Phonology From The Ground Up - University of North Dakota

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the!existence!of!such!a!constraint!operating!in!a!language,!we!may! misunderstand!something!or!miss!some!important!facts.! JA.14.! ! As!a!matter!of!fact,!English!is!claimed!to!be!governed!by!a!minimal!word! constraint!for!members!of!the!major!word!classes.!Take!the!short!vowel!/e/ [ɛ]!as!representative!of!other!short!vowels,!and!note!the!possibility!of! words!such!as!/pet/ [pʰɛt](pet,!/pen/ [pʰɛn](pen,!/pest/ [pʰɛst](pest,!and! /pepiː/ [pʰɛpiʲ] peppy,!but!the!impossibility!of!words!such!as!/pe/ [pʰɛ],! /ple/ [pʰlɛ],!and!/sple/ [splɛ].!! JA.15.! ! Monosyllabic!words!with!short!vowels!and!no!codas!exist!in!English,!but! they!are!few!and!only!found!in!minor!word!classes.!Examples!are!/ə/ [ə](a,( /ðə/ [ðə](the,!and!/hʌ̃/ [hʌ̃](huh!.!Maybe!you!can!think!of!a!few!more.( • Loanwords Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©!Stephen!A.!Marlett;!provisional!title:!Phonology(from(the(Ground(Up((Part(1).! ! 68! JA.16.! ! If!we!want!to!focus!on!the!phonology!of!language!P,!we!choose!words!and! phrases!that!are!true!words!and!phrases!of!language!P!and!not!obvious! loanwords!from!language!Q. 99 !This!statement!makes!no!sense,!perhaps,!for! languages!(such!as!English)!that!have!done!massive!borrowing!and!have! integrated!those!words!into!the!core!lexicon.!We!are!not!going!to!set!aside!a! word!like!pork!just!because!it!was!borrowed!from!French!several!hundred! years!ago,!or!words!like!ski!that!were!borrowed!from!Norwegian.!But!at!the! same!time,!if!we!are!going!to!describe!English!phonology,!we!probably!do! not!want!to!get!hung!up!over!how!to!analyze!things!like!pièce(de(résistance,! joie(de(vivre,!raison(d’être,!and!je(ne(sais(quoi,!even!though!such!phrases!may! occur!in!the!speech!of!an!educated!English!speaker.!! !If!we!are!describing!the!phonology!of!a!minority!language!of!Mexico,!we! want!to!know!about!how!neighboring!languages!and!the!national!language! (Spanish)!or!even!English!are!affecting!it,!but!those!facts!all!need!to!be!kept! in!perspective.!This!is!not!always!easy!to!do,!but!unless!one!wants!to!be! analyzing!two!or!three!languages!simultaneously,!it!is!important!to!do! exactly!that.! Likewise,!if!we!are!describing!the!phonology!of!a!language!of!Africa,!we! would!not!want!loanwords!from!Arabic!to!be!key!evidence.! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 99!Maddieson!(2008a,!3)!makes!the!following!comment!about!consonant!inventories!in!his!survey!of! the!world’s!languages:!“A!difficult!choice!often!concerns!whether!to!include!consonants!found!only!in! words!borrowed!from!other!languages;!generally!those!sounds!introduced!just!in!the!last!few! generations!as!the!result!of!the!spread!of!world!languages!such!as!English,!Spanish,!Russian,! Mandarin,!and!Modern!Standard!Arabic!have!been!excluded.”!!
JA.17.! ! Loanwords!are!very!legitimately!included!in!a!complete!phonological! write\up!to!show!that!a!characteristic!of!the!language!extends!to!them!as! well!(showing!generality)!or!does!not!extend!to!them!(showing! exceptionality).! JA.18.! ! If!a!claim!about!the!core!phonology!cannot!be!made!and!supported!well! without!the!use!of!loanwords!in!the!language,!one!should!be!very!skeptical! about!that!claim.! Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©!Stephen!A.!Marlett;!provisional!title:!Phonology(from(the(Ground(Up((Part(1).! ! 69!
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Late Summer 2011 Draft Phonology fr
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Section 1: Overview & key ideas Tab
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Section 1: Overview & key ideas Dra
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! then!we!are!considering!that!phon
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phonology!deals!with!only!the![d] a
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B. Object of study What are phonolo
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Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©
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Page 17 and 18: 3.! Sociolinguistic!context!(neighb
Page 19 and 20: B.20.! Other*suggestions! Draft!8/3
Page 21 and 22: C. Key ideas Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!
Page 23 and 24: ! Consonants! Vowels! p t k i u m n
Page 25 and 26: of!the!language,!including!morpholo
Page 27 and 28: Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!©
Page 31 and 32: D. The basic notion of the syllable
Page 37 and 38: Obligatory Onset Parameter E.14.! !
Page 39 and 40: Minor patterns Draft!8/3/11!(not!fo
Page 43 and 44: Extrametrical consonants and word e
Page 45 and 46: G. Internal structure of syllables
Page 47 and 48: Syllable weight and moras Draft!8/3
Page 49 and 50: G.15.! In!less!technical!presentati
Page 55 and 56: • Arguments from special rules H.
Page 57 and 58: I. Linking features to the syllable
Page 61 and 62: ! impressionistic!phonetic! Contour
Page 63 and 64: • Long vowels and consonants I.23
Page 65 and 66: J. Basic methodology JA: Data JA.1.
Page 67: JA.9.! ! Words!that!are!more!likely
Page 77 and 78: to!label!the!rows,!as!if!they!were!
Page 79 and 80: other!low!vowel!in!the!language!tha
Page 81 and 82: k/!! /kil/ [kʰɪˑlˠ] ‘kill’!
Page 83 and 84: may!find!some!interesting!examples!
Page 87 and 88: surprised.!Aspiration!is!a!marked!f
Page 89 and 90: Voiced!sounds!tend!to!have!a!degree
Page 93 and 94: Phonetic detail in phonological wri
Page 95 and 96: The!phoneme!/tʃ/!has!two!allophone
Page 97 and 98: among!others,!has!led!to!the!claim!
Page 99 and 100: sapa/ [sapa] /sota/ [sota] /tampa/
Page 103 and 104: Alternation evidence (allomorphy) p
Page 107 and 108: unaspirated!stops!after!/s/!to!be!a
Page 109 and 110: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [
Page 111 and 112: (whether!interdental,!dental,!alveo
Page 113 and 114: to!think!about!sounds!as!groups!tha
Page 115 and 116: Voiced(fricatives(are(realized(as(a
Page 117 and 118: sounds!are!produced!without!such!an
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sueɾo/! ‘serum’!! /muɾo/! ‘
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M.21.! In!Peñoles!Mixtec,!a!/t/!is
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N. Place of articulation: nasals Co
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Allophones N.8.! ! In!many!language
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[tʌmbəl]! tumble! * [nʌmb]! ! [k
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! ! Hindi:!A!nasal!consonant!assimi
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approximants!are!palatal!(/j/)!and!
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!O.22.! ! It!is!also!common!to!hear
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extends!only!for!a!short!distance!a
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P. Secondary labialization, palatal
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language!that!is!claimed!to!have!ve
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Q. States of the glottis Draft!8/3/
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implosives:!bilabial!and!alveolar.
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Sequences of consonants !Q.28.! ! I
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R. Length Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!cit
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R.10.! ! Contrast!in!the!length!of!
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R.23.! ! Of!course,!the!contrast!be
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R.30.! ! However,!it!is!arguable!!!
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R.36.! ! These!theoretical!proposal
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S. Edge phenomena Draft!8/3/11!(not
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pronounced![#ɛhte] in!Caribbean!di
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• Other S.23.! ! The!alternation!
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is!pronounced!strong!(and!long),!as
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T. Vowels T.1.! In!this!unit!we!loo
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• Length of the vowel Draft!8/3/1
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U. Epenthesis and prevocalization U
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English!notably!have!an!intrusive!r
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!! One!way!to!think!of!this!is!as!a
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V. Deletion V.1.! There!are!situati
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!! ‘s/he!___!(Pres.)’! ‘s/he!
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minimal!pairs!for!voicing!of!the!vo
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Some postlexical rules V.26.! ! Som
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Intonation W.6.! A!third!linguistic
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difference!in!English!is!different!
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! ! A!language!that!does!not!use!pi
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! Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!citation);!
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Transcription Draft!8/3/11!(not!for
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! • Polar questions X.25.! If!we!
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• Content questions X.30.! Simple
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Low!-!Low!-!Low! Low!-!High!-!High!
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! ! The!sometimes!controversial!but
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• Prosodic pattern Draft!8/3/11!(
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Y.35.! (**illustrative!examples!nee
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Z. Stress Draft!8/3/11!(not!for!cit
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• Lengthening of a consonant that
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#kama! ‘thorn’! #ʔakat! ‘sha
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the!right!edge!of!the!word!is!relev
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• Discussion of Isthmus Zapotec c
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BINARY.!The!claim!has!been!that!mos
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also!sometimes!extended!to!include!
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specifically!to!the!phonemes,!elimi
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SQUARE!BRACKETS.!Square!brackets!ha
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Appendix!C:!Postlexical!rules!and!l
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!For!an!example!of!one!that!appears
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Blevins,!Juliette.!2004.!Evolutiona
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Goedemans,!Rob!&!van!der!Hulst,!Har
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Kaisse,!Ellen!M.!and!Shaw,!Patricia
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Merrifield,!William!R.!&!Edmondson,
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Schuh,!Russell!G.!&!Yalwa,!Lawan!D.
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Phonology From The Ground Up - University of North Dakota

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