Phonology From The Ground Up - University of North Dakota

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Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©!Stephen!A.!Marlett;!provisional!title:!Phonology(from(the(Ground(Up((Part(1).! ! 10! !A.16.! ! To!finish!this!introductory!unit,!we!want!to!point!out!some!of!the!reasons! why!a!person!may!want!to!study!and!use!a!course!such!as!this.! The!study!of!phonology!gives!one!the!background!for!talking!and!writing! in!a!clear!and!informed!way!about!the!system!of!sounds!that!a!language! uses!—!the!blueprint,!if!you!will,!of!the!hundreds!or!thousands!of!sounds! that!are!actually!produced,!recorded!and!transcribed.!That!is!in!itself!a! worthy!scientific!goal,!and!is!part!of!the!greater!linguistic!enterprise.! Such!a!background!is!useful!for!work!on!speech!analysis!for!technological! research,!for!speech!therapy,!for!child!language!development!studies,!and! all!kinds!of!work!that!compares!languages.! Phonological!analysis!has!also!been!a!key!part!of!efforts!by!language! communities!to!develop!written!forms!for!use!in!the!creation!of!written! literature!and!education.!! Suggested additional reading ! See!chapter!20!of!Bauer!(2007)!for!a!short,!but!helpful,!historical!and! critical!perspective!of!the!conventions!!of!the!IPA.!Also!see!chapter!21!of! Bauer!(2007)!for!some!orientation!to!reading!phonetics!and! phonology.articles!that!use!IPA!(or,!in!fact,!any)!symbols.! !
B. Object of study What are phonological descriptions about? B.1.! Phonological!descriptions!of!the!type!that!we!are!discussing!in!this!course! are!centered!on!the!languages!of!particular!speech!communities.!Fishman 4 ! defined!SPEECH!COMMUNITY!as!a!community!“all!of!whose!members!share!at! least!a!single!speech!variety!and!the!norms!for!its!appropriate!use”! (although!the!term!and!the!notion!have!been!the!subject!of!considerable! debate). 5 ! Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©!Stephen!A.!Marlett;!provisional!title:!Phonology(from(the(Ground(Up((Part(1).! ! 11! B.2.!! ! This!means!that!we!will!be!dealing!a!great!deal!with!some!representation! of!speech,!primarily!in!the!form!of!PHONETIC!TRANSCRIPTIONS.!This!course! therefore!has!the!prerequisite!of!a!background!in!phonetics.!It!assumes! familiarity!with!basic!terminology!and!symbols!of!the!International! Phonetic!Association. 6 !At!no!point!in!the!course!are!we!really!concerned! with!either!the!actual!or!the!future!spelling!conventions!that!a!speech! community!might!use!for!representing!its!words.!(But!what!we!study! usually!has!been!considered!very!pertinent!to!the!discussions!about!writing! systems!and!for!that!reason!a!course!in!phonology!is!a!prerequisite!for!a! course!or!workshop!on!orthography!development.)! B.3.! ! A!speech!community!can!be!a!very!large!group!of!people.!Indeed,!as!an! example,!Bloomfield!points!out!that!(by!his!definition!of!the!term)!“Dutch! and!German!actually!form!only!one!speech\community.” 7 !Typical! phonological!descriptions!do!not!attempt!to!describe!the!speech!of! communities!as!large!as!that,!but!exactly!where!to!draw!the!line!is!a!serious! question.! B.4.! ! In!some!rare!cases!it!may!not!be!very!difficult!to!decide!what!an! appropriate!object!of!phonological!study!might!be.!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4!Fishman!(1971,!42).! 5!An!entire!chapter!of!Wardhaugh!(2005)!is!devoted!to!the!topic.!See!also!the!detailed!historical! review!of!the!term!and!the!dispute!surrounding!it!in!Patrick!(2002).!! 6!For!the!latest!version!of!the!IPA!symbols,!see!http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/ipachart.html.!To! obtain!Unicode!fonts!for!IPA!symbols,!see! http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=FontDownloadsIPA.! 7!Bloomfield!(1933,!44).!Bloomfield!(loc.(cit.)!points!out!that!a!large!amount!of!variation!may!exist!in! a!speech!community!that!does!not!impede!the!functioning!of!that!community!except!if!one!is! comparing!the!outliers!with!each!other.!See!the!discussion!of!these!topics!in!a!basic!sociolinguistics! course.!!!
Page 1 and 2: Late Summer 2011 Draft Phonology fr
Page 3 and 4: Section 1: Overview & key ideas Tab
Page 5 and 6: Section 1: Overview & key ideas Dra
Page 7 and 8: ! then!we!are!considering!that!phon
Page 9: phonology!deals!with!only!the![d] a
Page 13 and 14: Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©
Page 17 and 18: 3.! Sociolinguistic!context!(neighb
Page 19 and 20: B.20.! Other*suggestions! Draft!8/3
Page 21 and 22: C. Key ideas Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!
Page 23 and 24: ! Consonants! Vowels! p t k i u m n
Page 25 and 26: of!the!language,!including!morpholo
Page 31 and 32: D. The basic notion of the syllable
Page 37 and 38: Obligatory Onset Parameter E.14.! !
Page 39 and 40: Minor patterns Draft!8/3/11!(not!fo
Page 43 and 44: Extrametrical consonants and word e
Page 45 and 46: G. Internal structure of syllables
Page 47 and 48: Syllable weight and moras Draft!8/3
Page 49 and 50: G.15.! In!less!technical!presentati
Page 55 and 56: • Arguments from special rules H.
Page 57 and 58: I. Linking features to the syllable
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! impressionistic!phonetic! Contour
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• Long vowels and consonants I.23
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J. Basic methodology JA: Data JA.1.
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JA.9.! ! Words!that!are!more!likely
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JA.17.! ! Loanwords!are!very!legiti
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Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©
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to!label!the!rows,!as!if!they!were!
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other!low!vowel!in!the!language!tha
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k/!! /kil/ [kʰɪˑlˠ] ‘kill’!
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may!find!some!interesting!examples!
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surprised.!Aspiration!is!a!marked!f
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Voiced!sounds!tend!to!have!a!degree
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Phonetic detail in phonological wri
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The!phoneme!/tʃ/!has!two!allophone
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among!others,!has!led!to!the!claim!
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sapa/ [sapa] /sota/ [sota] /tampa/
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Alternation evidence (allomorphy) p
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unaspirated!stops!after!/s/!to!be!a
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [
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(whether!interdental,!dental,!alveo
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to!think!about!sounds!as!groups!tha
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Voiced(fricatives(are(realized(as(a
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sounds!are!produced!without!such!an
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sueɾo/! ‘serum’!! /muɾo/! ‘
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M.21.! In!Peñoles!Mixtec,!a!/t/!is
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N. Place of articulation: nasals Co
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Allophones N.8.! ! In!many!language
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[tʌmbəl]! tumble! * [nʌmb]! ! [k
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! ! Hindi:!A!nasal!consonant!assimi
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approximants!are!palatal!(/j/)!and!
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!O.22.! ! It!is!also!common!to!hear
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extends!only!for!a!short!distance!a
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P. Secondary labialization, palatal
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language!that!is!claimed!to!have!ve
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Q. States of the glottis Draft!8/3/
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implosives:!bilabial!and!alveolar.
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Sequences of consonants !Q.28.! ! I
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R. Length Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!cit
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R.10.! ! Contrast!in!the!length!of!
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R.23.! ! Of!course,!the!contrast!be
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R.30.! ! However,!it!is!arguable!!!
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R.36.! ! These!theoretical!proposal
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S. Edge phenomena Draft!8/3/11!(not
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pronounced![#ɛhte] in!Caribbean!di
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• Other S.23.! ! The!alternation!
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is!pronounced!strong!(and!long),!as
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T. Vowels T.1.! In!this!unit!we!loo
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• Length of the vowel Draft!8/3/1
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U. Epenthesis and prevocalization U
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English!notably!have!an!intrusive!r
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!! One!way!to!think!of!this!is!as!a
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V. Deletion V.1.! There!are!situati
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!! ‘s/he!___!(Pres.)’! ‘s/he!
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minimal!pairs!for!voicing!of!the!vo
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Some postlexical rules V.26.! ! Som
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Intonation W.6.! A!third!linguistic
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difference!in!English!is!different!
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! ! A!language!that!does!not!use!pi
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! Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!
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Transcription Draft!8/3/11!(not!for
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! • Polar questions X.25.! If!we!
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• Content questions X.30.! Simple
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Low!-!Low!-!Low! Low!-!High!-!High!
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! ! The!sometimes!controversial!but
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• Prosodic pattern Draft!8/3/11!(
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Y.35.! (**illustrative!examples!nee
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Z. Stress Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!cit
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• Lengthening of a consonant that
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#kama! ‘thorn’! #ʔakat! ‘sha
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the!right!edge!of!the!word!is!relev
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• Discussion of Isthmus Zapotec c
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BINARY.!The!claim!has!been!that!mos
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also!sometimes!extended!to!include!
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specifically!to!the!phonemes,!elimi
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SQUARE!BRACKETS.!Square!brackets!ha
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Appendix!C:!Postlexical!rules!and!l
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!For!an!example!of!one!that!appears
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Blevins,!Juliette.!2004.!Evolutiona
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Goedemans,!Rob!&!van!der!Hulst,!Har
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Kaisse,!Ellen!M.!and!Shaw,!Patricia
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Merrifield,!William!R.!&!Edmondson,
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Schuh,!Russell!G.!&!Yalwa,!Lawan!D.
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Phonology From The Ground Up - University of North Dakota

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