Phonology From The Ground Up - University of North Dakota

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! ! I!thank!the!following!people!for!their!comments!and!suggestions!on! portions!of!earlier!drafts!of!this!book:!(to!be!completed!later):!!students!in! the!phonology!classes!at!the!University!of!North!Dakota!(in!2009,!2010,! 2011)!and!at!the!Universidad!Ricardo!Palma!(who!saw!this!in!a!Spanish! version!in!2006)!provided!many!helpful!comments!and!corrections.!!The! following!people!in!particular!gave!help!in!one!area!or!another:!Adam!Boyd,! Ashley!Arends,!Linnea!Barton,!Bethany!Carlson,!Theresa!Jennings,!Jessica! Kusler,!Hannah!Lehardy,!Clifford!Nininger,!Allison!Polsley,!Davis!Prickett,! Caleb!Smoker,!Keith!Snider,!Daniel!Wolfe,!and!Scott!Youngman.!! ! Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©!Stephen!A.!Marlett;!provisional!title:!Phonology(from(the(Ground(Up((Part(1).! ! 2!
Section 1: Overview & key ideas Table of Contents A.! Introduction ..........................................................................................................................6! B.! Object of study....................................................................................................................11! C.! Key ideas .............................................................................................................................21 Section 2: The syllable D.! The basic notion of the syllable...........................................................................................31! E.! Syllable templates.................................................................................................................34! F.! Word edges and extrametricality ..........................................................................................42! G.! Internal structure of syllables...............................................................................................45! H.! Restrictions on syllables ......................................................................................................50! I.! Linking features to the syllable..............................................................................................57 Section 3: Phonemes & features: methodology & typology J.! Basic methodology................................................................................................................65! K.! Voicing................................................................................................................................96! L.! Manner of articulation.......................................................................................................110! M.! Nasalization......................................................................................................................122! N.! Place of articulation: nasals................................................................................................129! O.! Place of articulation: non-nasal consonants .......................................................................140! P.! Secondary labialization, palatalization or velarization .........................................................149! Q.! States of the glottis............................................................................................................155! Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©!Stephen!A.!Marlett;!provisional!title:!Phonology(from(the(Ground(Up((Part(1).! ! 3!
Page 1: Late Summer 2011 Draft Phonology fr
Page 5 and 6: Section 1: Overview & key ideas Dra
Page 7 and 8: ! then!we!are!considering!that!phon
Page 9 and 10: phonology!deals!with!only!the![d] a
Page 11 and 12: B. Object of study What are phonolo
Page 13 and 14: Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©
Page 17 and 18: 3.! Sociolinguistic!context!(neighb
Page 19 and 20: B.20.! Other*suggestions! Draft!8/3
Page 21 and 22: C. Key ideas Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!
Page 23 and 24: ! Consonants! Vowels! p t k i u m n
Page 25 and 26: of!the!language,!including!morpholo
Page 31 and 32: D. The basic notion of the syllable
Page 37 and 38: Obligatory Onset Parameter E.14.! !
Page 39 and 40: Minor patterns Draft!8/3/11!(not!fo
Page 43 and 44: Extrametrical consonants and word e
Page 45 and 46: G. Internal structure of syllables
Page 47 and 48: Syllable weight and moras Draft!8/3
Page 49 and 50: G.15.! In!less!technical!presentati
Page 53 and 54:
Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©
Page 55 and 56:
• Arguments from special rules H.
Page 57 and 58:
I. Linking features to the syllable
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
! impressionistic!phonetic! Contour
Page 63 and 64:
• Long vowels and consonants I.23
Page 65 and 66:
J. Basic methodology JA: Data JA.1.
Page 67 and 68:
JA.9.! ! Words!that!are!more!likely
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JA.17.! ! Loanwords!are!very!legiti
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to!label!the!rows,!as!if!they!were!
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other!low!vowel!in!the!language!tha
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k/!! /kil/ [kʰɪˑlˠ] ‘kill’!
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may!find!some!interesting!examples!
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surprised.!Aspiration!is!a!marked!f
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Voiced!sounds!tend!to!have!a!degree
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Phonetic detail in phonological wri
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The!phoneme!/tʃ/!has!two!allophone
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among!others,!has!led!to!the!claim!
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sapa/ [sapa] /sota/ [sota] /tampa/
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Alternation evidence (allomorphy) p
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unaspirated!stops!after!/s/!to!be!a
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [
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(whether!interdental,!dental,!alveo
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to!think!about!sounds!as!groups!tha
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Voiced(fricatives(are(realized(as(a
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sounds!are!produced!without!such!an
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sueɾo/! ‘serum’!! /muɾo/! ‘
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Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
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M.21.! In!Peñoles!Mixtec,!a!/t/!is
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N. Place of articulation: nasals Co
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Allophones N.8.! ! In!many!language
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[tʌmbəl]! tumble! * [nʌmb]! ! [k
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! ! Hindi:!A!nasal!consonant!assimi
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approximants!are!palatal!(/j/)!and!
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!O.22.! ! It!is!also!common!to!hear
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extends!only!for!a!short!distance!a
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P. Secondary labialization, palatal
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language!that!is!claimed!to!have!ve
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Q. States of the glottis Draft!8/3/
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implosives:!bilabial!and!alveolar.
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Sequences of consonants !Q.28.! ! I
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R. Length Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!cit
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R.10.! ! Contrast!in!the!length!of!
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R.23.! ! Of!course,!the!contrast!be
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R.30.! ! However,!it!is!arguable!!!
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R.36.! ! These!theoretical!proposal
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S. Edge phenomena Draft!8/3/11!(not
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pronounced![#ɛhte] in!Caribbean!di
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• Other S.23.! ! The!alternation!
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is!pronounced!strong!(and!long),!as
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T. Vowels T.1.! In!this!unit!we!loo
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• Length of the vowel Draft!8/3/1
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U. Epenthesis and prevocalization U
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English!notably!have!an!intrusive!r
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!! One!way!to!think!of!this!is!as!a
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V. Deletion V.1.! There!are!situati
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!! ‘s/he!___!(Pres.)’! ‘s/he!
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minimal!pairs!for!voicing!of!the!vo
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Some postlexical rules V.26.! ! Som
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Intonation W.6.! A!third!linguistic
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difference!in!English!is!different!
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! ! A!language!that!does!not!use!pi
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! Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!
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Transcription Draft!8/3/11!(not!for
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! • Polar questions X.25.! If!we!
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• Content questions X.30.! Simple
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Low!-!Low!-!Low! Low!-!High!-!High!
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! ! The!sometimes!controversial!but
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• Prosodic pattern Draft!8/3/11!(
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Y.35.! (**illustrative!examples!nee
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Z. Stress Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!cit
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• Lengthening of a consonant that
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#kama! ‘thorn’! #ʔakat! ‘sha
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the!right!edge!of!the!word!is!relev
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• Discussion of Isthmus Zapotec c
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BINARY.!The!claim!has!been!that!mos
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also!sometimes!extended!to!include!
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specifically!to!the!phonemes,!elimi
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SQUARE!BRACKETS.!Square!brackets!ha
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Appendix!C:!Postlexical!rules!and!l
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!For!an!example!of!one!that!appears
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Blevins,!Juliette.!2004.!Evolutiona
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Goedemans,!Rob!&!van!der!Hulst,!Har
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Kaisse,!Ellen!M.!and!Shaw,!Patricia
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Merrifield,!William!R.!&!Edmondson,
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Schuh,!Russell!G.!&!Yalwa,!Lawan!D.
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Phonology From The Ground Up - University of North Dakota

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