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DO SPECIES DIFFER IN VALUE? ARNE Ø. MOOERS Arne Øyvind Mooers, born in Canada in 1966, studied in Montreal (B.Sc., 1989) and in Oxford (D.Phil, 1994); fellowships in Vancouver (UBC) and Amsterdam (Zoological Museum of Amsterdam), currently Associate Professor of Biodiversity at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver. Research interests include methods for inferring past events on the Tree of Life; the effects of non-random speciation and extinction on the shape of this tree; sexual selection and speciation; effects of El Niño on biodiversity; and (currently) how species are valued for conservation. − Address: Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC Canada V5A 1S6. Website with contact information: www.sfu.ca/~amooers/ En 500 años, esta época podría ser vista como la última en la que nuestra biodiversidad pudo ser estudiada realmente, como si hubiéramos tenido un breve momento en nuestra máquina del tiempo para hacer lo que pronto será paleontología (Maddison and Perez, 2001). The Tree of Life is an evocative description of our interrelatedness. From what was likely a standing start, evolution has given rise to all the living variation we see around us: the nightingale, the oak tree she calls home, and my gleefully craning baby daughter are literally kin. This is a pretty trite observation, but it is also the basis of my professional life. Actually, it is worse: in my mind’s eye I see the threads that trace back through time, linking me to the mushroom I meet on the path I walk for recreation. (Fungi are more closely related to animals than are plants, so I feel a special affinity towards them.) 126 Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin jahrbuch 2006/2007
Mass extinction is another powerful phrase. The appropriation of an inordinate and increasing amount of the earth’s resources by our single species means a significant portion of the other leaves on the Tree of Life are currently withering – tens of thousands of species (maybe many more) are doomed to premature extinction. Direct and indirect effects of global climate change are very likely accelerating this loss. The large, charismatic species that we refuse to give up on just yet, the tigers and the orangutans, are already nursed and coddled in some netherworld existence. These are the two facts that motivated my project here at the Wiko this past year. I was asked in 2001 by Prof. Wayne Maddison to consider applying to be a member of a group he was organizing; he and I had strong overlapping interests in quantitative ways to infer the past using only data from the present, interests we have explored further here in Berlin. In the intervening years, though, I became very interested in how biodiversity is valued by society: I started a new course called “biodiversity” at my university, and, somehow or other, became involved in lobbying efforts to strengthen a nascent Canadian Endangered Species Act. Studying for my course led me to the sobering fact that we do not actually know to what extent more species offer more direct value to humans, or indeed, how we would go about measuring such value. Discussions of how legislation should actually protect species in Canada led to some difficult questions: should Canadians invest in species that are rare at home, but common elsewhere (a distinct possibility, since many species just make it into southern Canada from the US)? Should some bits of biodiversity be sacrificed in order to better manage other bits? If so, how should one decide which bits? The opportunity to interact with researchers from other disciplines, some who have thought deeply about why humans do the things they do, seemed to be a wonderful opportunity to explore this idea of value further. Of course, since my hammer was evolution, the nail I was most interested in was whether one potential value might be how distinctive a species is on the Tree of Life. The conjecture was that species with fewer relatives might be considered more valuable, either for this fact alone, or because these species were special in other ways. As alluded to elsewhere by two-time Wiko Fellow Prof. Steve Frank, one rarely knows what the effects of an academic experience are, even after the fact. Nevertheless, three somewhat unexpected events stand out for me this year. The most important was my involvement in a brand-new endeavour at the London Zoo on species distinctiveness. My graduate student David Redding and I had written a short paper (ref. 1) suggesting a ranking scheme for conservation that incorporated evolutionary arbeitsberichte 127
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Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin INSTI
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INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 11 . . . . . VOR
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105 . . . . . THERE IS NO SUCH STRE
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201 . . . . . IN THE FULLNESS OF TI
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VORWORT DER HERAUSGEBER Das Fellowj
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of science I achieved“, in einer
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16 Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin VE
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Dem Herzen gibt es nichts, dem lech
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Schlagwort unserer heutigen Wissens
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sondern auch ein neuer, gelassenere
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spring was redundant. Could this po
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their history impoverishes our unde
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with more pleasure than I ever have
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first weeks of Wiko life, infectiou
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seminate the idea that not only con
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One can, as always, find a nice quo
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continued to circle and approach fr
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„WELTHAUPTSTADT DES ATHEISMUS“
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Klugen Gelehrten und faszinierenden
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weiter aus in allen möglichen Inst
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Marxismus abgeschworen und beschlos
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VERGLEICHEN, VERÄNDERN, VERSTEHEN
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den ägyptischen Fatimidenkalifen d
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thodisch wichtigen Tagungen: am Eur
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EUROPAS TIEFGRÜNDIGKEIT TOSHIO HOS
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„Lied“ für Flöte und Klavier
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aufzupassen! Jedoch ist diese Rastz
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Working on a day-to-day basis with
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derstand the need to account for te
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van Arnim for her efforts in suppor
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„LEIHFRIST“ (TAGEBUCH) MARTIN K
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Die schwer atmende und sich auf der
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noch zur Musik. Ein Junge stürzt a
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BERLIN FOREVER ULRICH KELLER It wil
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ven”. Everything I have thus far
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For my wife and myself the “Gespr
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Page 78 and 79: METAMORPHOSIS: HOW DID I BECOME AN
Page 80 and 81: The luxury of time offered by Wiko
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Page 84 and 85: KOMPONIEREN HEISST NACHDENKEN HELMU
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Page 88 and 89: Der Versuchung, über wertvolle Beg
Page 90 and 91: My own time was taken up above all
Page 92 and 93: A COMMUNITY OF (NATURALIZED?) MINDS
Page 94 and 95: own conscious decision-making. He i
Page 96 and 97: year. Still, it is a nice surprise
Page 98 and 99: unique combination of rigor and fre
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Page 102 and 103: a new language, and Leticia (Fellow
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Page 106 and 107: Le travail dans l’œuvre Comment
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Page 114 and 115: Abschiedsfest Neben vielem anderen,
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Page 118 and 119: Projekt Die Idee des „Projekts“
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Page 128 and 129: Mooers, A. Ø., L. R. Prugh, M. Fes
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Page 134 and 135: EINSAMKEIT UND FREIHEIT GEORG NOLTE
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Page 144 and 145: BERLIN FOOTPRINTS LISA PARKS Dr. Li
Page 146 and 147: Theater. While a Fellow, I was invi
Page 148 and 149: My essay about him, “Alexandru Dr
Page 150 and 151: FRIENDSHIPS MARTA PETRUSEWICZ Marta
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Page 154 and 155: A NEW OPTION SET FOR LIFE ANDREW F.
Page 156 and 157: not yet be over. But I resisted the
Page 158 and 159: frequency will rise for the rest of
Page 160 and 161: „SCHWER VERLÄSST, WAS NAHE DEM U
Page 162 and 163: So leben wir und nehmen immer Absch
Page 164 and 165: Kaum angekommen fragten mich Kathar
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Page 172 and 173: Wie klug durchdacht und institution
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BÜRGER UND GÄNSEKRAUT ODER DER AR
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Lange geschah nichts, doch die Duft
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gewalzt worden und die Muße, die n
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C’est à Berlin dans les premièr
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FAREWELL SPEECH HINRICH VON DER SCH
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INCLUSIONS, EXCLUSIONS AND ANGELIC
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its way to the Berlin museums (allo
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Is it because − as one probably m
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focused on the situation in South A
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visiting sites, reading notices, se
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„ISIS FÄHRT SCHLITTSCHUH“ MART
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der Demeter auf, einer anderen Ersc
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terstützung fand. Es widerstrebte
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y the gracious welcome of staff and
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versations). The meandering and eve
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Berlin and witnessed a hilarious su
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self that the statistical descripti
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In general, genotype-phenotype conn
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ecome morally and politically charg
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DAS TÄGLICHE GESCHENK ODER: WAS VO
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mermusiksaal entworfen hat, setzte
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STREICHQUARTETTE: URBILDER (1980);
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oshima ihr Leben verloren haben, al
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ter mit der traditionellen japanisc
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Das dritte Werk, das ich Ihnen vors
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ARGUING DEMOCRACY: INTELLECTUALS AN
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predicaments in which they found th
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Colonial subjection rested on a ref
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acy was not an invention of the Enl
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self-transformation, and therefore
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er the more benign view of the stat
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(who even after Partition formed so
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In a second paradox, it is precisel
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ner Zirbeldrüsentheorie ironisiert
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Zum Ersten: Wenn wir eine solche Ü
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erkannt, dass für die Untersuchung
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zu Recht herrscht, wahrscheinlich u
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natürlich auch in Bezug auf das Ge
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fekt, den ich gar nicht intendiere,
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prozesse (im Verhältnis zu der nat
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ganz elementaren Ebene an, beim Beu
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Kant, Immanuel. 1785, 1968. Grundle
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nicht selten mit einer Art freundli
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tionsvorsprung vielleicht auch ein
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is Niklas Luhmann scheint begriffli
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Auch wissenschaftstheoretisch hatte
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Staatsrechtswissenschaft eine norma
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Während die Freirechtsschule in De
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Diese Situation einer Wissenschaft,
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stand ausgerufen, und dies ist eine
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wissenschaftlich und immer unreflek
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EX-CENTRIC EUROPE: VISIONS AND PRAC
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But it was simply not so. In the fi
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and more than doubled in the next f
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- they were peripheral in the topog
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ment, and marked the culture of the
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la terre, qui les fait exister et p
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land in the 1830s, when a great num
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ponent of the various experiments i
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WIESO SIND EIGENTLICH PARASITEN SCH
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nen Wirt nicht umbringen soll, da e
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Stimmt die Theorie? Jede Theorie is
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Zwei wichtige Faktoren spielen für
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kann man hier nur staunen und stell
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Abbildung 1. 304 Wissenschaftskolle
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Abbildung 2. Insekten haben ein Imm
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A central preoccupation in the disc
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a family of positions centered arou
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long observed scientifically and co
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cists in Western countries does not
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and in favor of adopting peaceful m
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express strong reservations about S
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Similarly caught unawares is the Is
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mostly regarding capital and physic
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search Council. Significant variati
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lar or religious showing that, whil
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Scriptural Studies Appendix on the
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