sandflies in Saudi Arabia:
Sergentomyia adleri (Theodor):
Only 42 specimens were collected from Al Bahah, Abha,
Jazan, Najran, Wadi Al Dawasir and Al Qassim. This species was also
reported from Asir, Al Qassim, Jazan and Makka Al Mukarrama
(Lewis and Buttiker, 1982).
S. africana (Newstead):
Only 37 specimens were collected from Jazan, Najran and
Abha. The distribution of this species is not well known in Saudi
Arabia.
S. antennata (Newstead):
This is the most widespread Sergentomyia species, and 841
specimens were collected from allover the Kingdom, except the
Northern Region (Al Jouf and Tabouk). It was collected earlier from
Asir Region (Bisha), Jazan Region (Jazan), Al Qassim Region
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(Bureida, Unayzah Al Khubra), Riyadh Region (Riyadh, Hureimala,
Al Ghat, Mizbil, Salbukh), Eastern Region (Al Qatif), Makka Region
(Makka Al Mukarrama), and Al Taif (Nadim et al.,1979) and from Al
Hassa (Killick-Kendrick et al., 1985).
S. calcarata (Parrot):
In this study, 148 specimens were collected from Al Taif, Al
Bahah, Abha, Jazan and Najran. It was reported in small numbers near
the Red Sea at high altitudes of 2000 to 2200 m in Asir Region (Lewis
and Buttiker, 1980).
S. christophersi (Sinton):
79 specimens were collected from Makka Al Mukarrama, Al
Taif, Al Bahah, Abha, Jazan and Najran. It was reported earlier from
Riyadh (Tosson and Al Seghayer, 1992), Makka al Mukarrama and Al
Taif (Nadim et al., 1979). This species was also encountered in Asir,
Al Bahah, Eastern Province, Al Qassim, Jazan, Hail and Makka Al
Mukarrama (Lewis and Buttiker, 1982).
S. clydei (Sinton):
During this study, 208 specimens were collected from Al
Hassa, Hail, Al Medina Al Munawwarah, Makka al Mukarrama,
Jeddaha, Al Taif, Al Bahah, Jazan, and Najran. Recently it was
reported from Al Medina Al Munawwarah (Al Badry et al., 2009), Al
Hassa (Killick-Kendrick et al., 1985; Lewis and Buttiker, 1982),
Riyadh (Tosson and Aseghyer,1992) and Bisha and Al Taif (Nadim et
al. 1979) and from Asir, Al Bahah, Eastern Region, Al Qassim, Jazan,
Hail and Makka Al Mukarrama (Lewis and Buttiker, 1982).
S. dreyfussi Parrot:
This species was found in very few numbers, and only 49
specimens were collected from Hail, Abha, Jazan and Najran. It was
also reported from Riyadh (Lewis and Buttiker, 1982).
S. fallax (Parrot):
206 specimens were collected from Al Hassa, Al Bahah, Abha,
Jazan, Najran, Wadi Al Dawasir, Riyadh and Al Dawadmi. It was
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eported also from Al Hassa (Killick-Kendrick et al., 1985) and
Riyadh (Tosson and Al seghayer, 1992).
S. magna (Sinton):
Only 37 specimens were collected from the southwestern part
of Saudi Arabia from Al Bahah, Abha, Jazan and Najran. The
distribution of this species requires more investigation.
S. schwetzi (Adler, Theodor & Parrot):
In this study 152 specimens were collected from Hafr Al
Batin, Al Medina Al Munawwarah, Makka Al Mukarrama, Jeddah, al
Taif, Abha, Al Dawadmi and Al Qassim. S. schwetzi was recorded
earlier from Hair, Wadi Mizbil and Wadi Salbukh (Riyadh District),
Wadi Khumra and Wadi Bahra (Jeddaha District) (Lewis and Buttiker,
1980).
S. sonyae Lewis:
Only 12 specimens were collected from Abha, Jazan, Najran
and Al Qassim. In a previous study, it was also collected from Riyadh
Region (Lewis and Buttiker, 1982).
S. squamipleuris (Newstead):
It was very rare species and only 21 specimens were collected
from Abha, Jazan and Najran. It was also reported from Al Kharj area
(Lewis and Buttiker, 1982).
S. tiberiadis (Adler, Theodor & Lourine):
During this study, 486 specimens were collected from Makka
Al Mukarrama, Jeddaha, Al Taif, Abha, Jazan and Najran. It was
reported earlier from Makka Al Mukarrama and Al Taif (Nadim et al.,
1979). It is known to occur in various dry countries, but also reported
from areas with either high humidity or high water tables (Lewis and
Buttiker, 1982).
General Distribution
Previous studies have shown the presence of 25 species of
sandflies in Saudi Arabia (Lewis and Buttiker, 1980, 1982), but in this
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study, 22 species were encountered. This difference might be due to
the few numbers of collection sites sampled in this study, or due to
different types of traps used in each study. Further studies using
different traps in different habitats representing different ecological
zones for at least two successive years are required.
Dominance of one or two species in a certain locality is a
feature of many places such as Abha, Jazan and Najran. Dominance
might be due to suitability of climatic conditions and / or vegetation in
that area. Dominance might be also due to some biotic factors such as
predation, disease or competition for resources such as food or water.
Scarcity of a certain species may be due to lack or absence of certain
climatic conditions or hosts. In this study, Phlebotomus spp. were
collected in large proportions, which is a Palaearctic feature (Lewis
and Buttiker, 1980).
Phlebotomus papatasi was the dominant species in Saudi
Arabia (Lewis and Buttiker, 1982; Aldawood et al., 2004; Al Barrak,
2005 and Al Badry et al., 2008), and it occurs in many countries both
in the wild and in human habitation (Lewis and Buttiker, 1982). In
Saudi Arabia, it can be wild as at Ammariyah; wild and domestic as at
Durma, Hofuf and Kharj, or mainly domestic as in Bureida, Bisha,
Dirriyah, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah and Riyadh (Lewis and
Buttiker, 1982).
Saudi Arabia lies in the southern part of the Palaearctic
Region, and adjoins its southern borders. The sandfly fauna of Saudi
Arabia may be very loosely grouped according to their main
distribution in a faunal region or in the composite Triad Zone (Lewis,
1978). This includes large parts of the three regions and expresses the
distribution of some species in a very general way.
The results of this study shows the new distribution of
sandflies in Saudi Arabia, and could thus assist in the development of
new strategies to control the disease based on continuous efforts to
maintain sandfly population below levels that permit transmission of
disease.
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ـه1431
) 23-5(
ص ،دوعس كلملا ةعماج ،ةعارزلاو
ةيذغلأا مولع ةيلك ثوحب زكرم ،)
171(
مقر ثحب
لمرلا بابذ راشتناو عاونأ
ةيدوعسلا ةيبرعلا ةكلمملا يف
(Diptera: Psychodidae)
يجيرخلا الله دبع نب دمحم و ريخ دمحم حلاص ،دمحلأا دمحم نب مازع
و رصح ةسارد تمت م 2006 رياربف ىتحو 2004 سرام نم ةرتفلا للاخ يف : صخلملا
عمج مت ثيح
ةيدوعسلا ةيبرعلا ةكلمملا يف
(Diptera: Psychodidae)
لمرلا بابذ عيزوت
نم اعون 22و
نيسنج لثمت تارشحلا هذه تناك . ةيئوضلا دئاصملا مادختساب ةرشح
تناكو
سنج نم
Phlebotomus
) ةرشح
2318(
سنجل عبتت ) ةرشح 4212 ( عاونأ 9
عون
13
عمج اضيأ مت امك ، يلكلا ددعلا نم
: ةيتلآا عاونلأا عمج مت دقو يلكلا ددعلا نم % 34.5
6580
عمج مت ثيح ،لمرلا
بابذ
لثمت تناكو
% 65.5
لثمت
Sergentomyia
Phlebotomus alexandri Sinton, P. arabicus Theodor, P. bergeroti Parrot, P.
kazeruni Theodor & Mesghali, P. major Adler & Theodor, P. orientalis Parrot, P.
papatasi (Scopoli), P. saevus Parrot & Martin, P. sergenti Parrot, Sergentomyia
adleri (Theodor), S. africana (Newstead), S. antennata (Newstead), S. calcarata
(Parrot), S. christophersi (Sinton), S. clydei (Sinton), S. dreyfussi Parrot, S. fallax
(Parrot), S. magna(Sinton), S. schwetzi (Adler, Theodor & Parrot), S. sonyae Lewis,
S. squamipleuris (Newstead) and S. tiberiadis (Adler, Theodor & Lourie).
يف عاونلأا هذه نم عون لكل يبسنلا عيزوتلا و ثيدحلا راشتنلإا ةشقانم اضيأ مت
. ثحبلا عقاوم نم عقوم لك
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